EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIÇOSA MUNICIPALITY, MG, BRAZIL A. A. P. BUSELLI*, I. C. D. AZEVEDO*, E. A. G. MARQUES *, R. R. MORAES *, B. N. BRITO*, L. C. R ANDRADE* *Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, 36570-000, MG, Brazil. SUMMARY: A predominant amount of the total mass of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated by the construction industry. From an environmental point of view, the main problems of the construction and demolition (C&D) waste are the large volumes generated and the irregular disposition which ends up burdening the municipal administrations. In the Municipality of Viçosa, MG, in relation to the industrial sector, the construction industry accounts for approximately 22% of Gross Domestic Product. The continuous expansion of the Federal University of Viçosa and the new positions in job market have demanded the construction of new housing, as well as the increasing and improvement of services rendered. In view of the lack of data regarding the management of C&D waste in Viçosa, the goal of this paper is to present the first results concerning the diagnosis of generation, transportation and disposal of C&D waste. 1. INTRODUCTION The construction industry, recognized as one of the most important activities for the economic and social development, has also great negative environmental impacts, such as the consumption of natural resources, modification of landscape and solid waste generation by new constructions and demolitions. A predominant amount of the total mass of municipal solid waste is generated by that industry. Based on data from several countries, construction and demolition waste accounts for 13-67% of MSW, and the generation in the world ranges from 130 to 3000 kg.(inhabitant.year) -1. In Brazil, it reaches 60% of MSW total mass, with a total generation amount of 500 kg (inhabitant.year) -1 (Pinto, 2009). From an environmental point of view, the main problems of the C&D waste are the large volumes generated and the irregular disposition which ends up burdening the municipal administrations, who have to take the responsibility of removing and disposing such waste. In 2002, the National Council for Environment (CONAMA) established, throughout Resolution N. 307/2002, guidelines, criteria and procedures for management of MSW, which impose on public and private waste generators the obligation to reduce, reuse and recycling, when non generation of residues cannot be reached. As approximately 75% of construction waste generated by municipalities in Brazil come from informal and non controlled events Proceedings Sardinia 2011, Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Italy; 3-7 October 2011 2011 by CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Italy
(construction, renewal and demolition), it is necessary that each municipality disciplines the flow of such waste. Thus, implementing an environmental management system could not only contribute to technical and management advance of municipalities concerning waste, but also to the rational use of natural resources through innovative solutions, making the municipality committed to the environment. 1.2 Study area The municipal district of Viçosa is located in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, among the Mantiqueira, Caparaó and Piedade mountain regions. It possesses an area of approximately 300 km 2, average altitude of 649m and geographic coordinates are 20 45'14'' latitude S, and the meridian 42 52'54''W longitude. Viçosa is strategically positioned close to some of the main consuming centers in the country, from which the city is connected by paved roads. It is located 225 km from Belo Horizonte, 360 km from Rio de Janeiro, 410 km from Vitoria and 650 km from Sao Paulo. It is one of the municipalities in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais which presents competitive advantages for investment due to its geographical conditions, innovative atmosphere and availability of skilled human capital. With a population of 70,923 inhabitants, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE, 2010), is predominantly urban, essentially a university town, with prominence for the Federal University (UFV). In the Municipality, in relation to the industrial sector, the construction industry accounts for approximately 22% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Pereira, 2007) of Viçosa. The continuous expansion of the Federal University of Viçosa and new positions in the job market have demanded the construction of new housing, as well as the increasing and improvement of services rendered. The growing real estate speculation, the tall vertical buildings and the pressure on urban infrastructure have favored the disordered growth of the city. In view of the lack of data regarding the management of C&D waste in Viçosa, the objective of this paper is to present the first results concerning the diagnosis of generation, transportation and disposal of C&D waste, and to propose guidelines to assist in the implementation of an Integrated Management Plan, based on the recommendations of CONAMA Resolution N. 307/2002. 2. METHODOLOGY The methodology consists in (1) identification of generating agents and collectors of C&D waste; (2) identification and characterization of regulated and unregulated disposal areas; (3) identification of irregular disposition points; (4) estimative of the amount of each residue type generated in the municipal district and; (5) identification of the main environmental and economic impacts. A description, step by step, of the developed activities is as follows: (1) Identification of the agents involved in the generation, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition: Generation agents: those responsible for generating significant volumes as a result of constructions, rebuilds and demolitions, are primarily identified. Collector agents: major players involved in the process of collection and transportation of C&D waste and used equipment, as well as the number of trips per day, current prices and total number of vehicles in operation are also identified. (2) Estimation of C&D waste generation in urban area: this step follows the methodology developed by Pinto (1999). 2
(3) Identification of regulated and unregulated disposal areas and irregular disposition points: this step was based on in situ visits to identify, locate and mapping regulated and irregular disposition areas. The areas were photographed and georreferenced using GPSmap 60CSx Garmin model. (4) Identification of main environmental and economic impacts: based on in situ visits (Item 3), the main environmental impacts resulting of inadequate disposal were verified. (5) Proposition of guidelines to assist in the implementation of an Integrated Management Plan, based on recommendations of CONAMA Resolution No. 307/2002. 3. RESULTS E DISCUSSION A partial diagnosis of generation, transportation and disposal of C&D waste in Viçosa, MG, is now presented, considering an estimation of C&D waste generation; identification of the agents involved in generation, transportation and disposal of this waste; and the different impacts that result from such activities, which allows the definition and prioritization of proper solutions for this municipality. 3.1 Identification of the agents involved in generation, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition According to Pinto and González (2005), the principal agents responsible for generating a significant amount of RCD to be considered in a diagnosis are: The contractors of remodelings, expansions and demolitions; The constructors of buildings with areas exceeding 300 m 2, and whose activities are regulated; The builders of new houses large ones, usually within the law; as well as the small ones, on the outskirts, often informal. In Viçosa, the approximate amount of C&D waste generated in the year of 2010 was calculated based on the building construction licenses granted in this period by the Municipal Planning Institute of Viçosa (IPLAM), discriminated as follows: 86% of new buildings; 2% of small constructions; 10% of remodeling; 2% of demolitions. The percentages of C&D waste from small constructions and remodeling are certainly greater than the values presented, since most of these constructions remain in informality. Four different companies, A, B, C and D are in charge of transporting and disposing C&D waste in Viçosa. The general features of these agents are shown in Table 1. Table 1 - General features of C&D waste regularized collection agents operating in Viçosa, MG. Collection agents A B C D Actuation time (years) 9 14 Not informed 9 Available trucks 2 2 5 2 C&D waste buckets 28 35 Do not use Do not use Truck volumetric (m 3 /trip) 5 5 6 a 7 6 3
Typical load (ton) 6 6 9 9 Typical route (km) 10 a 12 10 10 a 20 5 Price range (R$) (US$) 37.50 37.50 to 44.00 32.00 28.00 to 37.50 60,00 60,00 a 70,00 50,00 45,00 a 60,00 Up to know it was not possible to determine the real number of collectors working in this informal sector and the total volume transported. 3.2 Estimate of C&D waste generation in the urban area A partial estimate was obtained through surveys conducted during June-December 2010 and will be extended in order to comprise a period of at least one year. These results are showed in Table 2. Table 2 Estimate of C&D waste generation in Viçosa. Total C&D waste generation (ton.day -1 ) 134.21 Population (thousand) 72244 Generation rate kg.(inhabitant.year -1 ) 579.58 Generation rate kg. (inhabitant.day) -1 1.85 According to Pinto (2009), in Brazilian cities, the average generation of C&D waste per capita per year is of 500 kg. The generation rate obtained in this study (from June to December of 2010) is of 555.69 kg.(inhabitant.year) -1 which is, 10% higher than the national average. 3.3 Identification of regulated and unregulated C&D disposal areas and irregular disposition points The irregular disposal points, seen as an unacceptable solution to the destination of small volume of C&D waste, generate unavoidable impacts in urban space and compromise the environmental quality and local landscape. These deposits can lead to problems such as hindering the traffic on streets and sidewalks, becoming points of accumulation of garbage, polluting water sources, contaminating soil, landslides, inducing the proliferation of disease vectors and clogging of the drainage systems. Municipal administration is responsible for cleaning and rehabilitating these areas, which represents economical and social costs that could be avoided with the definition, of facilities for disposal of small volumes. Fifty-two points of illegal C&D deposition in Viçosa urban area were identified, but for lack of space, only a few are presented in Table 3 and Figures 1 to 6. Table 3 - Irregular disposal points in Viçosa urban area Point Coordinate (UTM) Neighborhood Address 1 E 720.875 N 7.703.883 Belvedere Brasil 2 E 720.379 N 7.704.077 Downtown Dr. Brito 3 E 720.305 N 7.703.894 Downtown Paulo Mário Del Giudice 4
4 E 719.770 N 7.702.617 Downtown Dona Gertrudes 5 E 719.950 N 7.702.420 Fátima Travessa Curvelo 6 E 720.511 N 7.706.548 Vau-Açu Gumercindo Iglesias Figures 1; 2 Irregular deposition, points 1 and 2 (Table 3) Figures 3; 4 Irregular deposition, points 3 and 4 (Table 3) Figures 5; 6 Irregular deposition, points 5 and 6 (Table 3) Twenty-two disposal areas, only thirteen licensed, were mapped. In general, the irregularities are related to poor operation, occurs repetitively and were considered the main responsible for their degradation. Noteworthy are the following problems: the absence of drainage system; non existence of fencing in the area; high platforms and slopes with gradients exceeding 45 º ; intervention in environmental protection areas due to noncompliance of minimum distance to 5
water bodies; placement of C&D in piles without proper handling (spreading and compaction), presence of debris, pruning, plaster, organic residues, recyclables, among others. In Figures 7 to 12, a few areas with some of the problems previously mentioned are shown. Figures 7 and 8 - C&D waste disposal at less than 2 meters of riverbank, Intervention in permanent preservation area. Figures 9 and 10 - C&D waste and soil disposed in cells without proper management. Presence of recyclable materials among C&D waste Figures 11 and 12 - Points of erosion due to lack of proper compaction and high platforms 3.4 Proposed guidelines to assist in the implementation of an Integrated Management Plan The guidelines to assist in the implementation of an Integrated Management Plan, based on the recommendations of CONAMA Resolution N. 307/2002, are proposed and will be implemented at the end of the present diagnostic management of C&D waste. These guidelines are not 6
intended to exhaust the topic but to address some aspects of better management of the C&D waste. The main measures to be addressed are: To implement receiving points of small amounts of C&D waste and networks to manage large volumes; To encourage the reintroduction of reused and/or recycled waste into production cycle; To promote educational activities in order to reduce waste generation and allow segregation and proper disposal; To promote actions for guidance, supervision and control of agents involved. 4. CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this paper was to present the first results concerning the diagnosis of generation, transportation and disposal of C&D waste in the municipality of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The generation of C&D waste of 555.69 kg (inhabitant.year) -1 in Viçosa, determined in a period of time of one year (2010), is 10% higher than Brazilian. According to the IPLAM Viçosa, 86% of the generation is from new buildings. This high value can be attributed to the continuous expansions of the Federal University of Viçosa and the construction of new housing demanded by new positions in job market. Fifty-two points of illegal C&D deposition in urban area were identified. Twenty-two disposal areas, only thirteen licensed, were mapped. It was observed that, in general, the irregularities related to poor operation were those most repeated and considered the primarily responsible for their degradation. The absence of drainage system, unfenced areas, high platforms and slopes with gradients exceeding 45 0, intervention in protection areas due to noncompliance of minimum distance to water bodies, placement of C&D in piles without proper handling, and the presence of debris, pruning, plaster, organic residues and recyclables were some of the observed problems. In order to improve C&D management, guidelines to assist in the implementation of an Integrated Management Plan, based on the recommendations of CONAMA Resolution N. 307/2002, are proposed and will be implemented in the near future, such as the establishment of receiving points of small amounts of C&D waste and networks to manage large volumes; the encouragement to the reintroduction of reused and/or recycled waste into production cycle; the promotion of educational activities in order to reduce waste generation and allow segregation and proper disposal and incentive to actions for guidance, supervision and control of agents involved. ACNOWLEDGEMENTS The Authors wish to thank the Environmental State Foundation (FEAM) for the opportunity to develop a different and relevant work, to Superior Level Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES) for the first Author scholarship and to Support Research Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) for the financial support. 7
REFERENCES CONAMA - NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR ENVIRONMENT. Resolution 307, of July 5 th, 2002. Provides for the management of construction waste. Available at: http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res02/res30702.html. Acessado em: Jul/2009. PEREIRA, S.C.M. (2007). Desenvolvimento de uma sistemática de ação para elaboração de planos de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólido domiciliares. Viçosa: Federal University of Viçosa. 143p. Master thesis. PINTO, T.P. (2009). Resíduos da construção civil Nova legislação permite rápido avanço para normas técnicas e novas soluções. Available at: www.ietsp.com.br. Acessed: july/2009. PINTO, T.P. e GONZÁLEZ, J.L.R. (2005). Manejo e gestão de resíduos da construção civil. Brasília: CAIXA, 167p. PINTO, T.P. (1999). Metodologia para gestão diferenciada para os resíduos da construção urbana. Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. PhD Thesis. 189p. 8