LOGO The Role of Irrigation in Agricultural Development and Poverty Alleviation at Rural Community of Iran 1523 October 2011, Tehran, Iran Presented By: Enayatollah Farahani 2 Introduction Historically, Iranian agricultural activities which started with rainfed cereal are over than 8 Thousand years old. At the present it is extended to a wide variety of agricultural products. Climate and Agriculture of Iran Iranian territory is located at a semiarid and deserted area except for a small area at north and northeastern part of the country. The average precipitation throughout the country is about 256 mm, consequently agriculture of Iran is strongly dependant on water resources and its development is tied to the development which in turn depends on construction of water works and utilities. Tables (1) & (2) show the climatic conditions and rainfall of Iran. 1
3 Table (1): Climatic conditions of the country Main climate Extraarid Desertarid Semiarid Mediterranean Semihumid Humid Very humid Total Area (Km 2 ) 573884 472562 325109 80007 55097 58006 55386 1620051 Percentage 35.54 29.15 20.08 4.90 3.37 3.36 3.39 100 4 Table (2): rainfall Annual rainfall range (mm) >1000 5001000 300500 150300 <150 Country area% 0.40 9.14 29.23 32.20 29.30 2
5 Definition of poverty Poverty or wealth of a country depends strongly on the balance between production and population rates. These conditions have been prevalent in recent decades in countries in general and in Iran particular. In most developing countries including Iran, due to climatic conditions and scarce rainfall and shortage of water resources, the maintenance and optimum consumption of these resources have a crucial part in poverty alleviation in rural communities. Fortunately, Iran has a good record in this field. Iran during the half past century has established vast number of hydraulic utilities and water works so that the amount of water allocated to agriculture sector has increased from 32.90 billion cubic meters in the year 1340 to 82 billion cubic meters in recent years. It is worthwhile to mention that between years 1981 to 1991 the rate of population growth reached 4 percent, this rate in recent years has fallen to 1.20 to 1.40 by applying birth control programs. The effect of these changes are presented in Tables (3) 6 Table(3)Change of population rate, water use for cropped area & production (19612009) Description Population (million people) Agricultural water consumption (billion m3) Irrigated cropped and orchard area (million ha) Total water production (million Ton) Corn production from water produced (million Ton) Total production from rain fed & irrigated farms 1961 24 32.9 2.493 7.139 2.295 7.919 1974 34 54.5 5.439 17.000 4.979 17.840 1991 59 72.0 6.907 35.281 7.657 39.34 1996 66 78.0 7.298 51.870 11.474 58.185 2001 70 71.8 7.100 52.718 11.954 58.853 2006 72 85.0 8.600 76.000 18.892 83.368 2009 73 82.0 8.100 74.000 17.793 78.268 3
7 Per capita Agricultural Production and water Consumption The water consumed for agricultural l production per capita, during the last half century, despite population increase from 24 million people to 73 million people, has a little fluctuation due to water resources development projects, However with regard to gradual technological developments, production of irrigated crops and orchards has been increased from 297 kg to 1055 kg per capita. The share of irrigated cereal also has increased about two times despite tripled population. Also total amount of rainfed and irrigated crops per capita changed proportionally. These changes are presented in table (4). 8 Table (4) Water consumption and agricultural production per capita Description 1961 1974 1991 1996 2001 2006 2009 Population(Million) 1371 1603 1225 1181 1023 1180 1196 Agricultural water consumption per capita (m3) 1371 1603 1225 1181 1023 1180 1196 Irrigated products per capita (Kg) 297 500 598 786 753 1053 1014 Total rainfed & irrigated products per capita 329 523 667 882 841 1156 1072 Irrigated cereal production per capita (Kg) Irrigated & rainfed cereal production per capita (Kg) 125 167 146 202 129 171 174 225 171 213 265 311 260 280 4
9 Optimal Use of Water Resources to Struggle Against Poverty Available water resources in Iran permit maximum allocation 100 million cubic meter of water to the agricultural sector. In this case about 10 to 11 million ha. of irrigated cropped areas and orchards could be irrigated. On the other hand population will amount to about 90 million in 2025 and continues to grow respectively with the present rate. Table (5), show average water consumption per hectare and the proportion of growth production cubic meter of per water consumption in recent decades. 10 Table (5)Average water consumption per capita & crop products Description 1961 1974 1991 1996 2001 2006 Water Consumption(Billion M3) 32.9 54.5 72.3 78.0 71.8 85.0 Irrigated Farms & Orchards 2.493 5.434 6.907 7.298 7.100 8.600 (Million ha) Crude product/water consumption 0.217 0.312 0.481 0.665 0.734 0.950 (kg/m3) Average water consumption 13196 10025 10619 10688 9807 10131 (M3/ha) Estimated country's out look program for development. (20052025) 2009 85.0 8.600 0.950 10131 2015 90.0 9.000 1.000 10000 2020 95.0 9.700 1.100 9794 2025 100.0 10.000 11.000 1.200 9090 5
11 Fight Against Poverty Irrigation & civil works Necessary But Not Enough reducing average water consumption per hectare increasing crude production per cubic meter of water consumption, 12 Fight Against Poverty More Important t Than Irrigation Better management of available resourses Look for technical solutions that work within a clearly defined socioeconomic context so that they can be mobilized in a case specific approach 6
13 Suggestion Promoting a holistic approach to poverty alleviation Placing emphasis on multi sector programmes that generate Broad and deep impacts at the community level Striving to be a dedicated market Developer committed to the emergence of professional Stablishing Sustainable Civil society Organization 14 Fight Against Poverty A Proper Pattern Old Existing farming joint Stock cooperative Golpeygan Nill Abad Eslam Abad Khezri 7
15 Introducing Golpaygan farming Joint Stock Cooperative Year of stablishment Location Climate 1968 Between Golpayegan And Esfehan (9 km after Golpaygan 155Km to Esfehan) Moderate : (Average Annual precipitation 220mm, Tempreture varies from 26 to +38 ) Area Water Resources 5424 Ha 5 wells at 1968 and 65 at the present 16 Table (6)Golpayegan Farming Joint stock cooperative Crop Pattern and Production Crop Yield (ton) Yield (Kgha) Area (ha) Wheat 3200 5818 550 Barley 2000 4440 450 Alfalfa 180 9000 200 Potato 4800 30000 160 Sugar Beet 4000 40000 100 Corn Forage 14000 70000 200 Orchard 45 8
17 Golpayegan Farming Joint stock cooperative Infrastructure Irrigation Improvement 1 Water resource Development : ground water recharge by run off construction small reservoir 2 Add Your Title here Increasing Conveyance efficiency by : canal lining conveyance water by pipe 3 Increasing Application efficiency by : Installation modern pressurized system such as : Sprinkler Center pivot Trickle 18 Golpayegan Farming Joint stock cooperative Infrastructure Animal Husbandry 4 Cattle Breeding with 1800 milch cows : 5 Add Your Title here Sheep breeding with 3300 sheeps : 6 Aquaculture : Daily milk production =21 tons Annual lamb production = 1570 annual fish production= 450 tons 9
19 Golpayegan Farming Joint stock cooperative Infrastructure Miscellaneous and Processing Industeries 7 Adminestration and Finantial Section Mechanisation unit and service Station 8 Add Your Title here Dairy Factory: Daily Production= 50 tons 9 Animal seeding production factory: Daily Plate Production =8 tons Daily Powdr Production = 5 tons 20 Golpayegan Farming Joint stock cooperative Net Worth Statement Description Agriculture Animal husbandry (Cattle) Animal husbandry (Sheep) Fish Farming Total Table (7)Financial invoice in year 2008 Income (Rials) 37,406,495,303 40,770,618,919 3,770,644,300 667,508,500 500 82,615,267,022 Cost (Rials) 25,722,030,681 36,595,087,450 2,959,993,607 530,350,218350 65,807,461,956 Benefit (Rials) 11,684,464,622 4,175,531,469 810,650,693 137,158,282158 16,807,805,066 10
21 Fight Against Poverty A Proper Pattern New Existing farming joint Stock cooperative Sahl Abad Khooshab Sib Chah Mehdi Abad 22 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Location of Selected Pattern The selected area for development of SahlAbbad and Firooz Abbad villages is located at SahlAbbad plain of Nahbandan province of Southern Khorasan in Iran. (The attached map)this area is in poor and limited conditions from the view point of climate, land and water resources. 11
23 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Location 24 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Land Ownerships and Social Structure The population in SahlAbbad and FiroozAbbad villages is 454 persons in 117 families, of which 92 families are economically active. From economical point of view residents can be classified as: operators, owners of agricultural farm lands operators, owners of water & land operators, owners of water residents without water & land resources From land ownership point of view, %26 own about 13 ha., %7 own about 35 ha. %5 own 510 ha, %46 own about 1050 ha. & %16 own about 50100 ha. However limited available water resources is not proportional to the lands ownership and in fact many of these families struggle with poverty. 12
25 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Water & Soil Resources Total land area of SahlAbbad and FiroozAbbad village is more than 2000 ha. The area of these villages is 700 ha. of which only half is under cultivation. The water resources of these lands consist of two Qanats and 13 wells with the irrigation capacity of approximately 440 lit/s, which due to economical problems, about 300 liters of this capacity is used with low efficiency. 26 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Development Studies and services Studies and development services of This area include the following : Pedology studies Recognizing limits and capacities of development Engineering services and land consolidation of farm lands for an area of 740 ha Appropriate combination of water resources in line with improving irrigation methods and increasing irrigation efficiency. Integrating g farm land as favorable economic units Executing development projects. Organizing operational system under a farming joint stock cooperative. 13
27 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Irrigation methods and the efficiency of water use Irrigation methods before executing the project were generally flood irrigation and in some cases Border Irrigation and the efficiency estimated to be %33. In development plan, while utilizing the capacity of water resources and considering local conditions, localized irrigation method is selected to irrigate farms and drip irrigation method for orchards. Localized irrigation is among pressurized irrigation methods which does not completely moisten soil surface but only moistens that part of soil where the root is located. In this method evaporation from soil surface reduces to the minimum and runoff losses becomes zero, thus irrigation efficiency increases to %65%85. 28 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Cropped Area & Production By implementation of the project and developmental services (20052006), the cropped area and production rates have changed as shown in the table (6). 14
29 Table (8)cropped area & production comparison Before executing the project After executing the project (phase 1) Products Cultivated field Function Main production o Cultivated field Function Main production o (ha) kgha. (ton) (ha) kgha. (ton) wheat 120 2500 300 140 4200 586 Barley 44 2200 97 76 3800 289 lucerne/alfalfa 39 5000 195 53 5760 305 High yield feed 59 43800 2584 Beetroot 26 28000 728 53 32800 1738 Cotton 6 1800 1.8 Soya 53 2050 109 Kitchen garden 74 7450 55 Saffron 1 4 0.004 Barberry 1 420 0.420 Pistachio 15 117 (1)2000 234 Tree planting 44 Total 327 1888 595 5817 (1) Estimates are after fertility 30 Sahl Abad Farming Joint stock cooperative Production Economics For the command area, before executing the project, the value of farm products was estimated to be 2820 million rials. Production costs include seed, fertilizer services, machinery services, water supply and distribution costs and miscellaneous services, and at last, the manpower and wages. After executing the project, machinery services expanded, agricultural services developed, and lands were exploited in favorable economic units by applying integrated management. Table (7) presents production values before and after executing the project in calculated l fixed prices. Table( 8 ) present economical condition 15
31 Table (9)Production value comparison in fixed prices(figures are in million Rials) products wheat Barley lucerne/ alfalfa High yield feed Beetroot Cotton Soya Kitchen garden others Pistachio Total Before executing the project Gross value Net value Added value 879 535.9 633.1 261 148.2 179.9 273 50.2 166 325 122.4 262.8 67 9.4 50.4 1005 439 799.3 Very little 2820 1305.1 2091.5 After executing the project Gross value Net value Added value 1707.4 1327.2 1365.1 785.5 575.1 592.2 427.4 129.3 177.0 1033.7 550 608.4 799.7 482.9 664.1 326 133 175.9 (1)8190 7097.3 7887.1 13289.7 10294.9 11469.8 32 Table(10)Economical conditions changes for the development pattern (figures are in million Rials) Description Before executing the project Index Cultivated farms 327 100 Production Ton 1888 100 Gross value 2820 100 Net value 1305 100 Added value 2091 100 Average household income Results of project implementation (phase 1) 595 5817 13265 10294 11469 111.9 Changes 182 308 470 788 548 788 After project implementation (phase 2) Changes 740 226 7341 338 16745 393 12991 995 14473 692 14.2 100 141.2 995 16
33 Figure (1) Irrigation by flooding method in land belonging to well No.2 of SahlAbbad (before development program) 34 Figure (2) Flush Irrigation method in land belonging to well No.2 of SahlAbbad (before development program) 17
35 Figure (3) Integrated mechanized wheat crops in SahlAbbad (After development project) 36 Figure (4) Integrated cropping in SahlAbbad (After development project) 18
37 Figure (5) Large farms & change in Irrigation method in SahlAbbad (After development project) 38 Figure (6) integrated farm of corn silage in SahlAbbad (After development project) 19
39 www.mahabghodss.com 20