Sudan J. Agric. Res. : (23), 22, - 22 ARC,Sudan, Email: arc@sudanmail.net Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih 2, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed 2 and Bashir Mohammed Ahmed 3 Abstract Field experiments were carried at Hudeiba research station farm during 28/29, 29/2 and 2/2 winter seasons. The objectives were to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the crop coefficients (kc) of tomato, common bean and chick pea under northern Sudan conditions. Total ETc values of tomato, common bean and chick pea were 56, 277 and 39 mm, respectively with maximum daily values of 5.9, 5. and 4.8 mm/day, respectively. Crop coefficients (Kc) were determined during different developmental stages based on measures of actual ETc and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated according to Penman- Monteith method. The estimated values of kc for Tomato at initial, mid and late season stages were.32,. and.52 respectively. For common bean, the kc values were.2,.5 and.5 and for chick pea they were.2,.3 and.52, respectively. These values of crop coefficients will enhance future estimation of crop water requirements and facilitate irrigation scheduling of these crops in northern Sudan. Introduction In Sudan, tomato is the second most important vegetable crop after onion in terms of the area cultivated and is usually produced during the winter season. However, it can be grown at different parts of the country throughout the year, provided that the temperature is suitable for tomato fruit setting. The average yield of tomato is about 4.3 t/ha (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 29). Common bean is the second most important food legume after faba bean in Sudan with respect to production and consumption and is mainly grown in the northern parts where climatic conditions suit their production (Relatively cool winter). The crop is normally cultivated under residual soil moisture in basins and islands after flood recession. In addition, appreciable areas are also grown to common bean under irrigation. The average yield for the period 23-28 was about.89 t/ha (Ministry of Agriculture, River Nile state 29). Chick Hudeiba Research Station. 2Arabian Gulf University, College of Graduate Studies, Desert and Arid Zones Program 3Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, P.O box 26, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed pea is an important cash crop grown in northern Sudan where the crop faces strong competition with other winter legumes such as faba bean and common been as well as other cash crops like spices. Chick pea is mainly grown on residual soil moisture after flood recession. The average yield of chick pea for the period 23-28 was about.77 t/ha (Ministry of Agriculture, River Nile state 29). Most recently, the expansion in irrigated agriculture concentrated in the middle and the northern parts of Sudan along the River Nile and its tributaries. Owing to the harsh climatic conditions and soil texture in the northern parts, large quantities of water must be pumped from the River Nile to the fields to satisfy the crop evapotranspiration needs. Thus, irrigation water cost is considered as one of the most important constraint in this region of the country (Faki 999). Sustainability of irrigated agriculture primarily depends on the efficient management of irrigation water that would enhance crop productivity. The knowledge of crop water requirements is an important practical consideration to improve water use efficiency. Crop water requirements vary during the growing period, mainly to variation in crop canopy and climatic conditions (Allen et al. 998), and are governed by crop evapotranspiration (ET). Thus, an accurate estimation of crop ET is an important factor for efficient water management (Tyagi et al. 2). The approach using the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ) and a crop coefficient (kc) as proposed by Doorenbos and Pruitt, 977 and Allen et al. 998 are worldwide used to calculate crop ET. Among all methods, Penman-Monteith equation has been recommended by FAO and since then, it has been widely adopted under different climatic conditions and especially under arid conditions (Allen et al. 998) where FAO paper No. 24 method was proven unsuitable. In this method, the crop coefficient (kc) is defined as the ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to a hypothetical reference grass evapotranspiration (ET ). For irrigation scheduling purposes, daily values of crop ETc can be estimated from crop coefficient curves, which reflect the changing rates of crop water use over the growing season, if the values of daily ETo are available. Crop coefficients must be empirically derived for each crop based on local climatic conditions (Allen et al. (998). This research work was carried out to determine actual crop water use (ETc) and consequently crop coefficients of three winter crops namely tomato, common bean and chick pea under the climatic conditions of Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan. 2
Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan Materials and Methods The experiments were carried at Hudeiba research station farm (7 34 N, 33 56 E and 35 m above sea level) located in the River Nile State, about 3 km to the north of Khartoum. The local climate is semi desert (Adam 25) with an average annual rainfall of 2 mm. The climate is very hot and dry in summer and relatively cold in winter. The soil is class 2 with low N, P and organic carbon with alkaline reaction and clay in texture (with about 7% sand, 2% silt and 62% clay). The field capacity ranges from 34 to 38% (w/w) and the permanent wilting point from 6 to 8% (w/w). Data of maximum, minimum temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed at 2 m height were obtained from Hudeiba meteorological station to calculate daily ET using Penman-Monteith equation (Table ). To provide enough soil moisture, irrigation was weekly given and the ETc was determined using the soil water balance equation as follow: ETc = I + P ± S () During winter (November-March), the rainfall (P) is zero. For the period after irrigation and before the next irrigation, I = as no irrigation water is added and therefore between irrigations the evapotranspiration is equal to the change in soil moisture ETc = S The soil water depletion S was calculated from soil water profile measured to a depth of 6 cm at 2 cm intervals 2-3 days after irrigation and immediately before each irrigation cycle from planting to harvesting through gravimetric method. The soil samples were oven dried at 5 C for 24 hours and the calculated gravimetric moisture contents were converted to volumetric values through multiplication by the dry soil bulk density. ETc = n i= ( θ θ2)d Δt Where ETc = crop evapotranspiration (mm/day). n = number of soil layers sampled in the effective root zone which= 3. θ and θ2 = volumetric moisture content 2-3 days after irrigation and before the next irrigation in the i th layer respectively. d = the thickness of the i th layer (mm) which = 2 mm. Δ t = the time interval between two consecutive measurements (days). The kc values were weekly calculated as the ratio between ETc and ETo values (Allen et al. 998): kc = ETc ETo ( 2) 3
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed Cultural practices Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ) Tomato (variety castle rock, Sudan special) seeds were directly planted at 3 cm spacing with 4-5 seeds per hole during the second week of November for the two seasons (28/29 and 29/2). The plot size was 8 m 2. Seedlings were thinned to two plants /hole at three weeks after planting. Urea, at 86 kg N/ha was applied in two split equal doses at 2 and 5 days after sowing (). Weeds were manually controlled when required. The recommended insecticides and fungicides (Betatol 5%, devicyprin and Byleton) were used to control the insect pests and powdery mildew. Harvesting was carried when the fruits were fully developed and turning red. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Common bean (Variety Ibraya) was sown in October 29 th, 29 and first November at 2 on top of 6 cm ridges by placing 2 seeds per hole, cm apart. Urea at 86 kg N/ha was applied in two split equal doses at 2 and 5. Weeds were manually controlled and the plot size was 72 m 2. Chick pea (Cicer arietinum) Chick pea (Variety Burgieg) was sown in November 6 th 29 and November 4 th 2 on top of 6 cm ridges by placing three seeds per hole, cm apart. Seedlings were thinned to two per hole at three weeks after planting. Urea at 4 kg N/ha was applied 2. Weeds were manually controlled and the plot size was 9 m 2 Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) 4 Results and Discussion The trend of average crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and reference evapotranspiration (ET ) for tomato for the two seasons are illustrated for the whole growing season in Fig. (). The ETc values were clearly less than ET in the early developmental stages, but the ETc increased with time due to canopy growth until it exceeded ET near the end of the crop season. Low ETc rates occurred during the first 2, when only few leaves contributed to the evapotranspiration and most ETc was evaporation from the soil. Water consumption increased from 3 5, mainly due to water use by the plants during the vegetative stage. Maximum water requirements occurred during the flowering stage and water use decreased from 9 (fruit set stage). Daily ET crop varied from <3. mm/day at crop establishment to 4. mm/ day at early vegetative growth and 5. mm/day at late vegetative growth and
Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan achieved a peak of 5.9 mm/day at flowering (85 ). ET crop then declined to a value of 4. mm/day during the ripening stage. Total ETc was 56 mm and within the range reported by Doorenbos and Kassam (979) for tomato, which varies from 5 to 6 mm depending on region s climate and variety. For common bean, Figure (2) shows the relationship between weekly ETc and ET for the two seasons and for the whole growing season. During the early developmental stage, ET was higher than Etc which was mainly attributed to low canopy cover. ETc is affected by climate, management, crop type and stage (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 977). ETc was slightly higher than ET during the late vegetative and bean filling stage because the crop has attained high canopy cover and maximum rooting depth, which enables it to use the soil water in the root zone for its transpiration while minimizing evaporation. During the ripening stage of the crop, ET was higher than ETc, which quickly declined because leaves turned yellow and started to dry and fall and ultimately transpiration stopped and the total ETc was 277 mm. For chick pea, ET varied from around 3.9 to 6. mm/day during the growing season, while ETc ranged from.5 to 4.8 mm/day (Fig. 3). ETc increased up to 5 and reached a maximum of 4.8 mm/day, then declined to 3 mm/day at the end of the season with a total of 39 mm. The low ETc for common bean and chick pea may be related to a shorter season and the fact that tomato extended into the warmer February and March with higher ETo. Crop coefficients Doorenbos and Pruitt (977) divided the kc curve into four stages: initial, crop development, mid and late-season stages. The Initial growth stage occurs from sowing to about % ground cover, the crop development stage from about % to7% ground cover. The Mid-season stage includes flowering and yield formation, while the Late-season includes ripening and harvesting. Table 2 shows the length of the four crop developmental stages for tomato, common bean and chick pea. In this study, crop coefficients kc of tomato, common bean and chick pea were calculated on weekly periods using the measured ETc and the estimated ET by Penman- Monteith method, then the data were plotted in graph paper to obtain a smooth kc values for each growth stage. The kc values increased from initial stage to mid- season stage, then decreased during the late- season stage. Crop coefficient (Kc) values of tomato during the first stage of crop growth, increased from.27 to.58 as in Fig (4). During the mid season of crop growth, the maximum value of kc was.5 at 75 and crop coefficients declined rapidly to.52 during the last crop growth stage. The average estimated values of crop coefficients were.32,. and.52 for initial, mid-season and late -season stages, respectively. Crop coefficient values of common bean are presented in Fig. (5). The estimated crop 5
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed coefficient values for common bean were.2,.5 and.5 for initial, midseason and late-season, respectively. Figure (6) shows the changes of crop coefficient kc for chick pea. During the initial stage, the average kc was.2; thereafter it rapidly increased with growth and the kc value at mid- season stage was.3. During the late- season stage, the kc decreased with leaves senescence, reaching a value of.52. Conclusions The results of the study indicated that seasonal evapotranspiration of tomato; common bean and chick pea were 56, 277 and 39 mm, respectively, with maximum daily values of 5.9, 5. and 4.8 mm/day, respectively. The estimated values of kc for Tomato at initial, mid and late season stages were.32,. and.52 respectively. For common bean, the values of kc were.2,.5 and.5, respectively, while were.2,.3 and.52, for chick pea. These values of crop coefficients may enhance future estimation of crop water requirements and could be used for the calculation of crop water requirements under similar soil conditions thus facilitating irrigation scheduling of those crops in northern Sudan. Table. Monthly averages of climatic data daily measured in the study area for the time course of the experiments. Month RH (%) Max Temp ( o C) Min Temp ( o C) Wind (m/s) Sunshine (hr) ET (mm) Nov-8 46 35.3 2. 2.6.3 5.3 Dec-8 52 32.2 7.4 2.44. 4.9 Jan-9 44 3. 4.9 2.26.3 5. Feb-9 44 33. 7. 2.56.2 6. Mar-9 33 35.5 7.4 2.7 9.9 7.2 Oct-9 4 38.3 25.3 2.3.5 6.6 Nov-9 42 35.2 2. 2.39 9.9 5.8 Dec-9 43 3. 4.7.98.2 4.6 Jan- 5 32. 6. 2.25 9.3 4.7 Feb- 43 33.6 6..97 9.5 5.4 Mar- 3 36.4 9.3 2.39 9.2 7. Nov- 49 36.6 22.8.58 9.4 5. Dec- 52 3.5 7..7 9.4 4.2 Jan- 45 28.2 3. 2.3. 4.5 Feb- 36 33.3 6. 2.53 9.6 6.3 6
Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan Table 2. Length of crop development growth stages for the three crops. Crop Total growing season (days) Initial Crop growth stages Mid-season Development Lateseason Tomato 35 3 4 4 25 Common bean 85 5 2 3 2 Chick pea 5 2 2 35 3 ET (mm/day) 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2... Tomato 28/29 ET mm/d ETo mm/d 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 ET (mm/day) 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2... Tomato 29/2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 ET mm/d ETo mm/d Fig.. Temporal Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET) of Tomato for the two seasons. 7
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed common bean 29/2 ETc 7 6 ETo ET (mm/d) 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 common bean 2/2 ET (mm/d) 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETc ETo Fig. 2. Temporal Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET) of Common bean for the two seasons. 8
Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan chick pea 2/2 7 6 ET (mm/d) 5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ETc ETo chick pea 29/2 6 5 ET (mm/d) 4 3 2 ETc ETo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig.3. Temporal Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET) values of Chick pea for the two seasons. 9
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed kc.4.2.8.6.4.2 Tomato y = 4E-8x 4 - E-5x 3 +.8x 2 -.65x +.2688 R² =.8857 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 caculated kc Fig. 4. Tomato crop coefficients (kc) with its fitting. common bean calculated kc kc.4.2.8.6.4.2 y = E-7x 4-3E-5x 3 +.8x 2 -.35x +.236 R² =.928 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fig. 5. Common bean crop coefficients (kc) with its fitting. 2
Crop water requirements for tomato, common bean and chick pea in Hudeiba, River Nile State, Sudan kc.2.8.6.4.2 chick pea y = E-7x 4-3E-5x 3 +.7x 2 -.47x +.26 R² =.943 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 calculated kc Fig. 6. Chick pea crop coefficients and its fitting. 2
Maie Kabbashi Alla Jabow, Ahmed Ali Salih, Abdel Hadi Abdel Wahab Mohamed and Bashir Mohamed Ahmed References Adam, H.S. (25). Agroclimatoloy, Crop Water Requirement and Water Management: University of Gezira. Water Management and Irrigation Institute, 69pp Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raies, D., Smith, M. (998). Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, United Nations, Rome. Doorenbos, J., Kassam, A.H. (979). Yield Response to Water. FAO. Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 33, FAO, Rome, Italy, 93 pp. Doorenbos, J., Pruitt, W.O. (977). Guidelines for predicting Crop water requirements. FAO. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.24, FAO, Rome, Italy,94 pp. Faki, H.H. (999). Water allocation and its effect on faba bean technology adoption in Shendi area. Pages 72-75 in Nile Valley Regional Program on Cool- Season Food Legumes and Wheat, annual report 99/9, Sudan. ICARDA/ NVRP-DOC-7. Tyagi, N.K., Sharma, D.K., Luthra, S.K. (2). Determination of evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of rice and sunflower with lysimeter. Agric. Water Manage. 45, 4 54. املراجع العربية وزارة الزراعة والغابات )ادارة القطاع البستاين (29 وزارة الزراعة ) والية نهر النيل (29 22