Biomass as a valuable renewable source for the creation of sustainable regions using the concept of circular economy

Biomass as a valuable renewable source for the creation of sustainable regions using the concept of circular economy Francisco Gírio, Rafal M. Lukasik Unit of Bioenergy National Laboratory of Energy and Geology francisco.girio@lneg.pt XVII Seminário Luso-Alemão de Energia Lisbon, October 17th, 2017

The Energy (and Policies) in Portugal Major facts: Strong dependency on imported fuels (Oil, Natural Gas and Coal), though decreasing. No Nuclear energy. Strong Renewable Energy resources (Hydro, Wind, Solar, Biomass, Geothermal and Marine). Main national energy strategies consist of the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (PNAER) and National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (PNAEE) both till 2020. More recently (2017): a National Plan for Promotion Biomass-based Biorefineries are under approval in Council of Ministers. a National Strategy for the Circular Economy

The Energy in Portugal Primary Energy Consumption [ktoe] Total Oil Decrease in total reflects mostly the decrease in oil consumption (in transport and Industry). Still strong dependency of imported oil, though decreasing. Coal Natural Gas Renewables Important role of Renewables Sources: www.dgeg.pt, www.pordata.pt

E-Renewables in Portugal 2 MWe WindFloat project in the North coast of Portugal. A 2.2 MWe PV power plant in Estremoz. First without FIT. Floating PV system in a dam in the North of Portugal 9 MWe Biomass-based power plant in Mortágua.

E-Renewables in Portugal* *However, still strongly dependent of the Big Hydro. Source: REN (Portuguese TSO)

BIOMASS vs other renewable energies: its importance for sustainable tourism Biomass: - Natural habitats - Nature-based tourism - Social aspects (job creation, wellbeing) Rural Tourism, etc - Contribution to development of sustainable region concept But also. - Natural source of energy for e.g. hospitality sector

Biomass as an energy source Solid fuels (heat & power): - wood pellets, chips or logs to power central heating and hot water boilers (heat & power) Liquid fuels (e.g. for greener (public) transport): - Greener (public) transport (bioethanol, biodiesel, advanced liquid fuels, aviation fuels) - Heat (ethanol for fireplaces) Source: https://www.maierhardware.com/shop /home-heating/wood-pellets/ Source: http://www.arundo-donax.com/bioethanol/ Gasous fuels (H 2, biogas, biomethane) - Heavy duty long-distance - Maritime - Home energy stations Source: GENeco

Biomass in Portugal. Potential Impact on Tourism Value Chain. For Electricity production: Flexibility measures related to the integration of variable Renewables like Storage and Demand Response are needed. Biomass-powered plants can contribute for it! Recently, a new period for licencing new Biomass-based Power (CHP) Plants up to 60 MWe was launched to increase forest cleaning and prevent fires. A FIT is foreseen. For Heating and Cooling: Promote the use of Biomass for heating purposes helping also to contribute to a sustainable forest and helping to prevent fires. Integration of Renewable Energies in buildings towards nearly Zero Energy Buildings. Household wastes and CO2 emissions can be integrated in the NextGen Biomass-Technologies for urban cities and smart buildings.

Biomass in Portugal. Potential Impact on Tourism Value Chain. For the Transport Sector: Incorporate 1G and, preferently 2G biofuels in the ICE vehicles. Promote SNG (Biomethanne) fuelled cars (gaseous biofuels) from wastes and other biomasses Promote Advanced Biomass-based Biorefinery plants (National Plan). Promote e-mobility. Continue the work already started in the installation of charging stations (Portuguese electric mobility project www.mobie.pt ). Mobi-E refuelling network for electric plug-in vehicles (portuguese patent)

Surging EVs to complement biofuels in renewable transport Biofuels and electric vehicles contribution to renewable energy consumption in road transport 2016 2022 Biofuels 4% EV 2/3 wheelers 7% Electrc cars and buses Share of renewables in road transport increases from 4% in 2016 to almost 5% in 2022, with biofuels representing 80% of the growth led by Asia & Brazil; EV electricity consumption doubles by 2022, with renewables providing 30% of demand Source: Martin Schope, REWP Chair, IEA, Lisbon, 10 Oct 2017 OECD/IEA 2017

Sustainable Tourism vs. Sustainable Regions DEFINITION OF AN IDEAL SUSTAINABLE REGION / CITY / RESORT Near-zero GHG emissions Near-zero air pollutions emissions Near-zero wastewaters generated Reduced energy expenditure (and 100% renewable) HOW TO REACH IT? o Environmental engineering planning o Energy systems integration and storage o Use of local biowastes/bio-residues/biomasses o Use of sustainable technologies (low GHG emissions) o Processes innovation (links with knowledges centers: Universities/Research Centers)

Sustainable Tourism vs. Sustainable Regions Towards a zero CO 2 Emmissions concept: No waste and CO 2 neutral

Sustainable Tourism. Sustainable regions Energy-efficient WWT MFC s (Microbial Fuel Cells). - for energy-efficient waste water treatments. - Still non-mature technology. Needs efforts on R&D and Innovation at Demo scale. Advanced Water Management Centre Foster's brewery, Queensland (Australia))

The phases of System Integration CL BR AU UK IT GR DE ES SE CAISO IE PT DK Phase 4 - Shortterm stability Phase 3 - Flexibility is key IN CN ID ZA NZ ATERCOT Phase 2 - Better operations PJM MX Phase 1 - No relevant impact 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Notes: AT = Austria; AU = Australia; BR = Brazil; CL = Chile; CN = China; DE = Germany; DK = Denmark; ES = Spain; GR = Greece; ID = Indonesia; IE = Ireland; IN = India; IT = Italy; MX = Mexico; NZ = New Zealand; PT = Portugal; SE = Sweden; UK = the United Kingdom; ZA = South Africa. PJM, CAISO and ERCOT are US energy markets. Source: Adapted from IEA (2016a), Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016. Power systems can be defined by the dimensions of the challenge to integrate VRE. Electricity only accounts for around one fifth of total final energy demand today. The next rise in renewables will require multiplying their uses in buildings, industry and transport Source: Paolo Frankl, IEA, Lisbon, 10th Oct 2017 IEA 2017

Renewable power substituting fossil fuels in end-uses Buildings Heating Cooking Lighting Power plants Industry Steam Force Electrolysis Transports EVs H-rich fuels Feedstock, process agents, fuel Beyond current uses, renewable electricity can substitute fossil fuels in direct uses in buildings, industry and transports, directly or through electrochemistry/electrolysis Source: Paolo Frankl, IEA, Lisbon, 10th Oct 2017 IEA 2017

Sustainable Tourism. Transports (FCVs, ).

Sustainable Tourism. Transports. H 2 from microalgae

Sustainable Tourism. Home Energy Station

Sustainable Tourism. Algae biomass. Smart Cities/Smart Buildings

Sustainable Tourism. Algae biomass. Buildings & Industry Microalgae vertical panels for buildings integration Needs efforts on R&D and Innovation at Demo scale. Source: Luis Manuel Navas Univ. Valladolid, Spain

Broader concept of Biomass Circular Economy The linear economy TAKE MAKE DISPOSE New product = new raw material Source: Ellen Macarthur Foundation

Broader concept of Biomass Circular Economy Principle 1: Preserve and enhance natural capital by controlling finite stocks and balancing renewable resource flows Principle 2: Optimise resource yields by circulating products, components and materials in use at the highest utility at all times in both technical and biological cycles Principle 3: Foster system effectiveness by revealing and designing out negative externalities Source: Ellen Macarthur Foundation

Impact of Circular Economy 1 Numbers only cover mobility, food, and built environment. 2 Including cash-out costs (e.g. health costs, governance, infrastructure) and externalities (e.g. congestion, CO 2, productivity losses) SOURCE: Ellen MacArthur Foundation, SUN, McKinsey Center for Business and Environment - Growth Within: a circular economy vision for Europe

TAKE-HOME MESSAGES Biomass can be a major player (complementing other renewables energies) for sustainable tourism, through the promotion of: Sustainable Regions/Cities/Resorts (near-zero emissions; near-zero air pollution emissions; near-zero wastewaters generated and reduced energy spendings) Low-carbon transports (advanced biofuels, CO2-based renewable fuels) Circular economy concept (more value with less raw materials)