Hydro Energy and Geothermal Energy

Content Hydro Energy Hydroelectric Energy Run of the river Hydroelectric Pumped storage Hydroelectric Ocean Energy Tidal Energy Marine Current Energy Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Osmotic Energy Geothermal Energy Direct Use of Geothermal Energy Geothermal Power Plants Geothermal Heat Pumps

Hydro Energy

Hydro Energy Hydraulic energy is one that derives from the force or energy of moving water, which can be harnessed for useful purposes. Hydraulic energy is derived from two sources of natural energy Solar and Gravitational forces

Hydro Energy Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. In 1753, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical and horizontal axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics.

Hydro Energy Hydro Energy Hydroelectric Energy Conventional Hydroelectric Run of the river Hydroelectric Pumped storage Hydroelectric Ocean or Marine Energy Wave Energy Marine Current Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Osmotic Energy Tidal Energy

Hydroelectric Energy Hydroelectricity is the term referring to the generation of electricity hydraulic energy. production of electricity through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the form most used of renewable energy in the world

Hydroelectric Energy Although there is no global consensus, the most general classification is: Pico hydro <5 kw Micro hydro 5 <kw <100 Mini hydro 100 <kw <1000 Small hydro 1 <MW <30 Hydroelectric> 30 MW

Hydroelectric Energy

Hydroelectric Energy The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The dam is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation, generating 83.7 TWh in 2013 and 98.8 TWh in 2014.

Hydroelectric Energy The Itaipu Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The dam is the second largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation, generating 98.6 in 2013 and 87.8 TWh in 2014.

Hydroelectric Energy Small hydro (1 <MW <30) is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale serving a small community or industrial plant. Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces up to 100 kw of electricity using the natural flow of water. These installations can provide power to an isolated home or small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks. There are many of these installations around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an economical source of energy without the purchase of fuel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4b2gody3mk&feature=related

Hydroelectric Energy 30 m ( z) 24% 19 m 3 1 min 1000 kg 9.81 m z eff-t 1 kw 22 x x x x x min 60 s m 3 s 2 x = 1000 W kw = 22

Run of the river Hydroelectric Run of the river hydroelectricity (ROR) is a type of hydroelectric generation whereby little or no water storage is provided. Run of the river power plants may either have no storage at all, or a limited amount of storage, in which case the storage reservoir is referred to as pondage. A plant without pondage has no storage and is, therefore, subject to seasonal river flows and may operate as an intermittent energy source while a plant with pondage can regulate water flow and serve either as a peaking power plant or base load power plant.

Pumped storage Hydroelectric Pumped storage hydroelectricity (PSH, or PHES) is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low cost off peak electric power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest.

Electric Generation of Stream Flow

Ocean Energy Ocean energy (or Marine Energy) can be classified in the following way: Tidal Energy Marine Current Energy Wave Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Osmotic Energy

Tidal Energy Tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. These forces create corresponding motions or currents in the world's oceans. Due to the strong attraction to the oceans, a bulge in the water level is created, causing a temporary increase in sea level.

Tidal Energy When the sea level is raised, water from the middle of the ocean is forced to move toward the shorelines, creating a tide. This occurrence takes place in an unfailing manner, due to the consistent pattern of the moon s orbit around the earth. The magnitude and character of this motion reflects the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth, the effects of Earth's rotation, and local geography of the sea floor and coastlines.

Tidal Energy

Tidal Energy The first tidal power station was the Rance tidal power plant built over a period of 6 years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240 MW installed capacity.

Tidal Energy 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.

Marine Current Energy Marine current power is a form of marine energy obtained from harnessing of the kinetic energy of marine currents, such as the Gulf stream. Although not widely used at present, marine current power has an important potential for future electricity generation.

Marine Current Energy Source: Dr. Michael Pidwirny (http://www.physicalgeography.net)

Marine Current Energy

Wave Energy Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). A machine able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC).

Wave Energy The following figure shows the potential of wave power in the world, in units of kilowatts per meter of wave front. Source: Wave Energy paper. IMechE, 1991 and European Directory of Renewable Energy (Suppliers and Services) 1991 2005, Trident Energy Limited

Wave Energy

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity. OTEC is a base load electricity generation system, i.e. 24hrs/day all year long. However, the temperature differential is small and this impacts the economic feasibility of ocean thermal energy for electricity generation.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) View of a land based OTEC facility at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of Hawaii

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59mpthscxy

Osmotic Energy Osmotic power or salinity gradient power is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. Two practical methods for this are reverse electrodialysis (RED) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Both processes rely on osmosis with ion specific membranes. The key waste product is brackish water. This byproduct is the result of natural forces that are being harnessed: the flow of fresh water into seas that are made up of salt water.

Osmotic Energy The world's first osmotic power plant with capacity of 4 kw was opened by Statkraft on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway. The plant utilized the original schematic proposed by Loeb. This plant uses polyimide as a membrane, and is able to produce 1W/m² of membrane. This amount of power is obtained with water flow through the membrane of 10 L/s, at a pressure of 1 MPa. Both the increasing of the pressure as well as the flow rate of the water would make it possible to increase the power output. Hypothetically, the output of the SGP plant could easily be doubled.

Osmotic Energy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neqsl_2qihu

Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Earth's internal heat is thermal energy generated from radioactive decay and continual heat loss from Earth's formation. Temperatures at the core mantle boundary may reach over 4000 C (7,200 F). The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of mantle convecting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370 C (700 F).

Geothermal Energy

http://smu.edu/geothermal/2004na map/2004namap.htm

Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy can be used in three ways. Geothermal Direct Use Geothermal power plants Geothermal heat pumps

Direct Use of Geothermal Energy In some places, the hot water comes naturally or is very close to the surface of the Earth. The hot water that comes to the surface naturally known as thermal water. The hot water that is kept under the surface naturally called geothermal reservoir. People have used this type of hot water for centuries. In places that have hot springs or geothermal deposits, people use simple systems to take advantage of that heat. Under the direct use of geothermal energy, hot water flows from a source (such as a well) to the heating system of a building. The water temperature may be 20 C to 150 C.

Direct Use of Geothermal Energy Hot Springs Greenhouse and Aquaculture

Direct Use of Geothermal Energy A ground coupled heat exchanger is an underground heat exchanger that can capture heat from and/or dissipate heat to the ground. They use the Earth's near constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air or other fluids for residential, agricultural or industrial uses.

Geothermal Power Plants Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from geothermal energy. Technologies in use include dry steam power stations, flash steam power stations and binary cycle power stations. Geothermal electricity generation is currently used in 24 countries, while geothermal heating is in use in 70 countries.

Geothermal Power Plants

Geothermal Power Plants Geothermal energy in the United States generated a record 16.792 million megawatt hours in 2012, narrowly beating the previous record of 16.789 set in 1993. In 2012, the United States led the world in geothermal electricity production with 3,386 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity; the largest group of geothermal power plants in the world is located at The Geysers, a geothermal field in California.

Geothermal Heat Pumps A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems, and may be combined with solar heating to form a geosolar system with even greater efficiency.

Geothermal Heat Pumps Conventional Air Conditioning

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal Heat Pumps There are three types of heat pump systems: Ground Coupled Heat Pump (GCHP) Ground Water Heat Pump (GWHP) Surface Water Heat Pump (SWHP)

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Hydro Energy and Geothermal Energy