8Combined Cooling, Heating and Power Technologies (CHP): An Overview Ted Bronson Associate Director Distributed Energy Resource Center Gas Technology Institute GTI / NICOR Combined Heat and Power Symposium February 21, 2003
Overview! Introduction! GTI s Distributed Energy Technology Center! CHP Basics! Benefits / Opportunity for DE / CHP! Existing and Emerging DE Technologies! DE Technologies Environmental Characteristics! DE / CHP Markets! Conclusions 2
GTI DER Center Mission! Produce a Sustainable Urban Environment through Distributed Energy Technology Deployment! Lower Energy Costs! Improve Air Quality! Increase Energy Efficiency! Increase Fuel Diversity/Stabilize Supply! Two Focuses! Product and System Development! DETC Optimization and Analysis! Product Demonstrations! Market Development! Energy and Environmental Planning! San Diego / Chicago Energy Plans! Industry Consortiums (DE Mutual Fund, Regional Initiatives) 3
GTI s Distributed Energy Technology Center Purpose:! Technology Development! Risk Reduction! Certification DE Equipment (10 to 3000 kws)! Reciprocating engines! Turbines / Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Packaged units with absorption chillers / desiccants Lube Oil Tank Test Cell Inertia Pad #1 (300-3,000 kw) Test Cell Inertia Pad #2 (300-3,000 kw) Cat 3516 GenSet Cummins QSV81 GenSet 0-300 kw Test Cell 18' 0" x 29' 6" MCC SWGR Intake Air 100 Ton Engine Driven Chiller Chiller Test Loop Cooling Tower /Radiator Banks! Hybrid Gas / Renewable systems 15kV Switches 4,200 kva Transformer Operation of Cell " Uses 0 300 kw Test Cell for treatment of intake-air conditions " Modulating dampers for exhaust pressure " Cooling towers and radiator banks for testing chiller 4
Distributed Energy Technology Center GTI Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power System Caterpillar 3516B LE! Output: 1300 kwe! Electrical Efficiency: 33.2% (LHV)! System Efficiency: ~80% (LHV)! Approx. Cost $320k Cummins QSV81 Output: 1100 kwe Electrical Efficiency: 36.4% (LHV) System Efficiency: ~80% (LHV) Approx. Cost $400k 5
CHP BASICS! Distributed Energy (DE, DG, DP, DER) Generation of power located close to the point of use! CHP (Cogeneration) Combined Cooling, Heat and Power Distributed Energy utilizing recycleable heat from power generation for heating, cooling, or industrial process purposes! BCHP (IES) Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power for Buildings CHP for buildings, utilizing recyclable heat for thermally activated absorption or desiccant cooling technologies 6
CHP BASICS! DE / CHP Power Generation Technologies! Advanced Reciprocating Engines! Turbines! Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Wind! Solar / PV! CHP Heat Recovery Technologies! Hot water heat exchanger! HRSG Heat Recovery Steam Generator! Absorption Chillers! Desiccant Dehumidification Control 7
Introduction! Business Week #1 of 21 ideas for the 21 st Century Distributed Generation! EIA estimates 42% Growth in Electricity Demand over next 20 years: > 400GWs! DE provides potential to recover the waste heat! Technology Right Here Right Now!! Existing technology improving! Ultra clean devises being developed 8
Why is There an Opportunity?! Rising Concerns Over! Blackouts/Brownouts! Power Supply Constraints (Aging infrastructure)! Electricity Prices! Environment! Power Security! Selected Power Outage Costs Industry Cellular Communications Telephone Ticket Sales Airline Reservations Credit Card Operations Brokerage Operations Avg. Cost of Downtime $41,000 per hour $72,000 per hour $90,000 per hour $2,580,000 per hour $6,480,000 per hour 9
Benefits of DE / CHP! Conservation of Natural Resources! Reduce dependence on foreign oil! Over 2/3rds of fuel wasted in power generation! Addresses Environmental Concerns! High efficiencies currently only existing way to reduce carbon emissions and work to meet Kyoto accords! Output from generation technologies can be less than that of average emissions from central power plants! Facilitates deployment of new clean energy technologies! For buildings, can use to improve indoor air quality! Improve Reliability! End-user power reliability and quality! Improve grid reliability / supplement aging areas of grid! Reduce peak power load demand on grid! Lower overall energy costs 10
Government Commitment! President Bush s National Energy Policy! U.S. DOE s CHP Challenge! Double CHP in U.S. by 2010! U.S. DOE / U.S. CHPA / U.S. EPA roadmap! U.S. EPA CHP Partnership! Illinois Energy Policy! Chicago Energy Plan 11
DE / CHP Technologies! Existing! Natural Gas Fired Reciprocating Engines (<7.5 MW)! Natural Gas Fired Gas Turbines (>7.5 MW)! Industrial Combined Heat and Power Systems *Key to building bridge to Emerging Clean Energy Technologies! Emerging! Microturbines! Fuel Cells! Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems for Buildings! Packaged Systems! Prime Movers with Absorption and Desiccan Dehumidification Technologies! Thermal Storage 12
On-site Power Technologies: Advanced Reciprocating Engines 2002 4 25-40% Efficiency (LHV) 2-4 grams/kwh NO x 2012 4 50% Efficiency (LHV) less than 0.15 grams/kwh NOx Integrated jacket water and exhaust gas recovery systems for IES 13
Power Generation Emissions Emissions by Generation Type (lbs/mwh) 1 Generator Type NO x CO 2 SO x Natural Gas CCGT 0.09-3.8 770 ~0 Oil (2.2 % sulfur) fueled steam electric 3.0-3.7 1,770 25.4 plant Oil (0.3 % sulfur) fueled combustion 3.7-6.8 2,190 4.4 turbine Coal- Steam Electric 6.1-9.4 1,960-2,310 46.6 Diesel Engine 17.0 1,700 5.0 Natural Gas Engine 3.2 /.5 970 0.01 1 Engine Source: 2002 projections by Distributed Utility Associates for the California Air Resources Board. Other Generating Technology Source: Power Scorecard Methodology by Pace Law School Energy Project. September 22, 2000. 14
On-site Power Technologies: Advanced Turbines 2002 4 36-40% Efficiency (LHV) Prototype 3.8 MW 2012 4 > 40% Efficiency (LHV) multiple sizes exhaust gas recovery systems for IES 15
On-site Power Technologies: Microturbines 2002 4 17-30% Efficiency (LHV) 28 100 kw Double digit ppm NO x Niche markets 2012 4 40% Efficiency (LHV) 28 400 kw Single digit ppm NOx Integrated and temperature matched IES 16
Future On-site Power Technologies: Stationary Fuel Cells 2002 4 $4500 - $15,000 / kw 2012 4 $1500 / kw 17
Thermally Activated Technologies: LiBr Absorption Chillers 2002 4 Good technologies, but limited penetration 2012 4 Significant market penetration through 25% cost reduction 30% more efficiency and integration with IES e.g. air cooled condensers units less than 150 RT, and temperature matching 18
Thermally Activated Technologies: Desiccant Dehumidifiers 2002 4 Niche market equipment for high value humidity control applications 2012 4 Mainstream humidity control using new solid desiccant materials & new liquid technologies resulting in 50% cost reductions 19
Packaged BCHP System Characteristics! High Efficiency Up to 80%! Plug and Play System! Natural Gas Input, Chilled Water, Hot Water, and Electricity Output! Designed for Specific Market Applications! Systems Optimized to:! Reduce Capital Cost! Improve Energy Efficiency! Reduce Maintenance Costs! Improve Reliability! Opportunity for Improved Indoor Air Quality 20
CHP Modular/Packaged System 21
CHP Market! Industrial: Traditional CHP! Approximately 1000 installations, 45 GWs! Average 45 MWs, Mean 25 MWs! Remaining Potential: 88 GWs (30 % penetration)! Key industries: Chemical, paper, oil refining, food, primary metals, plastics, waste treatment! Commerical: Emerging CHP! Approximately 1000 installations, 5 GWs! Average 5 MWs, Mean,.7 MWs! Remaining Potential: 75 GWs (94%)! Key applications: Colleges, District Energy, Government, Hospitals, Health Care, Offices, hotels! Focus on Reliability / Control of Energy Costs 22
Potential for CHP in Commercial Applications Is Large Estimated CHP Potential: 75 GW Office Buildings 21% Other 11% Education 27% Food Sales/Serv 10% Lodging 7% Health Care 24% Source: Nexus 23
Conclusions! DE / CHP can present considerable benefits to consumers! Improved environment! Improved electricity reliability! Local economic development! Greater control / stability of energy costs! DE / CHP technologies are here today! Continued development on even cleaner products! Existing technologies required for advancement of emerging ultra- clean technologies such as microturbines and fuel cells! Regional support available for projects! Midwest CHP Application Center! EPA CHP Partnership! NICOR 24
For Information Contact: Mr. Theodore L. Bronson Associate Director, Distributed Energy Resource Center Gas Technology Institute Phone: 847-768-0637 ted.bronson@gastechnology.org Ms. Leslie Farrar Program Manager, Midwest CHP Applications Center University of Illinois at Chicago, Energy Resources Center Phone: 312-413-3825 cuttica@uic.edu 25