Richmond Social Science PRIMARY
Contents Unit Reading Topics Know how to 1 The Earth 6 The Earth is round The solar system and the Earth The Earth s movements Our planet Earth Interpret diagrams of the Earth. 2 Representing the Earth 16 Don t get lost in the woods! Globes and maps Parts of a map World maps Find your way and calculate distances with a map. 3 Air 26 Wind power Air and the atmosphere Weather Air pollution Make a windmill. TERM 1 REVISION 4 Water 38 Drop by drop Where can we find water? The water cycle People and water Suggest ways to save water. 5 Landscapes 48 Colourful mountains Inland landscapes Coastal landscapes People and landscapes Identify features on a relief map. 6 Villages, towns and cities 58 Child Friendly Cities Villages Towns and cities Local councils and municipal services Use a street map to find your way. TERM 2 REVISION 7 Jobs in nature 70 Square watermelons! Jobs Jobs in the primary sector I Jobs in the primary sector II Interpret a crop calendar. 8 Jobs and services 80 From cacao to chocolate Jobs in the secondary sector Jobs in the tertiary sector Draw a diagram of an industrial process. 9 The past 88 Say cheese! Time and the past People through history I People through history II Find out about the past from old photos. TERM 3 REVISION three 3
4 Water 4.1 Drop by drop It is essential to cultivate crops to provide food and goods for people. Potatoes, tomatoes, lettuces, beans, cereals and fruit all grow in our fields. Many crops need a lot of water to grow, so when there is little rain, irrigation provides water. In the past, farmers irrigated plants by using water that flowed through ditches between the rows of plants. Today, there are more efficient irrigation techniques. Sprinkler irrigation is water distributed by sprinklers. But drip irrigation is the most efficient way to water plants. Water is distributed drop by drop near the roots of the plants. 38 thirty-eight
Read and understand Why is cultivating crops essential for people? Why is water so important for cultivating crops? What are the three irrigation techniques mentioned in the text? Which technique uses less water? SPEAKING. What do plants need to grow? How can you look after plants? Tell your partner. KNOW HOW TO Find out where we can find water on Earth. Describe the water cycle. FINAL TASK Suggest ways to save water. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? We need water to live. We use water in many ways. How do we use water? We can find water in many places on Earth. Where can we find water? thirty-nine 39
Where can we find water? 4.2 4.3 We can find water in many places on Earth. There is a lot of water on the Earth s surface, but there is water under the Earth's surface, too. 1 Water exists in three states: solid, liquid and gaseous. Ice and snow are examples of water in a solid state. Rain is water in a liquid state. Water vapour in clouds is water in a gaseous state. Water on the Earth s surface Most of the water on the Earth s surface is salt water in seas and oceans. Fresh water has a lot less salt. It comes from rain, snow and ice. People can drink fresh water. On land, fresh water forms streams and rivers. This water flows down from high land into lakes, seas and oceans. Most lakes contain fresh water. Frozen water snow stream At the Poles and on mountain peaks, we can find frozen fresh water as snow or ice. The Poles are the coldest places on Earth. Here, both the land and the sea are covered in ice. Very large pieces of ice break off from the land and float in the sea. These pieces of ice are called icebergs. Icebergs are frozen fresh water. On mountain peaks, it is very cold and water freezes. When the weather is warmer, the ice melts and water flows down into the rivers. aquifer 1 Places on Earth where we can find water. There is salt water in seas and oceans. There is fresh water in streams, rivers and most lakes. There is frozen fresh water at the Poles and on mountain peaks. 40 forty
4 clouds lake 4.4 Groundwater Groundwater is water under the Earth's surface. There is a lot of groundwater under the Earth s surface. Here, a lot of water is stored in areas called aquifers. We use wells to extract water from aquifers. ocean There is groundwater under the Earth s surface. It is stored in aquifers. river WORK WITH THE PICTURE Make a list of the places on Earth where we can find water. Where can we find water in a solid state? iceberg ACTIVITIES 1 SPEAKING. What is the difference between fresh water and salt water? Where on Earth can we find them? 2 WRITING. Write definitions for these words: 4.5 iceberg aquifer lake river forty-one 41
The water cycle 4.6 Water is always moving around the Earth. During this cycle, water changes state many times. This journey is called the water cycle. The water cycle has four stages: evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection. 2. Condensation. The water vapour passes into the cold air. Here, it condenses into tiny water droplets and forms clouds. Clouds move across the sky with the wind. 1. Evaporation. The sun heats water in oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. Some of this water evaporates to form water vapour in the air. river sea WORK WITH THE PICTURE Look at the picture. In which natural places can water evaporate? Where can we find water in a solid state, as snow? Is the water in the well salt water or fresh water? How does rain water return to the sea? 42 forty-two
5 cloud 3. Precipitation. The tiny droplets in the clouds form larger drops. These large drops fall from the clouds as rain or snow. 4. Collection. Rain falls to the land and into the rivers and lakes and goes to the seas and oceans. Some rain goes into the ground as groundwater. Water from wells comes from groundwater. The water cycle is the movement and changes of state of water around the Earth. ACTIVITIES 1 Imagine you are a water droplet. Copy and complete these sentences: well 4.7 First, I am floating in the sea. It is very hot and I. Next, I am a cloud and the wind pushes me up to the. It is cold. Now it is raining and I fall to the. Finally, I go back to the. 2 INVESTIGATE. Put a glass of water in the sun. What happens after two days? groundwater 3 WRITING. Copy and complete this sentence: The stages of the water cycle are forty-three 43
People and water 4.8 How we use water We use water in many different ways: For drinking. We can survive for weeks without food, but we only survive for a few days without water. We can only drink clean, fresh water. We cannot drink salt water. Drinking water is water that is safe for people to drink. For cooking. We use water to boil and steam our food. For hygiene and cleaning. We use water to wash our hands, flush the toilet, shower, and clean our teeth. We also use water to clean our houses. For agriculture and industry. Farmers water their crops and give their animals water to drink. We use water in factories and we use it to produce electricity. For fun. We use water to swim, ski, ice skate and surf. A B C WORK WITH THE PICTURE Look at the photos. Describe how we use water in each photo. Do you use water in the same ways? What other ways do you use water? How do you use water for fun? D We use water for drinking, cooking and cleaning. We use it for agriculture, in factories and to produce electricity. We also use water for fun! E 44 forty-four
4 4.9 How we can save water There is not enough fresh drinking water on Earth, so we should use it in a responsible way: Save water. When we use water, we should only use what we need and we shouldn't waste water. For example, we can turn off the tap when we brush our teeth, we can have a shower instead of a bath, or we can turn off the taps after using them. 1 Don t pollute water. We shouldn t pollute water with rubbish or chemical waste, because it will not be drinkable and it will harm all living things that need it to live. All living things need water. We should save water and we shouldn't pollute it. 1 Save water! Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth. You can save 10 litres each time. ACTIVITIES 1 SPEAKING. Explain how we use water in each of these photos: A B C D 2 VALUES EDUCATION. Write three ways that we can save water. forty-five 45
KNOW HOW TO Suggest ways to save water Think and answer. 1 Which of these suggestions do you think saves the most water? Explain. Water the plants in the evening. Less water will evaporate and so you will use less water. Put a bottle of water in the cistern of the toilet. You will use less water. Collect the water that comes out of the shower when it is warming up. You can use it for cleaning or for watering the plants. 2 Read more suggestions about saving water. When taking a shower, turn off the water when you are putting on shampoo or using soap. When you wash your bike, put some water in a bowl instead of using a hosepipe. Only use the washing machine and the dishwasher when they are full. Make your suggestions. 3 Which of the suggestions above do you do already? Tell your partner. 4 Make a list of ten things that you can do to save water. Share them with the rest of the class. 46 forty-six
FINAL ACTIVITIES 4 1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete with these words: 4.10 groundwater lakes oceans salt mountain snow rivers rain Most of the water that covers the Earth s surface is water in seas and. Fresh water comes from, snow and ice. On land, fresh water forms streams and that flow down from high land into, seas and oceans. At the Poles and on peaks, frozen fresh water is found in the form of or ice. There is a lot of under the Earth s surface. 2 Copy and complete the stages of the water cycle. EVAPORATION 3 THINK ABOUT IT. Why is there always water on Earth when we use it every day for drinking, washing ourselves, watering the plants, etc? Show your skills Choose one of these activities: A. Make a poster about how we use water. B. Create a video about how to save water. C. Write a short story about an elephant. The elephant explains why it needs water to live and how it uses water. forty-seven 47
5 Landscapes 5.1 Colourful mountains When we draw a mountain, we usually colour it green and brown, with white for the snow on its peak. But to colour the mountains in this photo, we would also need red, orange, blue, yellow and pink. It looks as if a rainbow has fallen from the sky! In fact, the colours come from minerals in the rocks in these mountains. There are some amazing shapes in this mountain landscape, but there are no plants. These mountains are in the Zhangye Geological Park in China. Here, it does not rain very often, but when it rains, the colours really shine. Then you feel like you are a character in a fairy story. 48 forty-eight
Read and understand Where are these mountains? What makes them special? Why are these mountains colourful? Do you take photos of landscapes? Where? SPEAKING. Draw a mountain landscape and describe it to your partner. KNOW HOW TO Learn about inland and coastal landscapes. Learn about the features of different landscapes. FINAL TASK Identify features on a relief map. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? There are many different types of landscapes on Earth. What types of landscapes do you know? Some landscapes are next to the sea. There are cliffs and beaches. What is a cliff? And what is a beach? forty-nine 49
Inland landscapes 5.2 A landscape is all the features of an area of land. Landscapes can be inland or coastal. Inland landscapes are far from the sea. Coastal landscapes are next to the sea. In inland landscapes we can find mountain landscapes or flat landscapes. Features of mountain landscapes Mountain landscapes have mountains and valleys. Mountains are areas of high land with steep sides. A group of mountains is called a mountain range. Small areas of low land between mountains are called valleys. Rivers often flow through valleys. Parts of a mountain peak slopes foot mountain 5.3 Mountains have three parts: The foot is the lowest part of a mountain. The peak is the top part of a mountain. There is snow on the world's highest peaks all year round. The slopes are the steep sides between the peak and the foot. Features of flat landscapes valley A plain is a very large area of low, flat land. It often has a river flowing through it. The land near these rivers is good for growing crops. It is fertile land. A plateau is a large area of high, flat land. Flat landscapes sometimes have hills. Hills are small areas of higher land. river Mountain landscapes have high land called mountains, and small areas of low land called valleys. Flat landscapes have areas of low, flat land called plains, or high, flat land called plateaus. 50 fifty
5 mountain range hill plateau ACTIVITIES 1 SPEAKING. Look at the photos. What features of inland landscapes can you see here? A B plain C WORK WITH THE PICTURE Find the valley between the mountains. Do you think the land is high or low? Explain. What are the differences between a plain and a plateau? 2 WRITING. Write the names of three features of inland landscapes. Then write definitions. 3 Draw a mountain and colour it using this key: foot peak slopes Label your picture with the words in the key. fifty-one 51
Coastal landscapes 5.4 The coast is the area of land that meets the sea. Coastal landscapes are areas of land next to the sea. The land can be high or low. Features of coastal landscapes Coastal plains are areas of low, flat land on the coast. There are beaches with sand or pebbles. 1 Cliffs are areas of high land next to the sea. Waves crash against cliffs. 2 Sometimes, areas of land are surrounded by sea: A cape is a large piece of land that sticks out into the sea. A headland is a small cape. A peninsula is a narrow piece of land surrounded by water on all sides except one. An island is an area of land completely surrounded by water. An archipelago is a group of islands. Sometimes, areas of sea are surrounded by land: A gulf is a large area of sea that cuts into the land. 1 Beaches are areas of low, flat land next to the sea. 2 Cliffs are high and rocky. A bay is a small gulf. 3 Coastal landscapes are areas of land next to the sea. There are beaches and cliffs. 3 A bay is a small area of sea that cuts into the land. 52 fifty-two
5 beach coastal plain 5.5 gulf island peninsula bay cape headland cliff archipelago sea ACTIVITIES 1 Look at the photos. What features of coastal landscapes can you see here? A C B D 2 WRITING. Write the names of three more features of coastal landscapes. Then write definitions. fifty-three 53
People and landscapes 5.6 Natural and man-made features There are natural and man-made features in landscapes. Natural features are not made by people. Mountains, forests, rivers and plains are all natural features. Man-made features are made by people. Houses, roads, bridges and factories are all man-made features. Changes in landscapes A landscape can change for many reasons. There are natural changes and man-made changes. Natural changes Changes in seasons. In autumn, deciduous trees lose their leaves. In winter, trees and land can be covered by snow. In spring, flowers grow. Rain and wind wear down soil and rocks over a long period of time. The rocks change their shape. This is called erosion. Natural disasters such as droughts, floods and volcanoes change landscapes. Man-made changes People also change landscapes. Farming. People cut down trees to make space to grow crops. Transport networks. People build airports, roads, railways and ports to connect towns, cities and countries. Construction. People build offices, flats, schools and factories. WORK WITH THE PICTURE What natural features can you see in this landscape? What man-made features can you see? 54 fifty-four
5 5.7 5.8 How we damage landscapes Sometimes, people damage landscapes when we cut down too many trees. This can cause deforestation. Construction can damage landscapes when people build too many roads or buildings. Pollution can also damage landscapes. Cars and factories make smoke that causes air pollution. Toxic waste can go into the rivers and this can pollute the water and the land. 1 How we can protect landscapes We can protect landscapes in many ways: We shouldn't cut down too many trees. We shouldn't build too many new roads. We should reduce pollution from cars and factories. We should recycle more materials. We should save electricity. We should respect laws to create special natural areas, such as our national parks. A B C There are natural and man-made features in landscapes. We should protect landscapes by reducing pollution, and by respecting the laws to protect special natural areas. ACTIVITIES 1 People damage landscapes. A. Deforestation. B. Construction. C. Water pollution. 1 SPEAKING. What types of landscapes are there near where you live? What natural and man-made features can you see? Tell a classmate. 2 VALUES EDUCATION. How can we protect landscapes? Why is this important? 5.9 fifty-five 55
KNOW HOW TO Identify features on a relief map A relief map is a physical map that uses different colours to show the height and shape of the land. W N S E ATLANTIC OCEAN CANARY ISLANDS Cape Finisterre ATLANTIC OCEAN GALICIAN MASSIF Gulf of Cadiz Tarifa Point Cantabrian Sea Cape Peñas CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS OF LEON MOUNTAINS P O R T U G A L Inner Plateau CENTRAL MOUNTAIN CHAIN MOUNTAINS OF TOLEDO SIERRA MORENA Bay of Biscay BAETIC MOUNTAIN CHAIN Ceuta MOROCCO IBERIAN MOUNTAIN CHAIN Cape Gata Melilla P Y R F R A N C E E N E E S Gulf of Valencia Cape Nao Cape Palos A L G E R I A ANDORRA CATALAN COASTAL CHAIN Cape Creus BALEARIC ISLANDS M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a HEIGHT (metres) More than 2,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,500 700 1,000 400 700 0 400 Interpret the colours on the map. 1 Look at the map. Can you find these parts? labels towns a compass rose a key 2 Read the key and look at the map. Which height does each colour represent on the map? 3 On the map, find the dark brown areas. Which height does this colour represent? Write all the features that you can find at this height. Understand the labels on the map. 4 Look at the labels on the map. Look at their colours and sizes. What colour is the label that shows the mountains and mountain ranges? Is it written in capital letters? What mountain range separates Spain from France? What ocean and what seas surround Spain? What colour are they? Look for an area of sea surrounded by land. What colour is its label? Look for an area of land surrounded by sea. What colour is its label? 56 fifty-six
FINAL ACTIVITIES 5 1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete this diagram: flat landscapes plateaus or 5.10 Types of landscapes coastal landscapes can be low with mountains cliffs and 2 Copy this picture into your notebook. Then write labels for these landscape features: bay mountain cliff island plain headland 3 Look at the photos. What natural and man-made features can you see in these landscapes? A B C 4 USE YOUR ATLAS. Find and write the names of these landscape features: a mountain range in North America a plateau in Asia a cape in Africa a peninsula in Europe Show your skills Choose one of these activities: A. Think of two inland landscapes and make a model of them out of plasticine. B. Write a short story that begins with a description of a landscape. C. ICT. Search the Internet for information about Mount Everest: Where is it? How high is it? Who were the first people to climb it? fifty-seven 57
CP: 707618