ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE AND RFID

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1714-1719, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_193 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE AND RFID Sanket Gupta, G. Rohith, CH Amul Department of Electronics and Communication, SRM University, Tamilnadu, India K. Vadivukkarasi Department of Electronics and Communication, Assistant Professor (O.G), SRM University, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT The paper demonstrates the use of Electronic toll collection using RFID and zigbee transceiver technology to provide benefits over fuel wastage, traffic congestion and theft vehicle. The RFID tag is used for creating rechargeable account. The toll Gates are equipped with RFID reader, RFID antenna, database handling software and zigbee receiver. The driver vehicle is equipped with RFID tag which handles the name, total amount and the mobile number, the zigbee transmitter that transmit the vehicle number for theft vehicle detection. As the vehicle approaches the toll gate the RFID reader reads the RFID tag and zigbee receiver receives the vehicle number. The toll gate opens only when the vehicle theft detection report is negative and the RFID tag amount is above the desired set amount to be deducted. The GSM technology is used to send messages about the money deduction. This model provides the benefits of stopping illegal toll collection, reliability and security. Key word: Electronic Toll Collection; Radio Frequency Identification; RFID Reader, Theft Vehicle. Cite this Article: Sanket Gupta, G. Rohith, CH Amul and K. Vadivukkarasi, Electronic Toll Collection System Using Zigbee and RFID. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 1714-1719 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=4 1. INTRODUCTION India loses 86,000 crore rupees every year due to delay in toll collection. Manual toll collection leads to traffic congestion, fuel wastage, wastage of time. The study shows that the implementation will help save 60,000 litres of fuel daily, cut down on pollution and help the identification of the stolen vehicles that passes through the toll booths [1]. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1714 editor@iaeme.com

Electronic Toll Collection System Using ZIGBEE and RFID The benefits of this system over manual collection of toll are: Shorter queue at toll plaza Faster and efficient service Minimizing fuel wastage, traffic congestion and less pollution Better control through centralised user account Less operators required Minimizing vehicle robbery The manual toll collection system on an average takes one minute for every vehicle to pass through the toll gate. The new system will take on an average ten seconds for every vehicle, preventing traffic congestion. Thus this system provides the faster and efficient method for toll collection with improved security. Consider the manual toll collection system is efficient, then 1 vehicle takes 60 seconds to pass through the toll gate In month total time spent is 60*30=1800 seconds In a year total time would be=1800*12=6.0 hours [6]. Thus on an average a vehicle spends 6 hours yearly to pass through the toll gate. If engine on start condition burns one litre of fuel every hour, it will burn six litre of fuel every year at toll plaza. Consider every year 10 million of vehicles pass through toll gates, which will result to 60 million litres of fuel wastage yearly. Thus we need an efficient system for toll collection that can minimize the wastage of fuel with improved security to save valuable resources for future use. 2. RELATED WORK Electronic toll collection system has Dedicate Short Range Communication Technology. In some countries they have introduced a GPS based Automatic Toll collection system [2]. It pre installs an On Board Unit mounted on the vehicles and the Road Side unit communicates within very short range. Saiijie Lu also proposed to used GSM module to notify the customers and to the Control Centre [1]. RFID tags are also used for the same system. There two kinds of RFID tags- Active and Passive. Active RFID tags can communicate within the range of 30 m. This range of communication can be extended with the help RF modem [4].NFC is one of the high frequency RFID s. Mobile phones in today generation have NFC technology enabled in them. I t has been proved very efficient and reliable for data transfer. Mobile ticketing using NFC has been considered to be the most promising applications in real time [6]. Finkenzeller states that the public transport domain is of great potential for RFID and contactless chipcards. He suggests that transport associations in Europe and the USA operate at a huge loss, which can be improved using contactless chipcards for EFM. Windmann has proposed the usage of the VDV core application which has been implemented in Germany [8]. It implies cashless payment, electronic ticket and automatic fare management. In Grechenig a pilot project was conducted by the OBB and the Austrian Mobile Network Operator and A1 Telekom in the first quarter of the year 2009 [3]. The implementation was on the basis of VDV Core Application. For two rail routes 100 test users could buy electronic tickets via a special application on their Nokia 6212 mobile phone over the air. The validation of the tickets by the train staff was accomplished using a second Nokia 6212 mobile phone. C.Saminger introduced the Inverse Reader Mode which uses light weight protocols which makes the application compatible for existing mobile phones [9]. The mobile phone shall remain in the reader/writer mode and the electronic ticketing system in the card http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1715 editor@iaeme.com

Sanket Gupta, G. Rohith, CH Amul and K. Vadivukkarasi emulation form. ZigBee is a high level wireless communication protocol which uses small low power digital radios based on personal area network. It is simpler and less expensive than other WPAN s. The only demerit is that it cannot be used in mobile phones. 3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENT Microcontroller unit: It is used for converting analog signals captured by RFID to digital signals using ADC port pins by signal processing. It has signal processing interface, user interface, real time audio processing, and flash interface thus providing reliable connections among the various components. Zigbee: IEEE 802.15 specification that creates that creates personal area network that uses high level communication protocol. It uses 2.4 GHZ ISM band. It uses mesh networking and routing. Its range indoor is 300 meter and to a mile for outdoor line of sight. GSM: It is global system for mobile communication that uses variation of TDMA. It is the most widely used among TDMA, GSM, CDMA. It provides features such as short message service, call forwarding, data networking and encryption. RFID: Reader and Tag- RFID can be the type of Reader and Tag. The Reader consists of EM4095 chip intended to be used in RFID base station. It performs function such as antenna driving with carrier frequency and AM modulation, provides writable transponder through AM modulation. The tag consists of EM4100 that carries 64 bits of Read Only Memory. It provides information that can be read by the Reader. When tag enters electromagnetic field transmitted by the RFID reader, it draws power from the field and transfers data to the Reader. 4. BACKGROUND OVERVIEW 4.1. History Before 1990s, Every toll booth consist of four operators where two people were required for data handling, one person was required for opening and closing of gates and one person was required to interact with the drivers. After the introduction of Express ways in 1995 semi automatic toll plazas were introduced where computers were used to maintain data which was operated by a person and one operator was required for operating motor to open and close toll gate for the vehicle to pass through, and one person for interacting with the driver to collect money and issue receipt [3]. Drawbacks-This system of manual collection of tolls are not efficient enough. This system can lead to the traffic congestion, increase in pollution, time wastage and does not provide identification of the theft vehicle. 4.2. The proposed System The Electronic Toll collection system consists of the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter consists of zigbee module that transmits the vehicle identification number and vehicle registered plate number. The vehicle identification number (VIN) is unique to every vehicle and cannot be altered by the user. Maintaining database of VIN with the vehicle registered plate number verifies the authenticity of the vehicles at toll gates. This makes sure even if the vehicle registered plate number is altered, stolen vehicles can still be detected through VIN. The electronic toll collection system requires storing of stolen vehicles details in the database. As the vehicle approaches the toll booth the vehicle registered plate number and VIN can be checked through the stolen vehicle database for authenticity, if not the message is http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1716 editor@iaeme.com

Electronic Toll Collection System Using ZIGBEE and RFID sent to the nearby police station. The vehicle is allowed to pass through the toll gate if the amount is deducted from the RFID tag and the vehicle details is not in the stolen vehicle database. The driver is intimated through the message about the deducted amount. The new system will reduce the time to ten seconds per vehicle thus preventing traffic congestion with improved efficiency and security. 5. ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW Figure 1.A Toll Gate Receiver Figure 1.B Vehicle Transmitter Figure 1 Toll Collection System The flowchart of Toll Collection System is defined in Fig.2 in which the RFID tags are detected by the RFID antenna. The maximum range for the RFID antenna is provided by the 3.1-10 GHZ ultra wide band antenna, that can detect tags till 200m. Thus the driver doesn t have to stop the car. The tag will be detected by the antenna while vehicle is on move. This provides efficient driving experience to the drivers. The toll collection algorithm. This system algorithm consist of following steps 1. The RFID reader at the toll gate searches for RFID tags and the zigbee receiver searches for zigbee transmitter as mentioned in Fig.1.a 2. When the vehicle approaches the toll gate, the zigbee transmitter of the vehicle transmits vehicle number and vehicle identification number as mentioned in Fig.1.b 3. 3. The RFID tag draws power from the electromagnetic field emitted by RFID reader, results in transmit of data present in RFID tag to the receiver. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1717 editor@iaeme.com

Sanket Gupta, G. Rohith, CH Amul and K. Vadivukkarasi 4. 4. The vehicle number and RFID details are checked in the database. The vehicle is allowed to pass through the gate only when There is amount equal or greater to the amount to be deducted. The vehicle is not reported as a theft vehicle, if the vehicle is reported as a theft vehicle the nearby police station is informed. 5. The amount is deducted from the RFID tag and the details are saved in the database and the vehicle is allowed to pass through the toll gate. 6. The driver is informed about the toll amount deducted and the amount left in the Tag. Figure 2 Flowchart of Toll Collection System 6. RESULTS Test case 1: RFID tag has sufficient amount and theft vehicle database has no record of vehicle. Result 1: The vehicle will be allowed to pass through the toll gate after deducting the amount. Message will be sent about the deducted amount. Test case2: RFID tag does not have sufficient amount and theft vehicle has no record of vehicle. Result 2: The vehicle will not be allowed to pass through the toll gate. Test case 3: RFID tag has sufficient amount and theft vehicle database has record about the vehicle. Result 3: The vehicle will not be allowed to pass through the toll gate. Message will be sent to the nearby police station about the theft vehicle 7. CONCLUSION The electronic toll collection system provides low cost, high security and efficient ways to improve the driving experience. This system provides low management cost, anti-theft http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1718 editor@iaeme.com

Electronic Toll Collection System Using ZIGBEE and RFID mechanism to minimize vehicle robberies. It reduces labour and reduces traffic congestion, prevents fuel wastage. This system can further be modified to keep track of over speeding and signal breaking. It leads to low operation cost and high revenue generation. 8. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT The technology used in electronic toll collection system can be further improved for security and safety such as 1. Signal Breaking Prevention: This system can be used for detecting signal breaking near the Traffic Lights. If any vehicle breaks the signal rule, the vehicle number will be stored in the database. This will avoid major accidents that happen in India due to not following traffic rules. 2. Over Speeding Vehicle: The zigbee module can be modified to transmit speed details. The RFID antenna installed at every location will track the speed of the vehicles. If any vehicle exceeds the defined limit the vehicle number will be stored. 3. Tracking: This system can be used to track the vehicles as zigbee transmitter transmits VIN which will be detected by the nearby RFID reader. Thus preventing serious crimes. This system provides efficient and better ways that improves the driving experience and provides safety to paddlers. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Every project needs hard work and dedication. Mrs. Dr. Vadivukkarasi, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM University, Chennai provided us with immense support and motivation to go around this entire project. We thank her for her guidance which made the project worth the experience. REFERENCES [1] Murphy T J, Road user charging using satellite positioning technology, 12 th IEE International Conference on Road Transport Information and Control (RTIC 2004), London, UK, 2004, pp, 222-225. [2] Saijie Lu, Tiejun He, Zhaohui Gao; Design of electronic toll collection system based on global positioning system technique, IESCS International Colloquium of Computing, Communicatin, Control and Management,2009. [3] K. Finkenzeller, RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication, 3 rd ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2010 [4] Asif Ali Laghari, M. Sulleman Memon and Agha Sheraz Pathan, RFID Based Toll Deduction System, I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, 2012, 4, 40-46 [5] Rainer Widmann, Stefan Gr unberger, Burkhard Stadlmann, Josef Langer, System Integration of NFC Ticketing into an Existing Public Transport Infrastructure (2012), 4 th International workshop on NFC. [6] Sachin Bhosale, Dnyaneshwar Natha Wavhal. Automated Toll Plaza System using RFID IJSETR, 2(1), Jan 2013. International Journal of Engineering Research and, (4), 6, Jun. 2015. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1719 editor@iaeme.com