Emergence of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), as a Serious Pest of Agriculture Brown Marmorated Stink Bug is an Invasive Species Native to China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. Tracy C. Leskey USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville, WV 2543 USA Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Life History Identification Deposit eggs on undersides of leaves. Five nymphal stages. Two generations per year in this area. Developmental period lasts ~5d from egg to adult. Egg Mass 1 st 3+ host plants including tree fruit, small fruit, grapes, vegetables, legumes, and ornamentals. Marbled pattern White bands 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th Adult Male Adult Female 1
Current Distribution of BMSB in the United States Severe Agricultural and Nuisance Problems Reported Nuisance Problems Only Detected History of BMSB in the United States Introduced into USA? First suspected specimens collected in Allentown, PA First properly identified specimen in the USA. Collected in Allentown, PA First confirmed MD specimen Hagerstown, MD First confirmed NJ specimen First confirmed WV specimen Falling Waters, WV Localized reports of injury in Allentown area Severe crop injury in WV, MD, NJ, DE, VA and PA in tree fruit, small fruit, vegetables, row crops, and vineyards. Serious late season injury in tree fruit observed in WV First reports of late season injury in tree fruit in WV Serious early season injury detected in tree fruit. Presence and potential injury in many other crops in mid-atlantic. 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 Late-Season Fruit Injury in 28 and 29 29 Crop Losses In Apple 1,1 acre commercial fruit orchard that produces 5, bushels of fruit annually. Nearly of all fruit harvested, 45, bushels of apple, redirected from fresh market to processing due to BMSB injury. For a grower, the loss in value is somewhere between 8-9. 2
Recognition of Season-Long Problems in 21 Tree Fruit Vegetables Row Crops BMSB Injury Unaffected 3
Small Fruit and Grape Ornamentals, Nursery Crops, and Non-Bearing Fruit Trees Catoctin Mountain and Gardenhour Orchards Emergency BMSB Meeting September 3, 21 Photos courtesy of Doug Pfeiffer 4
One Homeowner s Plight This weekend I vacuumed up more than 8, stink bugs (vast majority were alive) in my attic, to add to the now more than 4, I ve removed from my living space since 1/1/211. I have now destroyed 12, 348 stink bugs in my home in 45 days since January 1, 211. After all the effort this weekend, another 1+ found their way into my kitchen (a two year old addition) Sunday afternoon. (mid-feb, Resident near Harpers Ferry, WV) Challenges in Managing BMSB in Commercial Plantings Knock Down and Recovery Tremendous season-long pressure from populations moving from wild and other cultivated hosts into cropped areas leading to constant reinfestation of plots. Greatest efficacy observed when adults have direct contact with finished wet spray material. Only a small portion of damaging population likely exposed to this material. Avoidance behaviors allow them to potentially escape treatments. Insecticides labeled as excellent against native SBs not showing same field efficacy against BMSB. Knock down and recovery observed in grower orchards. Other materials completely ineffective. Treated 1-acre plots with Tombstone or Vydate. Recovered bugs from 1x1 meter square plots beneath the canopy of treated trees. 8 replicates. Followed mortality. 5
Tombstone (cyfluthrin) 2.8 oz per acre 4 contiguous rows (1 acre) N=75 % Adults 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Results h 24h 48h 72h 96h Laboratory-Based BMSB Insecticide Evaluations USDA-ARS-AFRS Because of the constant (season-long) pressure from BMSB populations located outside orchards and other cropped areas, BMSB continuously re-infests plots. Thus, immigrating BMSB are unlikely to encounter direct contact with finished (wet) spray material. Vydate (oxamyl) 3. pints per acre 4 contiguous rows (1 acre) N=78 % Adults 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 h 24h 48h 72h 96h This population poses the primary threat to crops. Control depends on residual effectiveness and likelihood of uptake. Laboratory insecticide trials designed to be biologically relevant and based on control of this primary threat. BMSB Insecticide Testing, USDA-ARS-AFRS October 28, 21 - February 1, 211 Carbamates Carbaryl (Sevin) Methomyl (Lannate) Oxamyl (Vydate) Formetanate HCl (Carzol) Organophosphates Phosmet (Imidan) Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) Acephate (Orthene) Azinphosmethyl (Guthion) Malathion (Malathion) Methidathion (Supracide) Dimethoate (Cygon) Diazinon (Diazinon) Pyrethroids Fenpropathrin (Danitol) Cyfluthrin (Tombstone) Bifenthrin (Brigade) Permethrin (Permethrin) zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang) beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid) Esfenvalerate (Asana) lamba-cyhalothrin (Warrior) gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare) Neonicotinoids Thiamethoxam (Actara) Clothianidin (Clutch) Dinotefuran (Safari) Imidacloprid (Provado) Thiacloprid (Calypso) Acetamiprid (Assail) Organochlorine Endosulfan (Thiodan) Other Classes Flonicamid (Beleaf) Indoxacarb (Avaunt) Spirotetramat (Movento) Cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr) Abamectin (Agri-Mek) Tolfenpyrad (Tolfenpyrad) Pyrifluquinazon Kaolin Clay (Surround) Particle Delivery (Surround+) Experimental Trials 2 Direct observations of vertical movement capacity following insecticide exposure. 1 EthoVision trials for measuring horizontal mobility on insecticidetreated surfaces. 3 Mortality tracked for 7-d followed by final vertical movement trial. 6
BMSB Insecticide Evaluations Sample Tracks BMSB Insecticide Evaluations 7-Day Survivorship Water (Control) 55 microliters per arena Hours Exposure Track 6 94.11 cm 145.31 sec 1 Hour Exposure Track 29 121. cm 125.13 sec 2 Hours Exposure Track 64 53.68 cm 15.11 sec Warrior (Pyrethroid) 1. fl. oz. per 1 gallons Hours Exposure Track 73 147.78 cm 343.34 sec 1 Hour Exposure Track 98 42.34 cm 79.41 sec 2 Hours Exposure Track 117.54 cm.83 sec Carbamates Organophosphates 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Carbaryl (Sevin XLR) @ 2. qts/1 gal Sevin 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Oxamyl (Vydate L) @ 3. pts/1 gal Vydate 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Phosmet (Imidan 7-W) @ 4. lbs/1 gal Imidan 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Azinphosmethyl (Guthion WP) @ 3 lbs/1 gal Guthion 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 % % % 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Formetanate Hydrochloride (Carzol SP) @ 1.25 lbs/1 gal Carzol 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Methomyl (Lannate SP) @ 1. lb/1 gal Lannate 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Acephate (Orthene SP) @ 445.34g/1 gal Orthene 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Chlorpyrifos(Lorsban 4E) @ 4. pts/1 gal Lorsban 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 7 6 5 % % % 7 6 5 7 6 5 7
Pyrethroids Pyrethroids Continued 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Esfenvalerate (Asana ) @ 14.5 oz/1 gal Asana 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior CS) @ 5.12 oz/1 gal Warrior 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Zeta-Cypermethrin (Mustang Max EC) @ 4. oz/1 gal Mustang 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4 EC) @ 18. oz/1 gal Danitol 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 % % % 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Cyfluthrin (Tombstone 2. EC) (1-Day) @ 2.6 oz/1 gal Tombstone 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Beta-Cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL EC) @ 2.6 oz/1 gal Baythroid 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Permethrin (Permethrin 3.2 EC) @ 16. oz/1 gal Permethrin 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Bifenthrin (Brigade WSB) @ 32 oz/1 gal Brigade 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 Neonicotinoids Neonicotinoids Continued 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Thiacloprid (Calypso 4 F) @ 8. oz/1 gal Calypso 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Acetamiprid (Assail 3 SG) @ 8. oz/1 gal Assail 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Thiamethoxam (Actara WDG) @ 4.5 oz/1 gal Actara 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Dinotefuran (Safari 2 SG) @ 16 oz/1 gal Safari 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F) @ 8 oz/1 gal Provado 4.5-Hour Exposure Period In Arenas Clothianidin (Clutch 5 WDG) @ 3.2 oz/1 gal Clutch 1 1 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 5 6 5 8
BMSB Toxicity Testing Lethality Index Day -7 Day -7 Day -7 Lethality Index = [(BMSB x.) + (BMSB x.5) + (BMSB x 1.)] 24 x 1 The maximum value of the Lethality Index for each material is 1.; the minimum value is., and compounds are ranked in descending order of value. * After testing ~45 materials, the Lethality Index was modified to accommodate four conditional categories: (.); Affected (.25); (.75); and (1.). This change in conditional interpretation does not change the comparability of Lethality Index across tested materials. BMSB Toxicity Testing Lethality Index Active Ingredient Trade Name Lethality Index Active Ingredient Trade Name Lethality Index Chlorpyrifos/Gamma-Cyhalothrin Cobalt 95.4 Oxamyl Vydate 46.8 Dimethoate Cygon 93.3 MBI-23 MBI-23 43.4 Malathion Malathion 92.5 Esfenvalerate Asana 43.3 Bifenthrin Brigade 91.5 Imidacloprid Provado 4. Endosulfan Thionex 9.4 Tolfenpyrad SC Tolfenpyrad SC 36.5 Methidathion Supracide 9.4 MBI-25 MBI-25 35.7 Methomyl Lannate 9.1 Tolfenpyrad EC Tolfenpyrad EC 33.3 Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 89. Pyrifluquinazon Pyrifluquinazon 28.3 Acephate Orthene 87.5 Kaolin Clay Surround 23.1 Fenpropathrin Danitol 78.3 Diazinon Diazinon 2.4 Permethrin Permethrin 77.1 Phosmet Imidan 2. Azinphosmethyl Guthion 71.3 Acetamiprid Assail 18.8 Dinotefuran Safari 67.3 Thiacloprid Calypso 18.3 Kaolin Clay/Thiamethoxam Particle Delivery 66.7 Abamectin Agri-Mek 16.3 Formetanate HCl Carzol 63.5 Indoxacarb Avaunt 11.3 Gamma-Cyhalothrin Proaxis 59. Spirotetramat Movento 9.8 Zinc Dimethyldithiocarbamate Ziram 57.5 Carbaryl Sevin 9.2 Thiamethoxam Actara 56.3 Water Control 6 9.2 Clothianidin Clutch 55.6 Flonicamid Beleaf 7.7 Beta-Cyfluthrin Baythroid 54.8 Water Control 2 6.9 Lambda-Cyhalothrin Warrior 52.9 Water Control 3 6.3 Zeta-Cypermethrin Mustang Max 52.1 Water Control 5 6. Cyfluthrin Tombstone 49. Water Control 4 4.2 MBI-26 MBI-26 48.4 Cyantraniliprole Cyazypyr 1.7 Conclusions Trap-Based Monitoring Tools There are materials within each chemical class that show promise for ability to kill BMSB by contact with dried residues (malathion, bifenthrin, endosulfan, methomyl). In general, neonicotinoids did not provide the level of fast kill that other classes did, but bugs were routinely paralyzed very soon after exposure. In neonicotinoid and pyrethroid treatments, bugs remained moribund for a very long period of time and still may recover 7 or more days after paralysis. For many compounds, exposure via treated plant tissue will likely reduce lethality of dry insecticide residues; however, toxicant uptake via feeding will contribute to the lethality of many materials. 9
What We Know Growers require a tool that will allow them to detect presence, abundance, and seasonal activity of BMSB in various cropping systems. Provide information for making management decisions. Reliable detection for nationwide survey/monitoring efforts. Development of a Behaviorally Based Monitoring Tool for BMSB Visual Cues Olfactory Cues Capture Mechanism Deployment Strategy Visual Cues Black Green Yellow White Clear Trunk Mimic Foliar Stimulus Foliar Stimulus Unapparent Stimulus Unapparent Stimulus Responses to visual stimuli associated with trap bases. Baited with methyl (2E, 4E, 6Z)-decatrienoate or left unbaited. Traps deployed at the periphery of orchards blocks Captures from October 7-November 17, 29 and July 23-October 14, 21. 1
Mean No. SBs Per Trap 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 a Greatest Adult and Nymphal Captures in Baited Traps with Dark Visual Base 25 29 Adult Captures BLACK 21 Adult Captures GREEN a WHITE 2 b CLEAR a b BAITED b c c c c UNBAITED Mean Number of Adults Per Sample 15 1 5 ab Baited ab ab b b b b Unbaited Green Black Yellow Clear White b Visual Cues Behavioral Responses to Wavelengths and Intensities of Light Mean Number of Nymphs Per Sample 5 4 3 2 1 21 Nymphal Captures a ab abc Black Yellow Green White Clear bc bc bc bc bc c c Baited Unbaited Light Bioassay 1 2 Trial One - Light Intensity Release single individuals into center of arena. Simple choice experiment. Treatments include sex and light intensity. Light Intensity (Indirect Light, Fixed Full Spectrum) 3 4 Lux (Control) Darkness 1 Lux 2 Lux 4 Lux Fixed Full Spectrum 8 Lux 16 Lux Trial duration up to 15 minutes. Outcomes Non-responder remains in release zone. Responds To Treatment positively phototactic, but does not accept stimulus (does not enter treatment zone). Accepts Treatment positively phototactic and accepts stimulus. 11
Stimulus Acceptance Stimulus Rejection Response to Light Intensity χ 2 = 34.6 DF = 5 p <.1 χ 2 = 21.35 DF = 5 p <.1 % Responders % Responders 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Chilled Adults Acceptance Rejection 1 2 4 8 16 Lux Unchilled Adults Acceptance Rejection 1 2 4 8 16 Lux Trial Two - Wavelength Release single individuals into center of arena Treatments Wavelength (Indirect Light, Fixed Intensity) Full Spectrum 32 nm, Long Pass Filter (Ultraviolet and above) 4 nm, Long Pass Filter (Visible Light, Purple and Above) 495 nm, Long Pass Filter (Visible Light, Blue and Above) 61 nm, Long Pass Filter (Visible Light, Yellow and Above) Control 12
Olfactory Stimuli Aldrich et al. (27) and Khrimian et al. (28) confirmed that the aggregation pheromone of Plautia stali Scott, methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate (Sugie et al. 1996), is cross-attractive to BMSB, as reported in Asia (Lee et al. 22, Tada et al. 21 a,b). Are BMSB attracted to methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrienoate early in the season? Adults are reliably attracted only early (Tada et al. 21a) and late in the season (Tada et al. 21a). Commercial Orchard Studies.14 Regional Averages 1 commercial orchards in MD and WV..12.1 21 May 3 June BMSB INCURSIONS 5, 5 4, 1 Monitoring ~5 acre peach and apple blocks at each orchard. 4 black pyramid traps deployed in the border row of each block, spaced ~5 m apart, and baited with methyl (2E, 4E, 6Z)- decatrienoate. Mean No. BMSBs Per Trap.8.6.4, 1, 1,3 2, 2,1 3,1 1, 1 Apple Peach.2,,, 3-Mar 6-Apr 13-Apr 2-Apr 27-Apr 4-May 11-May 18-May 25-May 1-Jun 8-Jun 15-Jun Date 13
Trap Type Experiment 14 Results to Date Protype Baited Prototype Unbaited Commercial Baited Commercial Unbaited Blacklight Baited Blacklight Unbaited 12 1 Mean No. Adults Per Trap 8 6 4 Black Light Trap Commercial Pyramid Trap Prototype Pyramid Trap Visual Stimulus UV Light Visual Stimulus Dark Upright Trunk Mimic Visual Stimulus Dark Upright Trunk Mimic Olfactory Stimulus methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrienoate OR Unbaited Olfactory Stimulus methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrienoate OR Unbaited Olfactory Stimulus methyl (2E,4E,6Z)- decatrienoate OR Unbaited Capture Mechanism Principally Flight Capture Mechanism Principally Walking Capture Mechanism Principally Walking Deployment Strategy Hanging, Perimeter of Natural Overwintering Sites Deployment Strategy Ground-Deployed, Perimeter of Natural Overwintering Sites Deployment Strategy Ground-Deployed, Perimeter of Natural Overwintering Sites 2 Sample Date Black light captures reflected immigration period, but captures have subsequently have dropped off despite field presence and activity. Conclusions and Questions BMSB adults do not respond to methyl (2E,4E,6Z)-decatrienoate early in the season. They seem to be responding now. BMSB respond to full spectrum light as a point-source at lower intensities and likely aggregate near high intensity sources. BMSB response to UV light may reflect movement patterns and/or be associated with a particular physiological/behavioral state. Next Steps Continue with current experiments season-long. Establish a behavioral foundation for responses to wavelengths and intensities of light. Physiological/behavioral state (age, mating status, etc.) Critical need for olfactory stimulus that is attractive earlier in the season. Develop a trap that incorporates attractive visual and olfactory stimuli, effective capture mechanisms, and deployment strategies. 14
211 Observations Survivorship of the overwintered population is high. Serious problems detected in stone fruit orchards. Invasions into other crops including corn, wheat, and grape. Feeding and reproduction on wild hosts. Bulk of the overwintered population appears to be moving from wood lots and other natural areas. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Feeding Injury Surface and Internal Injury Loring Peach at ~15 mm Appalachian Fruit Research Station Kearneysville, WV 2543 16 May 211 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 211 Early Season Injury in Commercial Peach Orchards 211 Season 15
Observations on Wild Hosts in 211 Future Research and Collaborations We have formed a nationwide team of over 5 research and extension professionals representing 14 institutions in 1 states. We submitted a proposal to fund this project through the USDA-NIFA Specialty Crop Research Initiative, entitled Biology, Ecology, and Management of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Orchard Crops, Small Fruit, Grapes, Vegetables, and Ornamentals. Development of effective monitoring tools and behaviorally based management strategies for BMSB. BMSB will require a sustained cooperative, collaborative, and integrated approach for research and extension on a national scale. Acknowledgements USDA-ARS, NIFA Critical Issues Grant # 21-3761-21845, and the Maryland State Horticultural Society 16