Introduction to forest biomass harvesting and logistic systems Juha Laitila Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Plovdiv 2017
Content of the presentation: Forest bioenergy in Finland Supply chains for forest chips Special features of thinning wood harvesting Experiences from Slovakia
The border of industrial roundwood and energy wood: The price and quality of the raw material The stumpage price of pulpwood 11-20 /m³ (birch, aspen, pine & spruce). Minimum top diameter is 6-8 cm and the lenght of bolts is 3-5 meters Trees from young forests Stumpage price 0-7 /m³ 30-60 m³/ha Logging residues 30-125 /ha 45-85 m³/ha Stumpage price of logs 50-60 /m³ (birch, spruce & pine). Minimum top diameter is 12-15 cm and lenght of bolts is 3,1-5,5 meters Stump and root wood 30-125 /ha 50-75 m³/ha
Degree of mechanisation in timber harvesting in Finland
The cost structure of biomass in South Finland. Transporting distance 54 km 120,0 Grinding at the plant Procurement cost of biomass, dry tonne - 1 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 Truck transporting Baling & storing of straw bales Pre-grinding or chipping at the roadside landing Forwarding Cutting & piling Uprooting & splitting of stumps 0,0 Stumps Logging residues & grinding at the plant Logging residues & chippig at the roadside landing Delimbed stems: average cutting cost Delimbed stems: average cutting cost - SD Delimbed stems: average cutting cost + SD Straw Organisation of procurement activities Moisture content of 40% is used for delimbed stems, 31% for stumps, 15% for cereal straw and 53% for logging residues
Quality requirements for the raw material of forest chips in different size categories Mixture fuel Main fuel Only fuel Large CHP Medium & Small Small boilers Oven & fireplace 50-500 MW 1-50 MW 20-1000 kw 5-20 kw 70% 10% 5% Heterogeneous raw material 15% Homogeneous raw material
Typical cost structure of harvesting and transporting machines Chipper Excavator Heavy forwarder Medium size forwarder Harvester Chip truck, terminal time Chip truck, driving time Biomass truck, terminal time Biomass truck, driving time Labour costs Capital costs Operating costs 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Relative cost structure, % Labour costs Capital costs Operating costs 0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 % Relative cost structure, % 8
The cutting options in young forests The size of tree Breast height diameter 6 cm Breast height diameter 10 cm Cutting removal, m³/ha Clearing Energy wood logging Integrated harvesting of energy wood & industrial roundwood Industrial round wood logging
Piling of whole trees in mechanised and manual felling bunching Koneellinen hakkuu Metsurihakkuu
Forwarding productivity after manual and mechanised felling bunching according to payload & forwarding distance 21 18 Forwarding after mechanised cutting, payload 4-9 m³ Productivity, m³ E0h -1 15 12 9 6 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 Forwarding after motor-manual cutting, payload 4-9 m³ 9 8 7 6 5 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Forwarding distance, m
The chipping productivity of whole-trees & delimbed stems Chipping productivity, m³/h Average volume of the grapple load, m³ Chipping productivity per effective working hour, m³/h 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0,33 m³ 55 m³/h Whole-trees 0,49 m³ 67 m³/h Delimbed longwood 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 Grapple load volume in chipping, m³
Proportion of solids in forest fuels Full payload in the transportation Logging residues, whole trees & stumps Bundles Chips & delimbed stems Industrial roundwood Nilsson 1982 14
The transporting costs of fuel wood as a function of transport distance Transporting cost, /m³ 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Whole-trees, /m³ Whole-tree chips, /m³ Delimbed longwood chips, /m³ Whole-tree bundles, /m³ Delimbed longwood, /m³ Truck transporting distance, km
Transporting costs of delimbed stems and chips as a function of transporting distance & moisture content
Study on available biomass resources and their efficient procurement for energy production in the Zvolen CHP plant http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2007/mwp059.htm
Overall and available biomass resources: Total forest land area in the region 453.000 ha Available for biomass extraction 258.000 ha Overall available biomass resources 1,245.100 m 3 Potentially available for use 302.400 m 3 i.e. 24,3 % of potential Technically and economically available 228.307 m 3 i.e. 18,3 % of potential
Conclusions about harvesting whole trees and logging residues for fuel in Zvolen Felling and bucking of tree parts in thinnings by chainsaw (2006!!) Forwarding of logging residues and whole trees by forwarders Chipping of whole trees and logging residues at the roadside landings by mobile chippers Direct delivery of produced chips to plant with chip trucks (avoid storing of produced fuel chips at the terminals) Deliveries of fuel chips during cold season are guaranteed by terminals Delimbed stems and rotten roundwood are stored & chipped at terminal Transporting of stems and roundwood to terminal with timber trucks Deliveries of fuel chips during cold season/peak periods Centralised system enables efficient use of mobile chippers Chips are delivered by chip trucks to the plant
Machinery for harvesting forest biomass on steep slopes ( traction winch )
Guidebook on Local Bioenergy Supply Based on Woody Biomass PromoBio Guidebook published for the stakeholders in English The Guidebook deals with the following thematic issues : Forestry and Wood Fuel Supply Chains Combustion Technologies and Heating Systems Investment Costs and Profitability of Biomass Heating Plants Business Models covering the Entire Wood Heat Supply Chain Situation in Wood Fuel and Biomass Heating Business http://www.sapub.org/book/978-1-938681-98-1.html
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