LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT II

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT II Lambros Mitropoulos Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Hawaii, Manoa Sustainable Infrastructure (CEE 444)

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) LCA Software Economic Input- Output LCA (EIO-LCA) 2

LCA STAGES Raw Material Extraction Material Processing Production Transportation Use, Reuse Maintenance Disposal/Recycling 3

LCA OF E-READER AND BOOK Data Technical details such as how those special screens are manufactured are not publicly available and these products vary in their exact composition Focusing on the e-reader aspect of these devices, not any other functions they may offer Life cycle boundaries Functional Unit (Source: New York Times, 2010) 4

MATERIALS One e-reader requires 33 lb of minerals. That includes trace amounts of exotic metals like columbite-tantalite, often mined in war-torn regions of Africa 79 gallons of water to produce its batteries and in refining metals like the gold used in trace quantities in the circuits One book requires 2/3 lb of minerals (recycled paper) 2 gallons of water to make the pulp slurry that is then pressed and heat-dried to make paper 5

MANUFACTURE E-reader 100 kwh of fossil fuels 66 lb of CO 2 Book requires energy to form and dry the sheets 2 kwh, and 100 times fewer GHGs For both, the main health impacts come NO x and SO x The health impacts from making one e-reader are estimated to be 70 times greater than those from making one book 6

TRANSPORTATION Online order for book shipped 500 miles by air creates same pollution and waste as making the book Dii Driving 5 miles to the bookstore kt and back 10 times the pollution and waste as making the book Equivalent of toxic impacts on health of making one e-reader = Drive to a store 300 miles away Might do that and more if you drive to the mall every time you buy a new book 7

USE If you like to read a book in bed at night for 1-2 hours, the light bulb will use more energy than it takes to charge an e-reader, which has a highly energyefficient screen But if you read in daylight, the advantage goes to the book 8

DISPOSAL If your book ends up in a landfill, its decomposition generates double the global warming emissions and toxic impacts on local water systems as its manufacture 9

INTERPRETATION With respect to fossil fuels, water use and mineral consumption, one e-reader equals roughly 40 to 50 books Global warming approx. 100 books Human health impacts 70 to 75 books Try to keep your e-reader with you at least for three years, then recycle it or sell/give it to someone else to use Order books online The most ecologically virtuous way to read a book starts by walking to your local library 10

LCA AND INFRASTRUCTURE Applying LCA to infrastructure decisions better investment t to enhance environmental quality. Consensus among all stakeholders Questions on: Is high-speed rail more environmentally efficient than flying? Should we build concrete or steel bridges? Is telecommuting more environmentally effective than commuting? Is solar electricity tiit more environmentally tll friendly fi than wind or biomass generated power? Is there a highway design that is more environment friendly? Should we build roof-gardens to produce food? 11

LCA AND INFRASTRUCTURE Systems have many components that have to be examined Infrastructure t LCA complex systems that t are behind transportation, energy, water, telecommunications, and other services Modeling of infrastructure is a complex task 12

CONCRETE LCA 13

LCA BRIDGE DECK SYSTEM 14

LCA BRIDGE A company proposes p replacing an old, single-lane, rural bridge with a new bridge superstructure To determine what type of bridge to build, we will use a LCA to compare the environmental impact of a wooden bridge vs. a bridge made of reinforced concrete. Both bridges will span a gap of 8 m, yielding a total bridge length of 9 m. 15

LCA BRIDGE Determine materials Process diagram Technology and resources relation Company data Impact categories 16

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SESSION 2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) GREET model Economic Input- Output LCA (EIO-LCA) 18

GREET Greenhouse gases, Regulated g Emissions,, and Energy use in Transportation model Energy use and emissions i of conventional and alternative fuel types and conventional and advanced vehicle technologies GREET 1.7 estimates the energy and emission effects associated with the fuel cycle and vehicle operation GREET 2.7 estimates the energy and emission effects associated with vehicle manufacturing 19

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GREET 1.7 DOE: began to support GREET development and applications at Argonne in 1995 General Motors Corporation (2000-05): 05) produced d two reports that are standard citation by auto and oil industry In 2006 EPA incorporated GREET into the pollution model MOVES 21

GREET Estimates for Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Sulfur oxides (SO x ) Particulate matter with diameters of 10 micrometers or less (PM 10 ) 22

GREET Greenhouse Gases include Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Nitrous dioxide (N 2 O) Total energy includes Fossil fuels Petroleum Coal Natural gas Alternative ti energy sources 23

GREET 1.7 GREET 1.7 enables the well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis of fuel-cycles, for various fuel/vehicle systems. Well-to-pump activities iti Pump-to-wheel activities GREET 1.7 may simulate more than 100 fuel production pathways and 70 vehicle/fuel systems. GREET model and its documents are available at http://greet.es.anl.gov/ 24

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GREET 1.7 Vehicle classes: Passenger cars Light Duty Truck 1 ( gross weight < 6000 lb) Light Duty Truck 2 ( gross weight < 8500 lb) Vehicle technologies: Conventional spark-ignition engine vehicles Spark-ignition, direct-injection engine vehicles Compression-ignition, direct-injection engine vehicles Hybrid electric vehicles Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Battery-powered electric vehicles Fuel-cell vehicles 26

GREET 1.7 SIMULATION STEPS 27

EXCEL OVERVIEW 28

EXCEL OVERVIEW 29

CASES Petroleum Based Pathway Feedstock Selection: Conventional crude oil Fuel Selection: Conventional Gasoline Vehicle Selection: Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV),Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Hydrogen Production Pathway Feedstock Selection: North America Natural Gas (NA NG) Location Selection: Station Fuel Selection: GH 2 Vehicle Selection: Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) 30

LOAD MODEL 31

SPECIFY FEEDSTOCK, PRODUCTION AND FUEL MARKET SHARES Petroleum Efficiency Crude Recovery 98.0% CG Refining 87.7% RFG Refining 87.20% 32

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SPECIFY FEEDSTOCK, PRODUCTION AND FUEL MARKET SHARES Feedstock Fuel Petroleum Conventional crude oil to conventional gasoline (CG) U.S. electricity generation mix via electrolysis at refueling stations Gaseous hydrogen (GH 2 ) Year RFG % CG % 2010 50.0% 50.0% 35

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SPECIFY FEEDSTOCK, PRODUCTION AND FUEL MARKET SHARES The default hydrogen production is assumed to be produced by North American natural via steam methane reforming (SMR) at refueling stations. Other feedstock sources may include: Grid electricity via electrolysis of water Ethanol Methanol 37

SPECIFY PATHWAY AND TECHNOLOGIES Marginal mix Average mix 38

ELECTRICITY GENERATION MIX You can select an electricity ygeneration mix from one of the following options: U.S. average electricity mix North-Eastern U.S. average electricity mix California electricity mix User-defined d mix Source Percentage Residual Oil: 1.1 Natural Gas: 18.3 Coal: 50.4 Nuclear Power: 20.0 Biomass Electricity: 0.7 39 Others : 9.5

North American NG Non-North American NG Non-North American flared gas feedstock sources 40

MODIFY ASSUMPTIONS Fuel production Fuel transportation Distribution Vehicle Operation 41

FUEL PRODUCTION ASSUMPTIONS Energy efficiencies of crude oil recovery and the refining processes associated with the production of petroleum-based fuels. Efficiency i of electric power generation at various types of power plant, and the electricity transmission and distribution losses are key parameters Energy efficiencies for H2 production from various feedstock sources Time-series tables 42

VEHICLE OPERATION ASSUMPTIONS You can specify the fuel economy (mile per gallon gasoline equivalent, mpgge) and emission rates (g/mi) for the baseline vehicles 43

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RESULTS Well-to-Pump Energy Consumption and Emissions Year: 2010 Baseline CG and RFG FCV: G.H2 Total lenergy 250,743 735,698 WTP Efficiency 80.0% 57.6% Fossil Fuels 228,700 705,259 Coal 40,433 142,248 Natural Gas 92,970 551,797 Petroleum 95,297 11,214 CO2 (w/ C in VOC & CO) 16,812 109,532 CH4 108.738 360.098 N2O 1.140 0.492 GHGs 19,871 118,681 VOC: Total 27.345 12.287 CO: Total 14.229 29.258 NOx: Total 47.526 71.759 PM10: Total 10.990 38.023 PM2.5: Total 4.270 19.378 SOx: Total 23.734 58.628 45 Btu or grams per mmbtu of Fuel Available at Fuel Station Pumps

RESULTS Well-to-Wheel Energy and Emission Changes (%, relative to gasoline vehicles fueled with CG) Year: 2010 Grid d Independent SI HE EV: CG and RFG Total Energy 28.6% 39.7% Fossil Fuels 28.6% 38.6% Coal 28.6% 53.0% Natural Gas 28.6% 625.7% Petroleum 28.6% 99.5% FCV: G.H2 CO2 (w/ C in VOC & CO) 28.6% 49.1% CH4 29.2% 40.1% N2O 9.1% 94.0% GHGs 28.4% 47.1% VOC: Total 30.1% 91.7% CO: Total 0.5% 98.4% NOx: Total 23.8% 59.1% PM10: Total 18.7% 23.1% PM2.5: Total 16.7% 36.1% SOx: Total 28.6% 2.0% 46

RESULTS Gasoline Vehicle: CG and RFG Grid-Independent SI HEV: CG and RFG FCV: G.H2 Btu/mile or grams/mile Btu/mile or grams/mile Btu/mile or grams/mile Item Feedstock Fuel Vehicle Operation Item Feedstock Fuel Vehicle Operation Item Feedstock Fuel Vehicle Operation Total Energy 263 968 4,908 Total Energy 188 691 3,506 Total Energy 166 1,404 2,134 Fossil Fuels 255 868 4,806 Fossil Fuels 182 620 3,433 Fossil Fuels 164 1,341 2,134 Coal 38 160 0 Coal 27 114 0 Coal 6 298 0 Natural Gas 158 298 0 Natural Gas 113 213 0 Natural Gas 150 1,028 2,134 Petroleum 58 409 4,806 Petroleum 42 292 3,433 Petroleum 9 15 0 CO2 (w/ C in VOC & CO) 17 66 377 CO2 (w/ C in VOC & CO) 12 47 269 CO2 (w/ C in VOC & CO) 12 222 0 CH4 0.456 0.077 0.015 CH4 0.326 0.055 0.007 CH4 0.509 0.259 0.000 N2O 0.000 0.005 0.012 N2O 0.000 0.004 0.012 N2O 0.000 0.001 0.000 GHGs 28 69 381 GHGs 20 49 273 GHGs 24 229 0 VOC: Total 0.017 0.117 0.180 VOC: Total 0.012 0.083 0.124 VOC: Total 0.013 0.013 0.000 CO: Total 0.032 0.037 3.745 CO: Total 0.023 0.027 3.745 CO: Total 0.018 0.044 0.000 NOx: Total 0.121 0.112 0.141 NOx: Total 0.086 0.080 0.118 NOx: Total 0.052 0.101 0.000 PM10: Total 0.010010 0.044044 0.029029 PM10: Total 0.007007 0.031031 0.029029 PM10: Total 0.002002 0.079079 0.021021 PM2.5: Total 0.005 0.016 0.015 PM2.5: Total 0.003 0.012 0.015 PM2.5: Total 0.001 0.040 0.007 SOx: Total 0.041 0.076 0.006 SOx: Total 0.029 0.054 0.004 SOx: Total 0.025 0.100 0.000 Well-to-Wheel Wh l Energy Consumption and Emissions i (per Mile) 47

RESULTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION 7,000 6,000 Ene ergy BTU/mile 5,000 4,000 3,000 Vehicle Operation Fuel Feedstock 2,000 1,000 0 ICEV HEV FCV 48

RESULTS CO 2 EMISSIONS 500 450 400 grams/mile CO2 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Vehicle Operation Fuel Feedstock 0 ICEV HEV FCV 49

RESULTS GHGS 500 450 400 GHGs grams/mile 350 300 250 200 150 Vehicle Operation Fuel Feedstock 100 50 0 ICEV HEV FCV 50

GREET 2.7 Vehicle Life Cycle Raw material recovery Material processing and fabrication Vehicle component production Vehicle assembly Vehicle disposal and recycling 51

GREET 2.7 SIMULATION LOGIC Input data required for each vehicle in order to estimate its energy use and emissions. 52

GREET 2.7 USE In 1995, Stodolsky et al. investigated the life-cycle energy savings from aluminum-intensive vehicles In 1997, Wang et al. examined the vehicle-cycle l impacts of HEVs In 1998, Gaines et al. analyzed the life-cycle impacts heavy duty vehicles In 1998, Argonne NL in a joint effort performed a total energy cycle assessment of electric and conventional vehicles 53

GREET 2.7 Vehicle Life Cycle for: Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle ICEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle HEV Fuel Cell Vehicle FCV 54

VEHICLE COMPONENTS Vehicle systems Subsystems Parts There are eight major vehicle systems which are not applicable to every car due to technology differences Body Powertrain Transmission Chassis, Electric traction motor Generator Electronic controller Fuel cell auxiliaries 55

The total weight of each vehicle is broken down into three major categories: Vehicle components Battery Fluids GREET 2.7 does not include energy use and emissions from transportation of raw and processed materials for 56 each process step.

DATA REQUIREMENTS Vehicle type (i.e., passenger car or SUV) Tire replacements per lifetime Battery type per vehicle type (i.e., lead acid, Ni- LH or Li-Ion) Battery specific power (in W/kg or W/lb) Fluids replacements during lifetime of vehicle Energy use of battery assembly (mmbtu per ton of battery) 57

DATA REQUIREMENTS Vehicle weight Battery weight Fluid weight Fuel cell stack size (applicable only to FCV) Battery size in peak battery power (not applicable to ICEVs) Lifetime vehicle miles traveled (VMT) Material composition for each passenger car component (percentage per weight) GREET Default values for material ICEV, HEV and FCV. 58

The energy use of materials that are recycled and later used in a vehicle is taken into account in GREET 2.7 for each specific material. The share of used virgin and recycled materials in vehicle manufacturing is shown in Table 5.9. Virgin Material Recycled Material Steel 30% 70% Wrought Aluminum 89% 11% Cast Aluminum 41% 59% Lead 27% 73% Nickel 56% 44% 59

ICEV RESULTS Btu/mile or grams/mile Percentage of each stage Item WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total energy 1,231 627 4,908 6,766 18.2% 9.3% 72.5% Fossil fuels 1,122 585 4,806 6,514 17.2% 9.0% 73.8% Coal 198 223 0 421 47.1% 52.9% 0.0% Natural gas 456 241 0 698 65.4% 34.6% 0.0% Petroleum 468 122 4,806 5,395 8.7% 2.3% 89.1% CO2 (VOC, CO, CO2) 83 47 377 506 16.3% 9.2% 74.5% CH4 0.534 0.081081 0.015015 0.630 84.7% 12.9% 23% 2.3% N2O 0.006 0.001 0.012 0.018 30.9% 2.9% 66.2% GHGs 98 49 381 527 18.5% 9.3% 72.2% VOC: Total 0.134 0.206 0.180 0.521 25.8% 39.6% 34.6% CO: Total 0.070 0.249 3.745 4.064 1.7% 6.1% 92.1% NOx: Total 0.233 0.074 0.141 0.448 52.0% 16.5% 31.5% PM10: Total 0.054 0.082 0.029 0.164 32.8% 49.7% 17.4% PM2.5: Total 0.021 0.033 0.015 0.068 30.7% 47.6% 21.7% SOx: Total 0.116 0.135 0.006 0.258 45.2% 52.4% 2.4% 60

HEV RESULTS Btu/mile or grams/mile Percentage of each stage Item WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total energy 879 638 3,506 5,022 17.5% 12.7% 69.8% Fossil fuels 802 592 3,433 4,826 16.6% 12.3% 71.1% Coal 142 234 0 376 37.7% 7% 62.3% 00% 0.0% Natural gas 326 241 0 567 57.5% 42.5% 0.0% Petroleum 334 116 3,433 3,883 8.6% 3.0% 88.4% CO2 (VOC, CO, CO2) 59 49 269 377 15.6% 13.0% 71.4% CH4 0.381 0.082 0.007 0.470 81.1% 17.4% 1.5% N2O 0.004 0.001 0.012 0.017 24.1% 3.4% 72.5% GHGs 70 51 273 394 17.7% 13.0% 69.3% VOC: Total 0.096 0.206 0.124 0.425 22.5% 48.3% 29.1% CO: Total 0.050 0.225 3.745 4.020 1.2% 5.6% 93.2% NOx: Total 0.167 0.076 0.118 0.361 46.2% 21.0% 32.8% PM10: Total 0.039 0.080 0.029 0.147 26.2% 54.3% 19.5% PM2.5: Total 0.015 0.031 0.015 0.061 24.6% 51.0% 24.4% SOx: Total 0.083 0.225 0.004 0.313 26.6% 72.0% 1.4% 61

FCV RESULTS Btu/mile or grams/mile Percentage of each stage Item WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total WTP Vehicle Cycle Vehicle Operation Total energy 1,570 783 2,134 4,487 35.0% 17.5% 47.6% Fossil fuels 1,505 722 2,134 4,361 34.5% 16.6% 48.9% Coal 304 263 0 567 53.6% 46.4% 4% 00% 0.0% Natural gas 1,177 306 2,134 3,617 32.6% 8.4% 59.0% Petroleum 24 153 0 177 13.5% 86.5% 0.0% CO2 (VOC, CO, CO2) 234 61 0 295 79.3% 20.7% 0.0% CH4 0.768 0.100 0.000 0.869 88.4% 11.6% 0.0% N2O 0.001001 0.001001 0.000000 0.002002 60.0% 0% 40.0% 0% 00% 0.0% GHGs 253 64 0 317 79.9% 20.1% 0.0% VOC: Total 0.026 0.205 0.000 0.231 11.3% 88.7% 0.0% CO: Total 0.062 0.217 0.000 0.279 22.3% 77.7% 0.0% NOx: Total 0.153 0.092 0.000 0.245 62.5% 37.5% 0.0% PM10: Total 0.081 0.092 0.021 0.193 42.0% 47.4% 10.6% PM2.5: Total 0.041 0.036 0.007 0.085 48.8% 42.6% 8.6% SOx: Total 0.125 0.283 0.000 0.408 30.7% 69.3% 0.0% 62

RESULTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION 8,000 7,000 Ene ergy BTU/mile 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 Vehicle Operation Vehicle Cycle WTP 2,000 1,000 0 ICEV HEV FCV 63

RESULTS CO 2 EMISSIONS 600 500 grams/mile CO2 400 300 200 Vehicle Operation Vehicle Cycle WTP 100 0 ICEV HEV FCV 64

RESULTS GHGS 600 500 GHG Gs grams/mile 400 300 200 Vehicle Operation Vehicle Cycle WTP 100 0 ICEV HEV FCV 65

RESULTS SO X 0.450 0.400 0.350 grams/mile SOx 0.300 0.250 0.200 Vehicle Operation Vehicle Cycle WTP 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 ICEV HEV FCV 66

Thanks! 67