Oregon Spatial Analysis Project

Oregon Spatial Analysis Project Oregon Department of Forestry June 2006

Table of Contents Executive Summary... 1 Introduction... 3 Background... 3 History of Forest Stewardship and Spatial Analysis Projects... 4 Vision for Spatial Analysis in implementing the National Forest Stewardship Program... 5 Spatial Analysis Project... 7 Oregon s Non-Industrial Private Forest Ownership... 7 Selection and Weighting of Data Layers... 8 o Additional data layers... 8 o Weighting... 9 o Data Layer Descriptions... 9 Opportunities... 9 Riparian Corridors... 9 Conservation Opportunity Areas... 9 Priority Zoning... 10 Forest Patch Size... 10 Public Water Supply Areas... 10 Private Individual Forestland Activity... 11 Forest Soils Capability... 11 Threatened & Endangered Species... 11 Proximity to Public/Industrial Forestland... 11 Wetlands... 11 Topography... 11 Threats... 12 Wildfire Risk... 12 Insect and Diseases Risk... 12 Development Community Interface... 12 Management Planning Data... 13 Spatial Analysis... 14 o SAP Process... 14 Non Industrial Private Lands Mask... 14 GIS Analysis... 15 Landowner Management Plan Activities... 15 o Prioritization and Existing Management Plans... 16 Forest Stewardship on Non-Forest Lands... 16 Forest Stewardship on Non-Industrial Private Forest Lands... 16 Assessment of Spatial Analysis... 17 Spatial Analysis as a Management Tool... 18 Suitability of USDA-FS Northeastern Area Protocols... 19 o Weighting... 19 o Non-forest, Non-developed... 20 o Federal Forests... 20 Recommendations for Modifying Northeastern Area Protocols... 21 o Regional Priorities... 21 o Assessment of Non-Forest Lands... 21 o Analysis of Data by Forest Sectors... 22

Summary... 22 Appendices... 23 1. National Land Cover Database... 24 2. Tables... 27 3. Maps 1: Potential for Forest Stewardship Program Benefits on Non-industrial Private Lands 2: Potential for Forest Stewardship Program Benefits and Existing Management Plan 3: Forest Stewardship Program Potential on Non-industrial Private Forest Lands and Existing Management Plans 4: Resource Richness 5: Resource Threats 6: Forest Stewardship Potential on Non-forest, Non-developed Lands 7: Regional Map of Pudding/Molalla Watershed 8: Oregon Forest Land Ownership

Executive Summary The Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) along with three other Western US states were provided USDA-Forest Service grants to test the value of spatial analysis projects that used a set of protocols established by the Forest Service s Northeastern Area and partnering state forestry agencies. This report provides the findings of Oregon s analysis, assessment of using the established Northeastern protocols in the Pacific Northwest, and recommendations for modifying the protocols to better fit Oregon s conditions and issues. This GIS analysis project has four primary goals: 1) to better understand and prioritize the relative importance of non-industrial private (NIP) lands, 2) to identify the location of past management planning and evaluate the locations of these plans in relationship to the newly defined priority areas, 3) to use the findings to help direct future FSP efforts, and 4) evaluate the appropriateness of using a set of protocols established in the Northeastern United States. ODF recognizes additional benefits beyond meeting these goals. Spatial analysis can assist in managing its full Private Forest Program and can help as an analytical tool when addressing forest policy issues. A national objective is to have a country wide analysis completed state by state. Participating states are being asked to use a given set of 11 data layer themes and to follow an establish set of procedures and standards for displaying results. States have the freedom to add additional GIS data layers needed to describe local conditions, and to weight each data layer to best reflect is level of importance. Oregon used three additional data layers: NIPF Activities, Conservation Opportunity Areas, and Soil Productivity. The standard data layers themes include: Riparian Corridors, Forest Patches, Public Water Supply Areas, Priority Watersheds, Threatened & Endangered Species, Proximity to Public Forestlands, Wetlands, Topographic, Wildfire Risk, Insect and Disease Risks, and Development Risk. ODF worked with the Oregon Forestland Coordinating Group, its Forest Stewardship committee, in establishing weighting factors for each data layer. These data layers and weighting factors focus on NIPF issues. The analysis provides a priority value for each 300 by 300 foot cell (2.07 acres) of NIP lands across the state. These cells were then grouped into high, medium, or low categories. NIP land was identified through a process of elimination. First, all forestland was identified along with other private land capable of growing trees and not developed. Next, public and industrial forests were removed. What remain were nonindustrial private forests and non-forested/non-developed (agricultural) lands. A management plan layer of Forest Stewardship and Tree Farm plans was digitized from existing databases, County Assessor digital tax lot information, and local field forester input. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 1 07/10/2006

The GIS analysis is displayed in a set of seven maps and associated tables. Results of the study show just over 21 percent of Oregon NIPF lands are covered by a multiresource management plan. Forty six percent of the plans and 22 percent of the NIPF plan acres are on High Priority lands; 47 percent of the plans and 29 percent of the NIPF acres are on Medium. Just eight percent of the plans are on Low Priority lands, but these plans represent 49 percent of the acres under management plans. The spatial analysis strategy developed in the Northeastern U.S. has a lot of value for other states. In addition, their approach of developing flexibility unto the process to allow for the varying conditions and issues across the county will provide a more accurate picture nationally and make this tool more valuable locally. Oregon discovered three areas where the Northeastern protocols don t fit conditions and issues in Oregon. A single state-wide weighting strategy is problematic for a state with diverse forest and social conditions. The value of weighting also becomes an issue as additional data layers are added to the analysis. Each added layer reduces the significance of individual layer s weighting. The second area where Oregon s conditions don t fit well is in evaluating nonforested/non-developed private lands. The Northeastern protocol lists these farm lands as potential forestland, but Oregon does not have the conversion of farm to forest as an objective. The third area where the provided protocols don t work well is in assigning a value to owning forestland near federal forests. The model has this as a positive, but while there are many areas in Oregon where this is true, there are also many other areas where proximity to federal forests in a negative. ODF has three recommendations with regards to developing a national set of standards/protocols for spatial analysis. They are: 1) allow for sub-state weighting of data layers to more accurately identify priority forestlands, 2) have the evaluation of agricultural lands as optional, and 3) design a multi-phased analysis process that first identifies the state or sub-state economic, environmental, and social importance of NIPF forestland and then combines the three sectors into a one weighting according to each sector s importance at the level being studied. In summary, spatial analysis is a great tool to both better understanding issues facing NIPF landowners, and to be more effective in addressing identified natural resource issues. The Forest Service s Northeast Area and partnering states have provided a valuable service to the rest of the nation for their initial efforts. With states across the country facing different conditions and issue, it will take additional time and work to establish a national protocol for using spatial analysis to manage FSP and other landowner assistance programs at both the state and national level. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 2 07/10/2006

Introduction USDA-Forest Service and state forestry agencies have a long standing partnership that began in the late 1940s promoting the protection and improvement of private forestland. Current efforts are defined in the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 and have the Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) of 1990 as the primary program for assisting family and other non-industrial forest landowners. The focus of this Spatial Analysis project is to assist the Forest Service and state forestry agencies in the administering and monitoring of FSP, but this analysis is part of a rapidly growing use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to improve the understanding and management of natural resources, and can be used to support the broader goals of supporting sustainable forest management on private forest lands. A national spatial analysis has merit, and the Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) fully supports a national spatial analysis effort. FSP has been very successful as a national program in promoting sustainable forest management. Comparing today s national and state strategies for assisting NIPF landowners with those of 1990 when FSP was introduced demonstrates the value of the program. Multi-resource management planning, the hallmark of FSP, is now an accepted standard. Today, few think solely of timber production when considering forest planning. Efforts such as spatial analysis can strengthen FSP and other assistance efforts, and benefit landowners, states, and the nation. Definitions: For this report, the terms family forest landowners and non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners are interchangeable. For Oregon the term nonforest/non-developed land primarily describe agricultural land; and therefore, the two are used interchangeably. Non-industrial Private (NIP) represents both NIPF and agricultural lands. NIPF landowners are defined as individuals, partnerships and privately held corporations that have less than 25 percent of their income coming from a primary forest products milling facility, and do not employ a professional forestry staff. Landowners with more than 5,000 acres were identified and then individually classified as industrial or non-industrial with the assistance of local ODF foresters. (It takes significantly more forested acres in Eastern Oregon s lower site class areas than in Western Oregon to support a family.) Forestland has been identified using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) (Appendix 1). The Oregon Forestland Coordinating Group (OFCG) serves as the state s Forest Stewardship Coordinating Committee. Background The USDA-Forest Service Northeast Area, in partnership with four state forestry agencies, developed a GIS process for mapping lands eligible for the FSP, prioritizing them, and overlaying these lands with existing forest stewardship plans in support of administering the FSP. After these four states completed their spatial analysis project in 2003-4, the Forest Service invited Western states to take on spatial analysis projects to test the appropriateness of their analysis strategy for other regions of the county. In Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 3 07/10/2006

June of 2004 Oregon was one of four Western states that volunteered to participate in a Spatial Analysis Project (SAP). Since then, all states have been invited and encouraged to complete analysis projects as part of a national strategy to use GIS analyses to improve and monitor the Forest Stewardship Program. History of Forest Stewardship and Spatial Analysis Projects The Forest Stewardship Program (FSP) was established in the 1990 Farm Bill to assist NIPF landowners in the management of their lands through professionally prepared forest stewardship plans, technical assistance and improved coordination of landowner assistance through the establishment of state coordinating committees. FSP also marked the official move from timber resources to multiple resource management. As a component of the Cooperative Assistance Act, FSP is implemented through a Forest Service - state forestry partnership. FSP has forest stewardship planning as a priority focus of its landowner assistance effort. Stewardship plans developed with the assistance of resource professionals record individual landowner s forest management objectives; evaluate their timber, wildlife, fish, water, soils, aesthetics, and other associated forest resources; and establish an action plan for the management of these resources. The FSP has as a national program successfully met the intent of the program with more than 25 million acres of family forestland plans being developed. During this same time period the American Tree Farm System and other NIPF assistance efforts have expanded their landowner management plan standards to include economic, ecological and social forest resources. There is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of FSP with its 10 plus years of efforts in assisting landowners in the development of stewardship management plans. Major questions such as how effective is FSP in its use of stewardship planning as the focus of its landowner assistance, and how can the FSP be more effective in assisting landowners toward their forest management objectives need answers. While landowner assistance programs and FSP in particular are developed to address national and local needs, their approaches are largely through assisting individual landowners. These efforts were not set up to address accumulative effects from individual forest landowner improvement, nor where they were established, with built-in monitoring strategies. With the technological advances in GIS, it now appears that there are cost effective ways to evaluate and monitor landowner assistance efforts, and over time adapt administrative processes in response to these findings to improve the effectiveness of these efforts. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 4 07/10/2006

Vision for Spatial Analysis in implementing the Forest Stewardship Program Using GIS for spatial analyses, the USDA-Forest Service and state forestry agencies can track and display FSP activities over the landscape and over time. Through GIS analysis, resource data dealing with multiple issues can be mapped and analyzed. FSP managers can benefit from knowing more about the location of stewardship plans across the landscape, and potential opportunities where individual landowner planning can address key larger scale resource needs. Spatial analysis can also assist regional and national FSP managers to address program effectiveness and public funds accountability. The FSP Spatial Analysis Project (SAP) is an effort to provide a consistent methodology across the country to evaluate and prioritize natural resource issues, while at the same time offering states the ability to customize collection and analysis of pertinent data to spatially display: Important forest lands (rich in natural resources, vulnerable to threat, or both); Existing stewardship tracts (properties under management plans); and Areas of opportunity to focus future FSP efforts (stewardship potential). Each state s project addresses the following questions, as they relate to the FSP: Where are the state s NIPF lands? Where are the management plans? Where are the state s priority NIPFs (those lands of highest potential to benefit from active forest management)? What percentage of existing NIPF management plans are on the state s priority family forest lands? Are there opportunities to modify program delivery to increase forest management activities in high priority areas? With additional GIS data layers, spatial analyses can also be used to: Assess program effectiveness in serving state-identified critical resource management needs. Relate factors such as completed cost/share practices, landowner activities, and monitoring data to help determine program strategies and effectiveness. Establish future practices that can improve effectiveness in addressing priority needs based on landscape scale resource issues. Determine the economic, environmental and social importance of NIPFs. Provide additional information and clarity when addressing a broad range of forest policy issues. There are seven major components to Oregon s Forest Stewardship Program Spatial Analysis Project. Three deal with the development of GIS based data, and four deal with the analysis of this data. They include: Development of a GIS generated statewide forest ownership map showing the public and private ownership categories. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 5 07/10/2006

Development of a historic management plan database and associated georeferenced map of existing stewardship and Tree Farm plans. Development of a statewide assessment of NIPF lands incorporating spatial and tabular data to display the importance of and potential threat to these forests. Analysis of the location of lands currently under management plans and how they relate to the forest lands defined through this project as priority. Assessment of how the state can use the results of GIS processes to guide future landowner assistance activities in conjunction with other programs available to NIPF landowners. Assessment of how this SAP model developed in the Forest Service s Northeast Area fits when used to address similar FSP issues in a Pacific Northwest state. Recommendations for modifying the spatial analysis protocols to better fit Western states conditions and issues. Wildfire Developing Areas Forest Health Riparian Corridors Conservation Areas Zoning Forest Patch Public Drinking Water Private Forestland Activity Forest Soil Productivity Threatened & Endangered Species Proximity to Public Forestland Wetlands Topography Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 6 07/10/2006

Spatial Analysis Project Oregon s Non-Industrial Private Forest Ownership Family and other non-industrial private forest landowners make up one of the state s six forestland ownership categories as described in the Forestry Program for Oregon (FPFO). The FPFO is developed by the Board of Forestry with extensive public participation. The Board of Forestry is responsible for establishing the state s forest policies and oversees the ODF. Oregon Forest Ownership Tribal 2% Non-Industrial Private 18% USFS 46% Industrial Private 19% Local Government 1% State 4% Other Federal 1% BLM 9% NIPF landowners control approximately 18 percent of total 27.4 million acres of forests in Oregon. The other ownership categories include: federal, 56 percent; state and local government, 5 percent; tribal, 2 percent; industrial 19 percent; and urban forests that grow on a variety of non-forest land uses. These acreage percentages reflect the amount of forest cover by owner as identified through the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) (Appendix 1) and ODF/County Assessor ownership data. NIPF landowners percentage of the state s annual harvest has averaged 13 percent of an average 4.2 billion board feet harvest over the past 13 years. Western Oregon landowners harvest the majority of NIPF timber, 83 percent for 2004; but the NIPF landowners share of forestland, 15%, is higher in Eastern Oregon where timber harvests provide a more significant portion of the local economy. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 7 07/10/2006

Harvest Percentages by Ownership 90% 80% 70% NIPF For Indust Federal 60% Million BF 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 ODF used a process of elimination to map NIPF ownership. First, the state s total forestland was identified through the use of the NLCD vegetative classifications derived from satellite imagery (Appendix 1). After all forestlands were identified, public and tribal forestland previously identified from existing ODF GIS data were masked out. Oregon s industrial forest landowners were identified from County Assessor s tax lot data. Ownerships greater than 5,000 acres that were not clearly industrial were placed on a list and individually classified as industrial or non-industrial with the assistance of local ODF foresters using the NIPF definitions discussed in the introduction. Industrial forest ownerships were added to the area masked out. All remaining rural private forests were classified as NIPF (see Map #8). 1992 Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Selection and Weighting of Data Layers Additional Data Layers ODF in partnership with its Oregon Forestland Coordinating Group (OFCG) reviewed the 11 GIS data layers identified by the initial Northeastern states effort. The OFCG discussed with ODF what additional GIS data could be important and available for an Oregon analysis. Three additional layers were chosen: Forest Activities, Soil Productivity, and Conservation Opportunity Areas. Weighting The OFCG met twice to establish and review the weighting scheme. Each layer was assigned a percentage. Once all data layers were assigned a percentage, the percentages were converted to points; that is, 10% became 10 points and the sum of the maximum points for all 14 layers equaled 100. Five layers have a range of values. These layers have their points assigned across the layers range of values. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 8 07/10/2006

Each layer has a minimum weighting of one; the maximum weighting is between two and 10. Data Layers Layer Resource Threats Weight (points) Wildfire Risk 1,5 or 10 Development Risk 1 or 10 Forest Health 1,5 or 10 Resource Richness Riparian Corridors 1 or 10 Conservation Opportunity Areas 1 or 7 Zoning 1 or 7 Forest Patches 1,3,5 or 7 Public Water Suppliers 1 or 7 Private Industrial Forestland Activity 1,4 or 7 Forest Soil Productivity 1,3,5 or 7 Threatened and Endangered Species 1 or 6 Proximity to Public/Industrial Forest Lands 1 or 5 Wetlands 1 or 5 Topography 1 or 2 Data Layer Descriptions There were multiple factors that influenced the weighting. Some of these factors reflect benefits while others provide varying forest threats. The 14 data layers were divided into two categories: opportunities and threats. Opportunities Riparian Corridors This layer identifies land within 200 feet of streams. After reviewing the various stream layers and attributes, the USGS 1:100,000 scale stream layer was used. The intent of this layer is to recognize the added value in managing forests adjacent to streams. Land was given 10 pts when adjacent to stream; 1 point if not. Conservation Opportunity Areas This layer, developed by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in 2006, is from their Comprehensive Conservation Strategy. Funded by US Fish and Wildlife as part of a national effort, it used a similar analysis process of multiple data layers. Conservation Opportunity Areas are landscape level habitat types important to key wildlife species. These areas were given 7 pts; other areas 1 pt. Priority Zoning Oregon has a regulatory land use system administered by the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD). Counties designate land into a number of Land Use Planning Zones. For this project DLCD zoning data listed as Agriculture, Agriculture/Forest, Range, Forestry, Natural Resource, Refuge, Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 9 07/10/2006

Recreation, or Indian Reservation was defined as non-developable, free from development pressures; and therefore, more important. This data set represents the initial group s Priority Watershed theme. Non-developable land was given 7 points; developable land was given 1 point. Forest Patch Size This layer builds on the assumption that large, contiguous forests are better. It uses data from US Geological Survey, National Land Cover Data and ODF. Contiguous forests were stratified into 0-40 acres, 40-160 acres, 160-640 acres, and greater than 640. The size categories were assigned 1,3,5,7 points respectively. Public Water Supply This layer, developed by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality in 2005, identifies forested watersheds that are part of public water supply systems. Identified watersheds received 7 points. Lands that do not feed public water systems were given 1 point. Private Individual Forestland Activity This layer uses ODF Forest Practices Act Notification data for 2004 and 2005 on family forestlands to identify landowner activity. This recognizes the value in working with those landowners currently doing something on their forest lands. The state is divided into stewardship forester geographic areas. The more family forest land activity in a forester s area, the heavier the weighting. Activity was tracked from January 2004 through October 2005. This layer also recognizes that this spatial analysis can be used in the future when considering the positioning of field foresters. Since these foresters work in Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 10 07/10/2006

both incentive and regulatory areas, any work load analysis must consider the effectiveness of the integrated services. The number of notifications on family forestlands by Stewardship Forester was stratified into three groups. Forester areas with less than 198 notifications were assigned 1 point, those between 199 and 349 were assigned 4 points, and those areas with more than 349 were assigned 7 points. Forest Soil Capability Soil productivity provides greater opportunities for a variety of forest products, wildlife habitats and social values. Soil data is from the USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service s State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database which is generalized from detailed county soil survey data. The mapping scale for STATSGO is 1:250,000. The soils were stratified into 4 groups based on site index. Site indexes less than 42 were given 1 point; site indexes between 42 and 82 were given 3 points; site indexes between 83 and 117 were given 5 points; and those greater than site index 118 were given 7 points. Threatened and Endangered (T&E) Species Forests supporting T&E species can provide additional wildlife benefits from active forest management. ODF developed 500 ac hexagon grids that overlaid T&E points and polygons. This was done to avoid identifying the exact location of T&E species. For listed fish species a 100 foot buffer was developed. Species data is from ODF and Oregon State University s Institute for Natural Resources Natural Heritage data. Hexagons covering a T&E point or polygon and/or a T&E stream buffer were given 6 points; all other hexagons were given 1 point. Proximity to Public/Industrial Forestlands This layer recognizes an added value of NIPF land adjacent to working forests. This assumes that it is easier to find the workforce, equipment and markets for family forestlands activities near forest lands that are being actively managed. NIPF lands within a mile of public or industrial forests were given 7 points, while family forestland more than a mile from public and/or industrial land was given 1 point. While not considered in the analysis project, public lands not being managed become a negative factor where wildfire and insects provide significant threats. Wetlands While forested wetlands are an important resource, not all of Oregon s identified wetlands have been digitized. Available data are from the Gap Analysis Program (GAP) and the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). Lands identified as wetlands were assigned 5 points, all others were assigned 1 point. Topography Steeper slopes are more difficult to manage and carry additional risks. They also require additional attention from ODF stewardship foresters when a landowner notifies that they will be operating on steep ground. Slopes were divided into two groups under or over 60%. US Geological Survey data was used to identify the topography. Slopes identified over 60% were given 2 points; those less than 60 % were given 1 point. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 11 07/10/2006

Threats This project evaluated the three major threats to forest lands identified in the initial SAP effort. They are: wildfire, insect and disease outbreaks, and development of forestlands to non-forest uses. Wildfire and insect/diseases are more significant threat east of the Cascade Mountains and in Southern Oregon, whereas development is a more significant threat in Western Oregon. Western Oregon s Douglas-fir forests do have some notable insect and disease concerns but not to the level of the pine forests in Eastern and Southern Oregon. Wildfires are a threat to all forest but occur less frequently in Western Oregon. Historically when they do occur, wildfires are more destructive in the west-side Douglas-fir forests than in the Pine forests. Pressure to develop forestlands has been largely held in check for over the past 20 years by the state s regulatory land use planning program. Ballot Measure 37 passed in November 2004, allows for additional development of some forest lands. While this measure will have an effect on land use, the significance of the impact is not yet clear. This, and the current trend among publicly traded forest industry of selling forest land that has a higher use value, may increase the development pressures on Oregon s forests. For now, land use change impacts on forest lands are clouded, and future development risks are not yet predictable. The extent of these changes will become clearer as the courts define the applicability of Ballot Measure 37. Wildfire Risk - (Communities at Risk) This layer addresses wildfire impacts. It was developed through a GIS analysis of several data layers by ODF in 2005 to identify communities at risk from wildfire. The risk of wildfire was stratified into three levels low, medium, and high, with 1, 5 and 10 points respectively assigned. Insect and Disease Risk This 2006 USDA Forest Service layer represents a risk defined as: "the expectation that 25 percent or more of the standing live volume of trees greater than 1 inch in diameter will die over the next 15 years due to insect and disease activity. The layer, at one km scale, is part of a National Insect and Disease Risk Mapping effort. It is an integration of 186 individual risk models constructed within a common consistent framework, and was developed to aid in the allocation of resources for forest health management. For additional detail, visit: http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/peer_review_nationalinsectanddisease_ riskmap.shtml. The risk was separated into low, medium and high categories and assigned points of 1, 5, and 10 respectively. Development - Community Extent Influence This layer attempts to show a social factor to consider in managing forests. It was developed by ODF in 2005 and is a product of analyzing several data layers. Areas identified represent forestlands outside Urban Growth Boundaries that have aesthetic and other community values. Identified areas were given 10 points; those not identified were given 1 point. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 12 07/10/2006

Management Planning Data The development of forest management plans can assist landowners in advancing their forest goals and objectives, reducing risk to their forest, and capitalizing on local opportunities. Efforts to promote individual landowner management plans are built on the belief that the collective results of individual family forest landowner actively working to meet their goals and objectives will provide public benefits. Technologies such as those used in this spatial analysis project are moving state and federal natural resource agencies forward to where they will be able to test this belief and display the benefits. ODF has placed a priority on landowner management planning since 1975. An ODF Service Forestry Assessment in 1989 and the 1990 Farm Bill s establishment of the Forest Stewardship Program reinforced this priority and expanded planning to address multiple resources. In the mid-1990s the American Tree Farm System began a process to strengthen its management plan standards. Their current standards address all forest resources and with FSP are driven by individual landowner goals and objectives to promote sustainable forest management. Oregon State University s Forestry Extension program also promotes integrated forest resource management through its Resource Management Planning courses. In these courses landowners are assisted by resource professionals in developing their own management plans. ODF, OSU Extension, Tree Farm and the Association of Consulting Foresters have been working together for over 10 years to develop management plan standards that recognize and complement the various landowner planning efforts. In recognition of Oregon s collaborative approach, this analysis goal is to display all multi-resource landowner plans that are designed to promote sustainable forest management. Oregon s Forest Stewardship Plan template was developed in partnership with other management plan efforts, namely Oregon Tree Farm System s planning template and OSU Forestry Extension s Resource Management coached planning management plan outline. These plans all address landowner goals and objectives, multiple natural resource inventories, and priority activities; and therefore, substitute for each other. There is no benefit to the landowner or the public in having multiple plans on the same property. Because of this, Oregon s spatial analysis identifies known Forest Stewardship, Tree Farm and Resource Management plans as landowner planning efforts. Information on existing Forest Stewardship and Tree Farm management plans has been kept in MS Access tabular databases. Developing GIS shape files of these landowner plans was a three-step process. Step 1: ODF acquired county spatial tax lot data for individual counties. Most counties have attributed these shape files with a long list of information. For this project ODF used landowner name and address information. The Oregon s Department of Revenue Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 13 07/10/2006

has been assisting the state s 36 County Assessors in capturing tax lot map information in a GIS format. Most counties completed this effort in early 2005. Step 2: a landowner has one management plan but can own multiple tax lots. To establish the needed one-to-one relationship between landowner and plan data, ODF s GIS staff created a management plan layer of centroids that represent individual plans. These centroids were positioned using a variety of methods with section, township, and range information being the preferred methods. Not all plans had good legal descriptions in the Stewardship and Tree Farm databases. Plans with very general or no legal location information were placed on the edge of the county map for field forester review. Step 3: when a centroids layer was completed for a given county, it was displayed with the county s tax lot shape files. Management plan centroids were then moved inside the appropriate tax lot through comparing name, address and acreage attributes from the centroids and tax lot polygon data layers. This was a manual process since there is a low probability that a given landowner s name and address are spelled exactly the same in the management plan and county databases. For those counties that had not developed or would not share their tax lot attributes, local field foresters were asked to identify landowners tax lots. There are 20 of the 1,294 forest stewardship plans that could not be located and have yet to be located on geo-referenced tax lot maps. Landowner plans are tracked and displayed as either Forest Stewardship or Tree Farm. Landowner plans that have been certified as both a Stewardship and Tree Farm plan are displayed as Stewardship Plans for this project. Spatial Analysis This spatial analysis project takes geo-referenced data to identify relative importance of non-industrial private lands and to overlay existing forest stewardship plans on these lands to determine acres of lands under management plans by level of priority. SAP Process Non-Industrial Private Lands Mask This mask defines the non-industrial private lands for analysis by excluding lands that are developed, desert, industrial private forest lands, and public forest lands. The NIP lands are identified as forest or non-forest /non-developed (agricultural) capable of growing trees. For Western Oregon all agricultural lands are considered capable of growing trees. This is not the case east of the Cascade Mountains where precipitation is less. For this project, lands below 14 inches of annual rainfall were classified as desert, not capable of growing trees. GIS Analysis Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 14 07/10/2006

Fourteen data layers were selected to evaluate and prioritize the NIP lands. The analysis used all layers (map 1), 11 resource richness layers (map 4), and the three resource threats layers (map 5). Each layer was first converted to 300 x 300 foot raster cells. Then the layers were assigned values to reflect the importance of the data. The weighting strategy assigned cell values between 1 and the maximum value for that layer (2 10). Through the use of function Cell Statistics, the layers we combined provided a state map with potential cell values between 14 and 100 for Map 1, between 11 and 70 for Map 4, and between 3 and 30 for Map 5. Natural Breaks (Jenks) statistics were then used to divide the cells into three priority categories; low, medium, and high. ArcMap Model to sum rasters The majority of high priority NIPF lands are in Western Oregon. Data layers Public Drinking water, Forest Activities, Soil Productivity, Threatened and Endangered Species, and Development Risk appear to be the major factors for having the higher percentage of high sites on the Westside. The spatially identified Forest Stewardship and Tree Farm Plan polygons were then placed over the SAP analysis layer to determine plan acres by priority areas. Just over 21 percent of Oregon s NIPF lands are under a management plan. Landowner Management Plan Activities A national goal is to have individual landowner plans scheduled activities recorded in digital attribute files. Oregon s spatial analysis does not include this data. ODF has considered this proprietary information and will not use it until a process is developed to assure that the information is protected. Oregon does recognize that a list of landowner planned activities has value. It could be of help to the state and its partners in seeking additional incentives to assist landowners and in notifying individuals when new incentives became available for their planned forest improvement activities. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 15 07/10/2006

Prioritization and Existing Management Plans Forest Stewardship on Non-Forest Lands This project prioritized all non-industrial private lands. The forest evaluation of farm lands is part of this national project, but it doesn t correspond with Oregon s land use strategies. The state s existing forest policies focus on maintaining and improving existing forest lands. The state has a strong agricultural base; communities and the state depend on farming for a wide assortment of products. The state s land use program has goals to protect both forest and farm lands; while forestry is a compatible land use in farm zones, converting farm lands to forests is not an identified benefit. NIPF Lands by SAP Priorities 21 % of NIPF Lands in Management Plan 38% 23% 39% Low Medium High Forest Stewardship on Non-industrial Private Forest Lands For NIPF lands the analysis identified nearly equal acreages of high and medium priority forests. Combined they make up 77% of 4.9 million NIPF acres. There are management plans on 21 percent of all NIPF lands. Forty six percent of plans and 22 percent of the plan acres are on high priority acres; 47 percent of the plans and 29 percent of the plan acres are on medium priority acres; and eight percent of the plans and 49 percent of the plan acres are on low priority acres. On lands identified as low priority NIPF lands, nearly one-half are covered by management plans. The major shifts between acres and numbers of plans by priority is because of the ownership sizes west and east of the Cascade Mountains. Westside ownerships are smaller and their lands have been identified as higher priority. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 16 07/10/2006

NIPF Acres in Plans by Priority High 22% Medium 29% Low 49% Number of NIPF Plans by Priority Lo w 8% High 46% Medium 46% When considering just the number of Forest Stewardship plans by priority area, 49 percent of the plans are in the high priority area, 44 percent are in the medium priority area and 7 percent in the low priority area. Ninety two percent of Tree Farm plans are also in the high and medium priority areas. Assessment of Spatial Analysis This assessment focuses on the use of spatial analysis in managing landowner assistance efforts, and on the appropriateness of the Northeastern US established protocols. Oregon s forests play a significant role in the state and the policies that focus their management are defined in the Forestry Program for Oregon (FPFO). ODF works for the Board of Forestry and its actions are guided by the FPFO. This policy document, last updated in 2003, shares with the FSP the promotion of sustainable forest management. FSP is a component of the broader state effort to support NIPF landowners. ODF views this FSP spatial analysis as a tool to better understand and evaluate its total NIFP and other FPFO efforts. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 17 07/10/2006

Spatial Analysis as a Management Tool GIS with the appropriate data layers is a powerful tool to analyze, identify, and study NIPF lands and to develop strategies to help private forest landowners manage their lands. Spatial analysis can assist national and state natural resource agencies to better understand issues, as well as tell the story how these lands support issues facing individual states and the nation. It can also contribute to more effective and efficient administration of programs in support of sustainable forestry goals on private lands. This project has been very helpful for ODF in better understanding GIS analysis, what data is needed, and what decisions need to be addressed in using spatial analysis as an effective tool. The built-in flexibility of this spatial analysis effort is very helpful in merging local and national issues. Providing states the ability to add additional data layers and develop their unique weighting strategy makes it a strong tool for understanding and describing non-industrial private forest land issues, and in displaying how national strategies can be implemented at the local level. ODF has detailed vegetation data that addresses stocking and tree species for Western Oregon and the northeastern portion of the state. There is a problem in adding more data layers to an analysis. Additional layers allow for more in-depth analysis of a particular issue and for studying additional issues; but as layers are added, the significance of any particular layer is diminished. For example, if three layers were analyzed together and the first layer had twice the value as the others, the values in percent would be 50, 25, and 25, a difference of 25 percent between the first and other layers. If 15 layers were analyzed together and the first layer had twice the value as the others, the values in percent would be 12.6 and the other would be 6.3 percent; and difference of 6.3 percent between the first and other layers. ODF added three data layers to this analysis project to improve its understanding of issues facing NIPF landowners, and has identified additional information that would be valuable for future spatial analysis efforts. Additional work is needed to better understand how to use various data layers in spatial analysis. One possible solution is to first focus separately on the social, economic, and environmental components of forest sustainability and then weight and analyze these three data sets. An economic analysis could include data themes that deal with timber growing potential, proximity to markets, timber stocking levels, potential to increase harvest levels, percent of timber supply provided by NIPF lands. An analysis of the social importance of NIPF lands is an important area but less understood than the economic and environmental components of forest sustainability. Largely because of this, less data is readily available for analysis. Data could include themes such as percentage of local economy supported by forests and NIPF lands potential share, unemployment, need for open space, quality of life. Increasing or maintaining harvests from family forestlands in areas that remain timber dependent is Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 18 07/10/2006

critical to retain mill and timber management infrastructure so that community health can be restored and forestland management can continue to be viable. Suitability of USDA-Forest Service Northeastern Area Protocols Many of the inputs and decisions made by the initial Northeastern states fit Oregon but there are three major areas where the initial SAP strategy needs modifications to meet the intended goals. These areas deal with weighted data layers for analysis, the focus on non-forested, non-developed lands, and federal forests. Weighting Oregon followed the national protocols and analyzed the data using a proposed state-wide weighting strategy, but the state has extremely varied eco-regions and population centers that limit the value of a state-wide weighting strategy. This statewide analysis has value, for example, in evaluating the positioning of available ODF resources, but it does not work well in assisting local managers and foresters in setting their priorities, or in evaluating the contribution individual landowner management plans have in dealing with high priority issues. The issue of statewide versus regional weighting schemes was not apparent to ODF or the OFCG until the results of the spatial analysis were being evaluated. Priority areas of resource richness and threats are different if weighting focuses on regional issues. For example, the pine forests of Eastern Oregon have fire, fuel buildup, insects, and the loss of forest product markets as major concerns. For the Douglas-fir forests of Western Oregon, development pressure and underproducing forests are major concerns. Oregon cannot find a single weighting scheme that adequately reflects each forest type s priorities. A statewide weighting strategy has value for some issues, but it appears that region weighting will be more appropriate for other issues. To go to regional analyses, regions will need to be defined based on shared resource richness and threats, as well as other economic, ecological, and social factors. ODF and the OFCG will need to reconsider weighting strategies based on these regions and the issues needing study. Example of regional factors include the risk of wildfire, forest health concerns, soil productivity, forest product mills, development pressure, andcommunity expectations. These themes are very different in the various regions of the state. Weighting of various layers is also dependent on the available data and issues being addressed. GIS data on other factors such as options for technical assistance, community dependency on forest products, and access to mills, could be valuable in using spatial analysis to better understand the importance of NIPFs and to improve assistance to NIPF landowners. Dividing the state for analysis can help Oregon and other states with significantly different regional economic, ecological and/or social conditions. This may create issues when using the results to build a national product. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 19 07/10/2006

Non-forest/Non-developed Lands A second significant difference between Oregon and the Northeastern part of the nation is how forestry views non-forest, non-developed lands. While the SAP strategy views these lands as potential forests, Oregon views them as productive agricultural lands. Agriculture is important to the state s economy and its social fabric and there is no state goal to convert these lands to forests. The state s existing forest policies as defined in the FPFO focus on maintaining and improving existing forest lands. NIP Lands by SAP Priorities Low 30% High 31% Medium 39% NIPF Lands by SAP Priorities Low 23% High 38% Medium 39% An evaluation of farm lands as potential forestland is also out of step with the state s land use strategies. The state s strong agricultural base is protected along with forestland under major goals of the state s land use planning program. Forestry is a compatible land use in agricultural zones, and landowners have the right to convert farm to forests and forests to farmland but that is a landowner s prerogative. With little to no net gain from converting these lands, ODF sees no value in considering these lands as part of a spatial analysis effort, and considers them a distraction. Federal Forests In the section Oregon s Family Forestland Ownership, the FPFO categorizes Oregon s forest into six ownership classes. It explains how each class provides a unique set of products and values that when combined provide a sustaining array of products and values. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 20 07/10/2006

Federal lands are a key component of Oregon s sustainable forest model, and federal policies are very compatible with the state s strategy, but for a variety of reasons, there is a lack of management activity on federal forests. This results in two major negative impacts. The lack of active management threatens adjacent private forests because these overstocked federal forests with historically high forest fuel buildups increase the threat of wildfire and insect infestations. Currently, ODF s SAP layer Proximity to Public/Industrial Forestland places a higher value on NIPF lands that are adjacent to federal forests. Most Eastern and Southern Oregon NIPF landowners have significant risks of wildfire and insect outbreaks and consider being next to federal forests a negative. Federal lands have much higher stocking levels and forest fuels than adjacent managed private forests. The second negative impact deals with the loss of local forest management infrastructure. Federal forests make up over 70 percent of Eastern Oregon forests so removing them from active management has had a major impact on the economies of Eastern Oregon s rural communities. This lack of activity has decimated the forestry infrastructure. Federal forests are now harvesting 10 to 15 percent of what they provided 10 years ago. So while the analysis ranked proximity to public forest a positive, in Eastern and Southern Oregon, federal forests are more often a negative factor. Regional analysis can address this issue. Recommendations for Modifying Northeastern Area Protocols Oregon s SAP has discovered several issues that need addressing before an analysis can serve both the states and the nation. Regional Priorities The findings from a statewide weighting has value for Oregon but it does not accurately define the state s priority NIPF lands. There is such a wide range of issues because of the broad variation in climate and forest types within the state. Also, the value of being near federal forests is a regional issue. It varies from being a positive to being a negative depending where in the state one owns forestland. ODF did not test sub-state weighting, but it appears that this would provide a better description of priority forests. Assessment of Non-Forest Lands Non-forest, non-developed lands in Oregon are primarily agricultural lands, and the state does not have a goal to convert these lands to forests. Since this is a strategy for some states, there should be a process for making the analysis of farm land optional. Oregon SAP Project Report 7-7.doc/Jaz F (PF) 21 07/10/2006