Vol. 39(1), 2015 Farm and Machinery Availability on Indian Farms R S Singh 1 (LM-10492), Surendra Singh 2 (F-143) and S P Singh 3 (LM-10002) 1 CIAE, Nabi Bagh, Bhopal-462038 2 Ex Project Coordinator, AICRP on FIM 3 Division of Agril Engg, IARI, New Delhi-110012 Email: rssingh12@gmail.com Manuscript received: July 4, 2014 Revised manuscript accepted: January 12, 2015 ABSTRACT Farm mechanization has been helpful to bring about a significant improvement in agricultural productivity. Thus, there is strong need for mechanization of agricultural operations. The timeliness of operations has assumed greater significant in obtaining optimal yields from different crops, which has been possible by way of mechanization. The quality and precision of the operations are equally significant for realizing higher yields. The various operations such as land levelling, irrigation, sowing and planting, use of fertilizers, plant protection, harvesting and threshing need a high degree of precision to increase the efficiency of the inputs and reduce the losses. With the increase in intensity of cropping the turnaround time is drastically reduced and it is not possible to harvest and thresh the standing crop, on one hand, and prepare seed bed and do timely sowing operations of subsequent crop, on the other hand, in the limited time available, unless adequate farm power and matching implement is available. As such there is a strong need for more authentic figures relating to the items pertaining to agricultural implements and machinery. In the changing scenario, it has become more important to have projection estimates of total number of agricultural machinery and implements. An attempt has been made to use available yearly data and make the projected population of agricultural machinery and implements. Key words: Farm mechanization, agricultural productivity, farm tools, cropping intensity, agricultural operations INTRODUCTION Indian agricultural implement market is experiencing an unprecedented growth. The significant decline in the availability of labour for farm activities owing to their migration to industrial jobs and government support to the farmers in the form of high subsidies has given strong boost to the agricultural implement market in India. The Indian agriculture sector has witnessed a considerable decline in the use of human and animal power for agricultural activities in recent years. This has paved a way for range of agricultural equipment that has been introduced in the market. For instance, land development, tillage and seedbed preparation which earlier used the power of animal driven plough and blade harrow now utilize the power of tractor through tractor driven implements. Similarly, the irrigation of farmland has become widely automated by the use of diesel and electric motors and pumps. In FY 2011, the agricultural equipment market of India was estimated at 812,269 units by sales which grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.3% during FY 2006 - FY 2011. The high demand for key segments such as tractors, power tillers, threshers, combine harvesters and rotavator have been mainly responsible in driving this growth. The easy availability of credit from banking institutions as well as Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in the country has encouraged Indian farmers to buy agricultural machinery on credit. The government schemes such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) have led to a huge shortage of the labour for agricultural activities and have also increased labour cost. Moreover, other schemes by government such as Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) which provide 45
Agricultural Engineering Today monetary assistance of upto 50% to the farmers for the purchase of agricultural implements have given considerable thrust to the farm mechanization process in the country. Subsidies by both Central and state governments as well as easy financing by financial institutions have added impetus to the farm mechanisation sector, which is witnessing significant year-on-year growth. STATUS OF FARM POWER IN India The time series population of agricultural workers during the period 1960-61 to 2013-14 is given in Tables 1. While the population of agricultural workers as percentage of rural population has gone down from about 69.4% in 1951 to about 55% in 2012 but in absolute terms, due to increase in overall population, the number of agricultural workers available in rural areas has increased from 131.1 million in 1960-61 to 272 million in 2013-14 and thereby registered an annual compound growth rate of 1.38% during the last 53 years. These agricultural workers are engaged in different farm operations and depend on agriculture for their livelihood, even Table 1: Population of Farm power sources in India Year Agricultural Workers when they are not fully employed throughout the year. Due to too much involvement of labour in different farm operations, the cost of production of most of the crops in our country is quite high as compared to developed countries. Human power availability for agriculture had been 0.043 kw/ha in 1960-61 and reached to 0.096 kw/ha in 2013-14 registered an annual compound growth rate of 1.53% (Fig. 1). Share of agricultural workers in total power availability in 1960-61 was 14.7% reduced to 4.66% in 2013-14 (Fig. 2). Time series trend suggests that share of power from agricultural workers to total power available will further reduced in near future. Availability of different farm power sources with respect to the numbers/1000 ha of net cultivated area was also worked out and given in Table 2. Availability of agricultural workers in 1960-61 was 923.24/1000 ha of net cultivated area increased to 1920.90/1000 ha and thereby showed a continuous increasing trend during the period of 53 years. Draught animals, particularly bullocks, are still the predominant source of mobile power on about Population of farm power sources, million Draught animals Tractors Tillers Diesel Engines Electric Motors 1960-61 131.10 80.4 0.037 0 0.23 0.20 1970-71 125.70 82.6 0.168 0.0096 1.70 1.60 1980-81 148.0 73.4 0.531 0.0162 2.88 3.35 1990-91 185.30 70.9 1.192 0.0323 4.80 8.07 2000-01 234.10 60.3 2.531 0.1147 5.90 13.25 2010-11 263.00 53.50 4.207 0.3213 8.20 16.50 2011-12 266.08* 53.0 4.553 0.3621 8.30 16.70 2012-13 269.20* 52.8 4.858 0.4021 8.35 16.80 2013-14 272.00* 52 5.237 0.4409 8.45 17.00 CAGR, % : 1960-61 to 1990-91 1991-92 to 2013-14 1960-61 to 2013-14 1.16 1.54 1.38-0.42-1.33-0.82 12.27 6.65 9.79 6.25 12.03 9.30 10.66 2.50 7.04 13.12 3.29 8.74 (CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate) *Estimated Source: Singh (2013); Singh et al. (2010); Singh et al. (2009); Live Stock Census; Agricultural Census 2011; Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA); Tiller Manufacturers Association (PTMA) 46
Vol. 39(1), 2015 60% of the cultivated area consisting of about 85 million ha. They are very versatile and dependable source of power and are used in sun and rain under muddy and rough field conditions. They are born and reared in the village system and maintained on the feed and fodder available locally. They are ideal for rural transport where proper roads are not available. They reduce dependence on mechanical sources of power and save scarce petroleum products. Their dung and urine are also used as indirect source of energy-farmyard manure and biogas. They also help in maintaining ecological balance. Under Indian conditions where majority of the people are vegetarian and even amongst non-vegetarians, majority of them don t eat beef, draught animals as by-product of milch animals; will continue to be available for draught purposes in future also. About 4-5 decades back most of the farm operations, water lifting, rural transport, oil extraction, sugarcane crushing, chaff cutting etc, were being done using draught animals only. But with the modernization of agriculture, development of concrete roads connecting village and availability of electricity, most of the jobs earlier being done using draught animals, except field operations, are now being done using other convenient and cheaper Table 2: Availability of farm power sources to net sown area Year Agril Workers options i.e. electricity and diesel. Over the years the annual use of draught animals is going down. While earlier a pair of animals was being used for about 1200-1800 hours annually, their average annual use has now come down to about 300-500 hour only, that too for tillage, sowing, weeding and rural transport. The time series population of draught animals during 1960-61 to 2013-14 has been going down (Table 1). This declining trend of draught power was more visible especially in those states where the demand of tractors and power tillers has gone high. It has been observed that on an average a tractor is replacing about 5 pairs and power tiller about 2 pairs of animals. Draught animal population, mainly derived from bovines, was 80.40 million in 1960-61 and reduced to 52 million by 2013-14 with a negative annual compound growth rate of -0.82% during the period of 53 years. Share of draught animal power was 78% of the total farm power in 1960-61 reduced to 7% only in 2013-14 (Fig. 2). Draught animal power availability in India decreased from 0.229 to 0.224 kw/ha between 1960 and 1970. The power availability further reduced to 0.200 kw/ha in 1980, 0.162 kw/ha in 2000 and 0.14 kw/ha by 2013-14 (Fig. 1). Availability of draught animals during 1960-61 was 566.20/1000 ha of net Availability of farm power sources (no/1000 ha of net sown area) Draught animal Tractors Tillers Diesel Engines Electric Motors 1960-61 923.24 566.20 0.26 0 1.62 1.41 1970-71 892.76 586.65 1.19 0.07 12.07 11.36 1980-81 1054.88 523.16 3.78 0.12 20.53 23.88 1990-91 1303.09 498.59 8.38 0.23 33.76 56.75 2000-01 1657.93 427.05 17.92 0.81 41.78 93.84 2010-11 1857.34 377.82 29.71 2.27 57.91 116.53 2011-12 1879.10 374.29 32.15 2.56 58.62 117.94 2012-13 1901.13 372.88 34.31 2.84 58.97 118.64 2013-14 1920.90 367.23 36.98 3.11 59.67 120.06 Estimated from following sources: Note: 1 Human= 0.05 kw; draught animal = 0.38 kw; tractor = 26.1 kw; tiller = 5.6 kw; Electric motor = 3.7 kw; Diesel Engine = 5.6 kw Source: Singh (2013); Singh et al. (2010); Singh et al. (2009), Agril Statistics at a glance 2012, 2013 47
Agricultural Engineering Today cultivated area and continue in declining trend and reached to 367.23/1000 ha in 2013-14 (Table 2). The trend suggests that it would be further declining in near future. For meeting the increased demand of mobile power for timely farm operations and increased intensity of cropping (Table 3), additional power is available mainly from tractors and power tillers. Self-propelled reapers and combines also provide mobile power specially for harvesting operations. India presently is the largest manufacturer of tractor in the world. There are more than 20 manufacturers of tractors in the country producing about 60 models of tractors in different hp ranges. Tractor population in India has grown from 0.037 million in 1960-61 to 5.237 million units in the year 2013-14 at an annual compound growth rate of about 10 per cent (Table 1). Farm power availability from tractor has consequently increased from 0.007 kw/ha in 1960 to 0.218 kw/ ha in 1990 at an annual compound growth rate of 12.14%. The growth rate in the next decade decreased to 8%. Farm power availability in the year 2000 was 0.47 kw/ha, reaching to 0.97 kw/ha in 2013-14 at an overall growth rate of 9.80% during the last 53 years (Fig. 1). tiller, or two-wheel tractor, came in India with import of two units from Japan in 1961.There are mainly 2 manufacturers of power tillers in the country producing about 6 models in the range of 5.97-8.95 kw (8-12 hp). In addition to them there are many others who are importing power tillers and selling in the country. Contribution of tractors and power tillers was only 2.54% of the total farm power in 1960-61 increased to about 50% in 2013-14 (Fig. 2). Sale of tractors and power tillers has constantly increased during last 10 years with some exceptions (Fig. 3). Tractor availability scenario is continuous increasing during last 53 years, which increased from 0.26 units/1000 ha of net cultivated area increased to about 37 units/1000 ha during the period of 1960-61 to 2013-14 (Table 2). tillers availability also increased from 0.07 units/1000 ha to 3.11 units/1000 ha of net cultivated area during the period of 1970-71 to 2013-14. Stationary power sources in agriculture comprise of diesel engines and electric motors used for irrigation equipment, operating threshers and other stationary machines. The populations of these prime movers have increased tremendously since the green revolution. Diesel engine population in the country increased about 37 times between 1960-61 and 2013-14 (Table 1), while the annual compound growth rate had been 10.66% during the period 1960-61 to 1990-91, with increased availability of electricity it reduced to 7.04% during the period of 1990-91 to 2013-14. Farm power from diesel engines increased from 0.009 kw/ha in 1960-61 to 0.247 kw/ha in 2000-01 and 0.335 kw/ha in 2013-14, registered an annual compound growth rate of about 7% during the last 53 years (Fig. 1). Diesel engine availability registered an increasing trend during last 53 years, which increased from 1.62 units/1000 ha of net cultivated area increased to 59.67 units/1000 ha during the period of 1960-61 to 2013-14 (Table 2). The rural electrification programme launched by the Government of India in the mid-sixties undertaken through the Rural Electrification Corporation has helped in making available electricity to 18.5 per cent villages in 1970-71 and increased to 100% villages by 2004-05. Preferential supply to rural sector at subsidized price has led to rapid increase in use of electric motors in the agricultural sector. Electric motor population thus increased 85 times between 1960-61 and 2013-14 at an impressive annual compound growth rate of 8.7% (Table 1). Farm power availability consequently increased exponentially from 0.005 kw/ha to 0.445 kw/ha with an annual compound growth rate of about 8.74% during the same period (Fig. 1). Farm power availability consequently increased exponentially from 0.005 kw/ha to 0.445 kw/ha with an annual compound growth rate of about 8.74% during the same period. As like diesel engine, electric motor availability also increased to a tune of 1.41 units/1000 ha of net cultivated area in 1960-61 to about 120 units/1000 ha in 2013-14 and shown a continuous increasing trend during the last 53 years (Table 2). For adoption of higher level of technology to perform complex operations within time constraints and with comfort and dignity to the operators, mechanical power becomes essential. Thus, the extent of use of mechanical power serves as an indicator of acceptance of higher level of technology on farms. Over the years the shift has been towards the use of mechanical and electrical sources of power, while 48
Vol. 39(1), 2015 in 1960-61 about 92.30% farm power was coming from animate sources. In 2013-14 the contribution of animate sources of power reduced to about 11.80% and that of mechanical and electrical sources of power increased from 7.70% in 1960-61 to about 88.20% (Fig. 4). It is apparent from Table 3 that the cropping intensity increasing with increase in per unit power availability. It was 114% with power availability of 0.32 kw/ha during 1965-66 that increased to about 142 per cent with increase in power availability of 2.02 kw/ha in 2013-14. Net sown area per tractor shows the reverse trend during the same period, which observed 2162 ha/tractor in 1965-66 reduced to 27 ha/tractor in 2013-14. Table 3: Cropping intensity and power availability on Indian farms Year Cropping intensity (%) Food grain productivity (t/ha) available (kw/ha) per unit production (kw/t) Net sown area per tractor (ha) 1965-66 114.00 0.636 0.32 0.50 2162 1975-76 120.30 0.944 0.48 0.51 487 1985-86 126.80 1.184 0.73 0.62 174 1995-96 130.80 1.499 1.05 0.70 82 2005-06 135.90 1.715 1.49 0.87 45 2010-11 140.50 1.930 1.78 0.92 34 2011-12 141.50 2.079 1.87 0.90 31 2012-13 140.90 2.129 1.94 0.91 29 2013-14 142.00 2.111 2.02 0.96 27 Source: De et al. (2000); Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, Agricultural Census Fig. 1: available from different power sources on Indian farms 49
Agricultural Engineering Today Fig. 2: Share of different power sources in total power availability Fig. 3: Tracor and power tiller sales data for last 10 years Source: Singh et al. (2009); Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA); Tiller Manufacturers Association (PTMA) 50
Vol. 39(1), 2015 Fig. 4: Animate and mechanical power scenario in Indian agriculture Fig. 5: availability and food grain productivity over the years Source: Tyagi et al. (2010); Singh et al. (2010) Fig. 6: Food grain productivity and power availability relationship in Indian agriculture 51
Agricultural Engineering Today Farm power availability and food grain productivity relations Food grains productivity in India has increased from 0.710 t/ha in 1960-61 to 2.11 t/ha in 2013-14, while farm power availability has increased from 0.296 kw/ha to 2.02 kw/ha during the same period (Fig. 3). Thus, food grains productivity is positively associated with unit power availability in Indian agriculture (Fig 6). The relationship between food grains productivity and unit farm power availability for the period 1960-61 to 2013-14 were estimated by linear function, with highly significant value of coefficient of determination (R 2 ): Y fgs = 0.5512 + 0.8195x; R 2 = 0.990 Where, Y fgs = food grains productivity, t/ha, and x = power availability, kw/ha This indicates that productivity and unit power availability is associated linearly. It is also evident that farm power input has to be increased further to achieve higher food grains production, the composition of farm power from different sources to be properly balanced to meet its timely requirement for various farm operations. State-wise sale of tractors Monsoon season is a key driver for sales of tractors. A series of good or bad monsoon can affect the sales. In recent years the industry has registered a good growth in sales, both domestic as well as exports. This is also partly because of the initiative of the government to boost up agriculture and agricultural machinery industry. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana together shared more than 68% of the total tractor sale during the period of 2000-01 to 2013.14. The share of eastern states namely Odisha, West Bengal and Assam had been consistently low (4.84%) so for as the sale of total tractor units are concerned due to various socioeconomic, agro-climatic and other reasons. The credit availability to the farmers in these States has been another major reason for the slow growth in the eastern states. Bihar has receiving increasing trend during last 4-5 years in tractor sale. Tractor sales in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have been showing consistent growth since last fourteen years and it will further increase at a faster rate due to the fact that the farmers in this region have been adopting high value cash crops and latest crop production/ management practices (Table 4). The Tractor sale shows that the demand is region specific. Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat constituted the major tractor market. The states fall under 10-11% of the CAGR are Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. States like Maharashtra, Karnataka and Chhattisgarh registered their sale as CAGR range of 5-10%. Rajasthan, Odisha, Assam & Jammu & Kashmir fall under the category of more than 11% CAGR during the period. Overall CAGR of all the States was found 3.03% during the same period. Domestic sale trend revealed a continuous upward during last ten years (Fig. 7). Domestic sale during 2004-05 was 2,41,757 units increased to 4,82,237 units during 2010-11 and registered CAGR of 12.20%. Rising sale trend was again maintained up to 2013-14 with 6,33,846 units and shown a CAGR of 7.13% during the overall period of 2004-05 to 2013-14. Export trend of tractor during the period 2004-05 to 2013-14 was also analyzed (Fig. 8). Export of various horse power of tractors during 2004-05 was 20,076 units increased to 70,772 units in 2011-12 with CAGR of 17.06 %. Export units shown a declining trend in 2012-13 (62,890 units) and 2013-14 (62,677 units) while overall CAGR was 12.05% during last ten years. NUMBER YEAR Fig. 7: Domestic tractor sale trend in India Source: Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) 52
Vol. 39(1), 2015 NUMBER YEAR Fig. 8: Tractor export trend Source: Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) Among all the tractor manufacturers of the country top five manufacturers in sale of tractors during the last five years were the M & M Group, TAFE Group, ESCORTS, SONALIKA & John Deere. These five manufacturers constituted 91-92% of total tractors sold during the period 2009-10 to 2012-13 and 85.5% in 2013.14. M & M Group ranked first being 38 to 40% of the total tractor sold as far as the individual Table 4: Stat-wise sale of tractors during 2000-01 to 2013-14 States 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 manufacturer is concerned. The shares of other manufacturers were TAFE GROUP in the range of 22-25%, ESCORTS 10-13%, SONALIKA 8-10% and John Deere 7-10% of the total tractor sold during the period of last five years (Table 5). The share of other manufacturers namely New Holland, SAME DEUTZ-FAHR, VST, HMT & FORCE MOTORS together contributed 9-15% of the total tractor sold during the period of 2009-10 to 2013-14. Horse power wise tractor sold by different manufacturers was also analysed (Table 6). In the range of < 20 hp, M&M GROUP ranked first followed by VST and SONALIKA during 2013-14. In the range of 21-30 hp, M&M GROUP again registered first rank followed by TAFE GROUP & FORCE MOTORS. M&M GROUP again ranked first with sold units of 91,828 followed by TAFE GROUP, ESCORTS & SONALIKA during 2013-14 in the 31-40 hp range. Range of 41-50 hp are the most preferred range in which M&M GROUP stood first followed by TAFE GROUP, ESCORTS, John Deere & SONALIKA. In high hp range >50, John Deere ranked first followed by SONALIKA, M& M GROUP and New Holland for the year 2013-14. Uttar Pradesh 65253 48165 39724 38842 46326 44307 48184 39682 51513 73686 76981 82613 84559 95653 2.77 Madhya Pradesh 21901 29818 24344 29568 33733 23828 19378 18242 24306 33342 48435 50597 70822 87831 10.42 Andhra Pradesh 17520 12203 11263 10626 16615 22448 35613 43758 38417 34730 35173 53175 63275 74920 10.94 Rajasthan 14692 16228 10914 18241 23830 27949 34583 29456 25763 31822 53604 57191 44221 65405 11.26 Gujarat 11546 13700 8434 10086 17078 23100 29651 25255 20179 24323 44099 41958 30765 44163 10.06 Maharashtra 14420 8586 4867 7112 11545 17173 26070 29815 25610 34186 40951 56664 43245 46669 8.75 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 CAGR% Punjab 20879 19626 15484 13906 11715 12052 16201 18062 20027 28608 24122 26040 27900 35290 3.82 Haryana 16560 13697 11504 11688 12408 14709 20385 23627 22573 28671 28403 31533 23741 30599 4.48 Karnataka 11261 8984 6512 8595 15560 25316 22455 17230 13835 23849 27244 29162 34861 40437 9.56 Bihar 17344 14028 13115 12235 14636 9946 11824 13104 17572 29050 26621 25987 28260 30187 4.04 Tamil Nadu 9931 6053 4896 6487 12470 18294 21880 16894 14609 15768 20638 26298 18448 9865-0.05 Odisha 4970 2622 3076 2933 4957 6683 7214 4993 5099 7909 12861 13277 15831 24277 11.99 West Bengal 3385 2510 2169 2001 3085 4337 5595 5354 6096 9186 13045 12187 12752 13756 10.53 Chhatisgarh - 4939 7129 6570 8790 10192 - - - 11134 9254 9221 12139 6.63 Jharkhand 2349 2961 2897 3643 5676 - - - - 6524 6697 6756 8349 10.25 J&K 850 1071 1271 1506 1135 1296 1178 1328 1115 1608 2128 2618 3577 3794 11.27 Uttarakhand - 1345 2861 2479 1869 2321 - - - - 3893 5377 4600 4969 10.57 Assam 540 571 499 493 385 771 1120 1296 1588 3583 2430 2057 2099 2408 11.26 HP 395 577 652 521 512 758 1117 891 907 1201 1404 1398 1255 1530 10.15 Kerala 669 348 135 148 125 765 1848 493 374 582 671 631 570 385-3.87 Others 7449 7263 12798 12100 1340 2418 1768 1522 1983 2315 1876 2172 876 1220-12.12 Export - - - 4567 20076 28097 33766 43553 41142 37622 62872 70772 62890 62677 12.05 Total 239565 214683 184608 203601 261833 302436 339830 334555 332708 422041 545109 607658 590524 696523 7.92 CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate Source: Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) 53
Agricultural Engineering Today Table 5: Leading tractor manufactures during last five years (2009-10 to 2013-14) Manufacturers Share in production, % 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 M&M GROUP 39.55 39.85 38.60 38.47 40.08 TAFE GROUP 22.59 20.80 23.51 24.74 24.88 ESCORTS 13.12 12.04 9.78 10.27 10.13 SONALIKA 8.21 8.58 9.79 10.36 0.83 John Deere 8.74 9.77 9.50 7.15 9.63 New Holland 4.92 6.00 5.63 6.04 7.42 SAME DEUTZ-FAHR 0.79 1.05 1.08 0.89 5.24 VST 0.87 0.84 1.13 1.37 1.10 HMT 1.07 0.88 0.69 0.44 0.22 FORCE MOTORS 0.14 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.47 Source: Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) Table 6: Horse power wise tractor sale by different manufacturers Manufacturers HP range 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 VST < 20 HP 3752 4602 7219 7901 7637 ESCORTS - - - - 110 M&M GROUP - - - 9551 12989 TAFE GROUP - - - 919 46 SONALIKA - - - 357 2562 TOTAL 3752 4602 7219 18728 23344 FORCE MOTORS 21-30 HP 211 499 1118 955 2171 ESCORTS 8887 8953 8532 1766 440 HMT 695 541 349 465 129 M&M GROUP 32121 37558 45402 8419 22277 TAFE GROUP 19701 19999 23067 21093 18206 SAME DEUTZ-FAHR SONALIKA 3281 1885 1949 3105 1936 TOTAL 64896 80417 35803 45159 FORCE MOTORS 31-40 HP 283 269 380 308 408 ESCORTS 19041 20032 19243 25580 32590 HMT 3373 3168 2791 1284 1025 M&M GROUP 83921 102853 104327 89144 91828 TAFE GROUP 61701 70528 93828 80398 67892 John Deere 5917 7418 8810 5946 7612 New Holland 5118 5803 5874 6390 6269 SAME DEUTZ-FAHR 345 240 108 88 28 SONALIKA 17983 21177 34979 24559 25031 TOTAL 197682 270340 233697 232683 FORCE MOTORS 41-50 HP 122 329 384 389 680 ESCORTS 28890 37054 34782 30416 35056 HMT 373 458 665 373 204 M&M GROUP 28023 40790 47654 90462 140377 TAFE GROUP 13495 19239 26754 35773 79677 John Deere 10839 16440 19240 15824 25748 New Holland 16215 27091 30179 19565 20170 SAME DEUTZ-FAHR 1052 1160 1078 1209 1193 SONALIKA 6833 12997 14746 17115 20980 TOTAL 105842 155558 175482 211126 324085 ESCORTS > 51 HP 0 0 0 1651 2401 HMT 211 643 621 401 188 M&M GROUP 27268 37329 49610 25024 11819 TAFE GROUP 2966 4321 6781 5008 7552 John Deere 21101 29714 32739 19629 18321 SAME DEUTZ-FAHR 2020 4340 5744 3853 4596 SONALIKA 7469 10967 10943 14794 16567 New Holland 0 0 0 8976 10086 TOTAL 61035 87314 106438 79336 71530 Source: Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) 54
Vol. 39(1), 2015 Agricultural MACHINERY AVAILABILITY AND PROJECTIONS Keeping in view the importance of mechanization in agriculture, a project entitled Study relating to formulating long term mechanization strategy for each agro climatic zone/state, funded by DOAC, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India was conducted at the IASRI New Delhi. Out of so many issues identified and recommendations made on long term mechanization strategy, one of the recommendations was that the data pertaining to agricultural implements and machinery should be collected regularly in an objective manner. Data related to population of agricultural implementsfor the years 1960-61 to 2001-02 were compiled (Tyagi et al., 2010). Using these data, the projected population of agricultural implements was obtained up to 2024-25. For this purpose, different models were fitted to the data. Consequently, best among the fitted models was identified based on sound statistical procedure. Using this model, data related to number of other agricultural implements e.g. sprayers & dusters (power ), harrows, threshers, tillers, seed drills, wooden plough, steel plough, puddler, seed drills & planters, carts, cane crushers, sprayers & dusters (hand ), planters and levellers were projected. The projected figures of sprayers & dusters (power ) for the years 2003-04 to 2024-25 were in the range of 5,61,300 and 10,54,800; for harrows 9,12,600 and 16,41,300; for threshers 53,09,400 and 1, 04, 88,000; for tillers 9,49,200 and 14,13,300; for seed drills (animal ) 9, 63, 380 and 20,28,120; for plough-power 8,52,111 and 18,31,250; for Table 7: Availability of power implements with respect to the net cultivated area Year Sprayers & Dusters- Harrows- Threshers- Tillers- Plough- Planters- Levellers- 1972-73 0.249 0.398 1.4631 0.582 0.405 0.064 0.348 1982-83 0.884 1.347 7.3058 2.245 1.019 0.221 2.951 1992-93 2.131 3.734 18.2630 4.965 2.869 0.380 7.433 2002-03 3.810 6.218 35.8569 6.565 5.708 0.517 12.472 2012-13 5.459 8.651 53.1709 8.107 9.040 0.636 16.292 2022-23 7.134 11.125 70.7360 9.689 12.343 0.750 17.261 2023-24 7.302 11.381 72.5283 9.851 12.663 0.765 17.132 2024-25 7.472 11.622 74.2776 10.007 12.967 0.772 16.941 Source: Tyagi et al. (2010) & Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2011-2013 Table 8: Availability of animal implements with respect to the net cultivated area Year Animal seed drills Animal wooden plough Animal steel plough 55 Animal Puddlers Animal seed drills & planters Carts - animal Cane Crushers - animal 1972-73 0.178 0 0 0 0 0 0 1982-83 1.083 294.783 50.770 17.954 41.247 98.418 4.939 1992-93 3.319 305.654 88.952 36.224 54.191 107.032 5.345 2002-03 6.473 312.989 134.469 58.364 69.306 116.579 6.027 2012-13 10.042 317.260 178.934 80.021 83.771 124.011 6.716 2022-23 13.659 323.100 224.253 102.059 98.033 131.288 7.438 2023-24 14.016 323.846 228.909 104.320 99.462 132.047 7.514 2024-25 14.363 324.363 233.407 106.508 100.822 132.705 7.585 Source: Tyagi et al. (2010) & Agricultural Statistics at a Glance
Agricultural Engineering Today planters 74,650 and 1,08,974; for levellers 18,27,090 and 23, 92,250; for wooden plough 4, 42,67,000 and 4,58,00,000; for steel plough 1,96,22,000 and 3,29,57,000; for seed drills & planters 99,95,420 and 1,42,35,700; and for sprayers & dusters (manually ) 20,46,450 and 28,65,550 (Tyagi et al., 2010). Availability of these implements with respect to the numbers/1000 ha of net cultivated area was also worked out & given in Tables 7 & 8. It has observed that the availability of power and animal implements are continuously increasing during the period under study. CONCLUSIONS Agricultural machinery industry in India is expected to grow at a rapid pace owing to the government efforts to bridge the supply and demand gap of agriculture through R & D and technology efforts in next five year plan (2013-2017). Shrinking farm holdings also demands the need for mechanization so that the agricultural yield can be maximized with optimal efforts through mechanization. Agricultural equipment sector in India has been witnessing robust demand and stands to gain maximum due to the need to use technologically advanced equipment in the farms in the future.the Indian tractor industry has experienced strong volume growth during last five years on the back of favourable cyclical and structural demand drivers. While tractor volumes remained robust through most of 2012-13 & 2013-14 despite macro-economic headwinds; the domestic tractor market is showing some signs of weakness over the last couple of months. The demand-side economics in the tractor industry continue to find favour from factors such as support from the Government of India towards rural development and agri-mechanisation; scarcity of farm labour especially during the sowing season; increase in credit flow to agriculture; increase in non-agri application of tractors as in infrastructure projects; growth in niche power segments (<20 HP and >50 HP) and untapped territories; besides healthy export sales. However, off-late there are some concerns emerging over the earnings of farmers from the crops grown; growing NPAs of tractor loans with public sector banks; and demand fatigue after strong sales growth during the last fiveyears. REFERENCES Agricultural Census. 2011. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. 2011, 2012, 2013. De D; Singh R S; Chandra Hukum. 2000. Availability in Indian Agriculture. Technical Bulletin No. CIAE/2000/83. Live Stock Census, 2012, 2007, 2002 Tiller Manufacturers Association (PTMA) Singh R S. 2013. Custom Hiring and Scope of Entrepreneurship Development in Farm Machinery, AMA, 44 (2): 26-32. Singh R S; Singh S P; Singh Surendra. 2009. Sale of tractors of different makes in India. Agricultural Engineering Today,33 (3): 20-37. Singh S P; Singh R S; Singh Surendra. 2009. Tractor production and sales in India. Agricultural Engineering Today, 33 (1): 20-32. Singh Surendra; Singh R S; Singh S P. 2010. Farm Availability and Agriculture Production Scenario in India. Agricultural Engineering Today, Vol. 34 (1): 9-20. Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) Tyagi K K; Singh Jagbir; Kher K K; Jain V K; Singh Surendra. 2010. A project Report on Study on Status and Projection Estimates of Agricultural Implements and Machinery. IASRI New Delhi. 56