Table of Contents Volume1 Page Preface............................................... v List of Charts.......................................... LC-1 Contents Checklist...................................... CL-1 Table of Cases......................................... TC-1 Table of Statutes and Regulations........................... TS-1 New Developments..................................... NDC-1 May 2015 May 2016................................ ND4-1 A. Court Decisions................................. ND4-2 (i) Civil Decisions............................. ND4-2 (ii) Criminal Decisions.......................... ND4-5 B. Boards and Tribunals............................. ND4-9 (i) Ontario Labour Relations Board................. ND4-9 (ii) Public Service Labour Relations and Employment Board................................... ND4-12 (iii) Canada Occupational Health and Safety Tribunal... ND4-13 June 2014 May 2015................................ ND3-1 A. Court Decisions................................. ND3-2 (i) Civil Decisions............................. ND3-2 (ii) Criminal Decisions.......................... ND3-4 B. Boards and Tribunals............................ ND3-12 (i) Ontario Labour Relations Board................ ND3-12 (ii) Canadian Public Service Labour Relations Board... ND3-18 (iii) Canada Occupational Health and Safety Tribunal... ND3-18 September 2013 May 2014............................ ND2-1 A. Court Decisions............................... ND2-2 (i) Civil Decisions............................ ND2-2 (ii) Criminal Decisions......................... ND2-4 B. Boards and Tribunals.......................... ND2-11 (i) Ontario Labour Relations Board.............. ND2-11 (ii) Canadian Public Service Labour Relations Board.. ND2-22 (iii) Canada Occupational Health and Safety Tribunal.. ND2-22 January 2013 September 2013.......................... ND1-1 A. Court Decisions............................... ND1-2 C-1 August 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW (i) Civil Decisions............................ ND1-2 (ii) Criminal Decisions......................... ND1-5 B. Boards and Tribunals........................... ND1-8 (i) Ontario Labour Relations Board............... ND1-8 (ii) Canadian Public Service Labour Relations Board.. ND1-17 (iii) Canada Occupational Health and Safety Tribunal... ND1-18 Related Articles........................................ RA-i Blue Mountain Wins at Court of Appeal: Decision Clarifies Reporting Requirements for Non-worker Critical Injuries in Ontario....... RA-1 Will the Threat of Jail Really Improve Workplace Safety?........ RA-5 OHS Officials Not Immune to Corruption................... RA-11 Bill C-45 Ten Years Later!............................ RA-15 It s Complicated: The Relationship between Workplace Violence and Mental Health.................................. RA-21 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION............................ 1-1 1:10 Origins of Canadian Health and Safety Law.............. 1-1 1:20 Division of Legislative Powers...................... 1-8.3 1:30 The Role of Statutes, Regulations and Industry Standards..... 1-15 1:40 Policy Models................................... 1-19 1:50 Internal Responsibility System........................ 1-25 1:60 Limitations of the Law in Preventing Accidents............ 1-28 1:70 Accident and Injury Statistics........................ 1-30 1:80 Bill C-45 Amendments to the Criminal Code.............. 1-31 1:90 Occupational Health and Safety Legislation in Non-Canadian Jurisdictions.................................... 1-36 1:90.1 United States................................. 1-36 1:90.2 United States of America Recent Trends.............. 1-41 1:90.3 International Trends in Occupational Health and Safety Law Enforcement......................... 1-43 1:90.3(1) Europe/Middle East/Africa.................. 1-43 1:90.3(1)(a) Denmark.......................... 1-43 1:90.3(1)(b) Germany.......................... 1-44 1:90.3(1)(c) United Kingdom.................... 1-45 1:90.3(2) Asia/Pacific Rim......................... 1-46 1:90.3(2)(a) Japan............................ 1-46 1:90.3(2)(b) India............................ 1-47 1:90.3(2)(c) China............................ 1-48 1:90.3(2)(d) Australia.......................... 1-49 1:90.3(3) Americas............................... 1-50 1:90.3(3)(a) Brazil............................ 1-50 1:90.3(3)(b) Chile............................ 1-50 C-2
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 2 JOINT HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEES AND REPRESENTATIVES..................... 2-1 2:10 Introduction..................................... 2-1 2:20 Health and Safety Representatives..................... 2-3 2:30 Joint Health and Safety Committees.................... 2-9 2:30.1 What Is a Joint Health and Safety Committee?......... 2-9 2:30.2 The Nature of the Joint Health and Safety Committee.... 2-11 2:30.3 Threshold Requirements for Committees.............. 2-15 2:30.4 Purpose of a Committee......................... 2-18 2:30.5 Composition of a Committee...................... 2-21 2:30.6 Committee Meetings............................ 2-23 2:30.7 Authority of Committees......................... 2-26 [The next page is C-3] C-2.1 August 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2:40 Special Provisions................................ 2-30 2:40.1 Policy Committees: A Federal Initiative.............. 2-30 2:40.2 Certified Members: The Ontario Experiment........... 2-33 2:50 Legal Immunity of Committee Members................. 2-37 2:60 Committees and Due Diligence....................... 2-39 2:70 Assessing Committees............................. 2-41 2:70.1 Assessing the Effectiveness of Committees............ 2-41 2:70.2 Improving the Effectiveness of Committees............ 2-45 Chapter 3 WORKPLACE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES. 3-1 3:10 Establishing Legal Duties of Workplace Parties............ 3-1 3:20 Overlap of Legal Duties and Responsibilities............. 3-3 3:30 Relative Importance of Stakeholder Duties............... 3-4 3:40 Employer Duties and Responsibilities................... 3-6 3:40.1 Definition of Employer.......................... 3-6 3:40.2 Canadian Jurisdictional Employer Duties............. 3-8 3:40.2(1) Federal jurisdiction....................... 3-8 3:40.2(2) British Columbia......................... 3-13 3:40.2(3) Alberta.............................. 3-14.2 3:40.2(3)(a) Duty to provide a safe work environment..................... 3-14.3 3:40.2(3)(b) Duty to educate and train workers....... 3-17 3:40.2(3)(c) Duty to provide workers with written instructions........................ 3-18 3:40.2(3)(d) Duty to have occupational health and safety policy..................... 3-18.1 3:40.2(3)(e) Duty to appoint competent supervision.. 3-18.1 3:40.2(4) Saskatchewan......................... 3-18.2 3:40.2(5) Manitoba............................. 3-18.4 3:40.2(6) Ontario................................ 3-19 3:40.2(6)(a) Duty to provide a safe work environment....................... 3-21 3:40.2(6)(b) Duty to educate and train workers....... 3-22 3:40.2(6)(c) Duty to provide workers with written instructions........................ 3-22 3:40.2(6)(d) Duty to have occupational health and safety policy..................... 3-22.1 3:40.2(6)(e) Duty to appoint competent supervision.. 3-22.1 3:40.2(6)(f) Duty to employ workers of legal age... 3-22.2 3:40.2(6)(g) Duty to assist health and safety representatives.................... 3-22.3 3:40.2(6)(h) Duty to comply with regulations....... 3-22.3 3:40.2(6)(i) Duty to post copy of statute.......... 3-22.3 C-3 May 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 3:40.2(6)(j) Duty to establish an occupational health service......................... 3-22.4 3:40.2(6)(k) Duty to keep records of biological, chemical and physical agents........... 3-23 3:40.2(6)(l) Duty to take every precaution reasonable.. 3-23 3:40.2(7) Quebec.............................. 3-24.1 3:40.2(8) New Brunswick.......................... 3-25 3:40.2(9) Nova Scotia............................. 3-26 3:40.2(10) Prince Edward Island...................... 3-28 3:40.2(11) Newfoundland and Labrador................. 3-29 3:40.2(12) Northwest Territories...................... 3-30 3:40.2(13) Yukon Territory........................ 3-30.1 3:50 Director and Officer Duties and Responsibilities........... 3-31 3:60 Supervisor Duties and Responsibilities.................. 3-33 3:60.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 3-34 3:60.2 British Columbia............................... 3-34 3:60.3 Alberta...................................... 3-35 3:60.4 Saskatchewan................................. 3-36 3:60.5 Manitoba.................................... 3-36 3:60.6 Ontario...................................... 3-37 3:60.7 Quebec...................................... 3-39 3:60.8 New Brunswick............................... 3-39 3:60.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 3-40 3:60.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 3-40 3:60.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 3-41 3:60.12 Northwest Territories............................ 3-41 3:60.13 Yukon Territory............................... 3-42 3:70 Worker Duties and Responsibilities.................... 3-43 3:70.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 3-44 3:70.2 British Columbia............................... 3-45 3:70.3 Alberta...................................... 3-46 3:70.4 Saskatchewan................................. 3-49 3:70.5 Manitoba.................................... 3-49 3:70.6 Ontario...................................... 3-50 3:70.7 Quebec...................................... 3-51 3:70.8 New Brunswick............................... 3-51 3:70.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 3-51 3:70.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 3-53 3:70.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 3-53 3:70.12 Northwest Territories............................ 3-54 3:70.13 Yukon Territory............................... 3-54 3:80 Other Workplace Stakeholders With Legal Duties.......... 3-55 3:90 Notable Stakeholders Without Any Legal Duties or Responsibilities................................ 3-58.1 3:100 Legal Liability Associated With Stakeholder Duties......... 3-60 C-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS 3:110 Emergency Response Provisions in Occupational Health and Safety Legislation Across Canada..................... 3-61 3:110.1 Federal...................................... 3-61 3:110.2 British Columbia............................... 3-62 3:110.3 Alberta...................................... 3-62 3:110.4 Saskatchewan................................. 3-63 3:110.5 Manitoba.................................... 3-64 3:110.6 Ontario...................................... 3-65 3:110.7 Quebec...................................... 3-67 3:110.8 New Brunswick............................... 3-68 3:110.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 3-69 3:110.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 3-70 3:110.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 3-71 3:110.12 Northwest Territories............................ 3-71 3:110.13 Yukon...................................... 3-72 Chapter 4 WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM.......... 4-1 4:10 Introduction to WHMIS............................ 4-1 4:10.1 Introduction to Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals....................... 4-3 4:10.2 International Update on GHS Implementation.......... 4-6 4:20 Policy and Legislative Development of WHMIS........... 4-7 4:30 WHMIS 2015 Classification System................... 4-11 4:40 WHMIS 2015 Product Labelling...................... 4-13 4:50 Safety Data Sheets................................ 4-16 4:60 Education and Training............................. 4-17 4:70 Protection of Trade Secrets and Confidential Business Information..................................... 4-23 4:80 Liability for WHMIS Contraventions................... 4-28 4:90 Effective Implementation of WHMIS................... 4-31 Chapter 5 RIGHT TO REFUSE TO DO UNSAFE WORK..... 5-1 5:10 Workers Rights to Refuse Unsafe Work................. 5-1 5:20 Who May Refuse Unsafe Work....................... 5-4 5:30 When It Is Lawful to Refuse to Work................... 5-8 5:40 Procedure to Be Followed in Work Refusal............... 5-12 5:40.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 5-12 5:40.2 British Columbia............................... 5-14 5:40.3 Alberta...................................... 5-15 5:40.4 Saskatchewan................................. 5-16 5:40.5 Manitoba.................................... 5-17 5:40.6 Ontario...................................... 5-18 5:40.7 Quebec...................................... 5-19 C-5 May 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 5:40.8 New Brunswick............................... 5-20 5:40.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 5-21 5:40.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 5-22 5:40.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 5-23 5:40.12 Northwest Territories and Nunavut.................. 5-24 5:40.13 Yukon Territory............................... 5-25 5:50 Payment of Refusing Worker......................... 5-26 5:60 Assignment of Replacement Workers................... 5-30 5:60.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 5-32 5:60.2 British Columbia............................... 5-33 5:60.3 Alberta...................................... 5-33 5:60.4 Saskatchewan................................. 5-34 5:60.5 Manitoba.................................... 5-35 5:60.6 Ontario...................................... 5-36 5:60.7 Quebec...................................... 5-36 5:60.8 New Brunswick............................... 5-37 5:60.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 5-37 5:60.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 5-38 5:60.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 5-39 5:60.12 Northwest Territories and Nunavut.................. 5-39 5:60.13 Yukon Territory............................... 5-40 5:70 Certified Member Work Stoppages: The Ontario Experiment..................................... 5-40 5:80 Employer Discipline and Prohibition Against Reprisals.... 5-44.1 5:90 Frivolous Work Refusal Cases........................ 5-45 5:100 Work Refusal for Personal Comfort Cases............... 5-52 5:110 Legitimate Work Refusal Cases....................... 5-55 5:120 Work Refusals as Part of Due Diligence................. 5-66 Chapter 6 REPORTING WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.............................. 6-1 6:10 Statutory Duty to Report Workplace Accidents............ 6-1 6:20 Policy Reasons to Report Accidents.................... 6-2 6:30 Requirements for Accident Reporting................... 6-3 6:30.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 6-3 6:30.1(1) Aircraft................................ 6-5 6:30.2 British Columbia.............................. 6-6.1 6:30.3 Alberta..................................... 6-6.1 6:30.4 Saskatchewan................................. 6-7 6:30.5 Manitoba.................................... 6-8 6:30.6 Ontario...................................... 6-9 6:30.6(1) Notice of death or critical injury.............. 6-9 6:30.6(1)(a) Industrial establishments.............. 6-11 6:30.6(1)(b) Construction projects................. 6-12 C-6
TABLE OF CONTENTS 6:30.6(1)(c) Mining operations................... 6-12 6:30.6(1)(d) Health care and residential facilities...... 6-13 6:30.6(2) Notice of non-critical injury................. 6-14 6:30.6(2)(a) Industrial establishments.............. 6-14 6:30.6(2)(b) Construction projects................. 6-15 6:30.6(2)(c) Mining operations................... 6-17 6:30.6(2)(d) Health care and residential facilities...... 6-18 6:30.6(3) Notice of occupational illness................ 6-18 6:30.7 Quebec...................................... 6-19 6:30.8 New Brunswick............................... 6-19 6:30.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 6-20 6:30.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 6-20 6:30.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 6-21 6:30.12 Northwest Territories............................ 6-21 6:30.13 Yukon Territory............................... 6-22 6:40 Differences from Workers Compensation Reporting........ 6-23 6:50 Limits of Accident Reporting Requirements.............. 6-26 6:60 Government Use of Information Reported................ 6-26 6:70 Legal Liability for Not Reporting...................... 6-27 6:80 Self-Incrimination Effect of Accident Reporting........... 6-28 6:90 Role of Legal Counsel Before Reporting................. 6-33 6:100 Due Diligence Implications of Accident Reporting Obligations..................................... 6-34 Volume 2 Chapter 7 WORKPLACE VIOLENCE AND HARASSMENT... 7-1 7:10 Violence and Harassment as Occupational Health and Safety Hazard................................... 7-1 7:10.1 Canadian Examples............................. 7-4 7:10.2 International Examples.......................... 7-6 7:10.3 The Problem of Workplace Violence................ 7-7 7:10.4 Canadian Statistics............................. 7-8 7:10.5 Statistics from the United States.................... 7-10 7:10.6 Cost of Workplace Violence.................... 7-10.1 7:10.7 Physical, Health and Psychological Effects............ 7-11 7:10.8 Preventing and Managing the Problem............... 7-12 7:10.8(1) OC Transpo Incident...................... 7-13 7:10.8(2) Lori Dupont Incident...................... 7-24 7:20 Workplace Violence vs. Harassment.................... 7-25 7:30 Types of Workplace Violence........................ 7-29 7:30.1 Defining Workplace Violence..................... 7-29 7:30.2 Legal Considerations of the Types of Workplace Violence..................................... 7-31 C-7 May 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 7:30.3 Categories of Workplace Violence.................. 7-33 7:30.3(1) Violence committed by clients, patients or customers.............................. 7-34 7:30.3(2) Violence committed by strangers to the victims................................ 7-34 7:30.3(3) Violence between or among co-workers......... 7-34 7:30.3(4) Domestic violence in the workplace........... 7-35 7:40 Causes of Workplace Violence....................... 7-35 7:50 Specific Legislation Addressing Workplace Violence and Harassment..................................... 7-38 7:50.1 Federal...................................... 7-38 7:50.2 Alberta...................................... 7-39 7:50.3 British Columbia............................... 7-40 7:50.4 Manitoba.................................... 7-41 7:50.5 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 7-42 7:50.6 Nova Scotia.................................. 7-43 7:50.7 Ontario...................................... 7-44 7:50.8 Prince Edward Island............................ 7-46 7:50.9 Quebec...................................... 7-46 7:50.10 Saskatchewan................................. 7-47 7:60 General Duty Clauses and Workplace Violence and Harassment..................................... 7-50 7:70 Criminal Code and Workplace Violence................. 7-54 7:80 Workplace Violence and Harassment Policies and Programs... 7-56 7:90 Workplace Design, Security and Training................ 7-62 7:100 Sexual Harassment as a Workplace Safety Issue........... 7-65 7:110 Employee Discipline for Workplace Violence and Harassment..................................... 7-71 7:120 Managing the Violence Occurrence.................... 7-94 7:120.1 An Emergency Response Plan..................... 7-94 7:120.2 Developing the Plan.......................... 7-94.1 7:120.3 The Role of the Police........................... 7-95 7:120.4 Critical Incident Stress........................... 7-99 7:120.5 Victim Assistance Programs....................... 7-99 7:120.6 Incident Reporting............................. 7-100 7:120.7 Incident Investigation.......................... 7-101 7:120.8 Incident Evaluation and Analysis.................. 7-101 7:120.9 Learning From the Experience.................... 7-103 Chapter 8 GOVERNMENT HEALTH AND SAFETY INSPECTORS............................... 8-1 8:10 Establishment of Government Safety Inspectors........... 8-1 8:20 Legal Authority of Inspectors........................ 8-2 8:20.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 8-2 C-8
TABLE OF CONTENTS 8:20.2 British Columbia............................... 8-4 8:20.3 Alberta...................................... 8-6 8:20.4 Saskatchewan................................. 8-7 8:20.5 Manitoba.................................... 8-10 8:20.6 Ontario...................................... 8-11 8:20.7 Quebec...................................... 8-16 8:20.8 New Brunswick............................... 8-17 8:20.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 8-18 8:20.10 Prince Edward Island.......................... 8-20.1 8:20.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 8-22 8:20.12 Northwest Territories............................ 8-24 8:20.13 Yukon Territory............................... 8-25 8:30 Duty to Co-operate with Inspectors.................... 8-27 8:40 Prohibition Against Obstructing Inspectors............... 8-29 8:50 Duty Not to Disturb Accident Scene Until Approved by Inspector....................................... 8-31 8:60 Legal Limits on Authority of Inspectors................. 8-33 8:70 Legal Immunity of Government Inspectors............... 8-34 8:80 Practical Considerations in Dealing with Inspectors......... 8-36 Chapter 9 APPEALING GOVERNMENT INSPECTORS ORDERS AND DIRECTIONS................... 9-1 9:10 Significance of Inspectors Orders and Directions.......... 9-1 9:20 Right to Appeal Inspectors Orders and Directions.......... 9-2 9:20.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 9-3 9:20.2 British Columbia............................... 9-7 9:20.3 Alberta...................................... 9-8 9:20.4 Saskatchewan................................. 9-9 9:20.5 Manitoba.................................... 9-9 9:20.6 Ontario...................................... 9-10 9:20.7 Quebec...................................... 9-10 9:20.8 New Brunswick............................... 9-11 9:20.9 Nova Scotia.................................. 9-11 9:20.10 Prince Edward Island............................ 9-12 9:20.11 Newfoundland and Labrador...................... 9-12 9:20.12 Northwest Territories............................ 9-13 9:20.13 Yukon Territory............................... 9-13 9:30 Time Periods for Appeals of Orders.................... 9-14 9:40 Who May Appeal Inspectors Orders................... 9-16 9:50 Method for Commencing the Appeal................... 9-18 9:50.1 The Appeal Process............................. 9-20 9:60 Suspending Orders Pending Appeal.................... 9-26 9:70 Remedial Authority of the Decision-Maker............... 9-28 9:80 Availability of Second Level of Appeal................. 9-29 C-9 May 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 9:80.1 Standard of Review of the First Level of Appeal of an Inspector s Order.............................. 9-32 9:90 Practical and Strategic Considerations in Appealing Orders.... 9-33 Chapter 10 HEALTH AND SAFETY PROSECUTIONS........ 10-1 10:10 Enforcement of Health and Safety by Prosecutions.......... 10-1 10:20 Prosecutorial Discretion to Lay Charges............... 10-4.1 10:30 Legal Character of Prosecutions..................... 10-4.2 10:40 Commencement of Prosecutions...................... 10-5 10:50 Particulars of Charges............................. 10-12 10:60 Crown Disclosure to the Defence................... 10-14.1 10:65 Occupational Health and Safety Prosecutions and the Charter...................................... 10-28a 10:65.1 Right to Counsel............................. 10-28a 10:65.2 Unreasonable Delay......................... 10-28.2a 10:70 Proceedings and Procedure at Trial................. 10-28.4a 10:70.1 Review, Reconsideration and Reversal of Intra-Trial Rulings.................................. 10-28.4b 10:70.2 Evidence at Trial............................. 10-28.4d 10:70.2(1) Expert witness............................ 10-28.4d 10:70.2(1)(a) Role of the expert witness.............. 10-28.4d 10:70.2(1)(b) Criteria for an expert witness............. 10-28.4f 10:70.2(1)(c) Jurisprudence......................... 10-28.5 10:70.2(2) Non-expert and expert opinions................ 10-28.6g 10:80 Plea Bargaining and Plea Bargain Agreements........ 10-28.6h 10:90 Proving the Charge Beyond a Reasonable Doubt........ 10-28.7 10:90.1 Directed Verdict of Acquittal.................. 10-28.12 10:100 Health and Safety Due Diligence.................. 10-28.13 10:100.1 Legal Defence of Due Diligence............... 10-28.13 10:100.2 Due Diligence and Occupational Health and Safety Prosecutions................................. 10-35 10:100.3 Due Diligence and Employee Discipline.......... 10-36.16e 10:110 Rise and Fall of Presumption of Innocence........... 10-36.25 10:120 Defence of Officially Induced Error................... 10-38 10:130 Abuse of Process................................ 10-43 10:130.1 Introduction................................. 10-43 10:130.2 Legal Test.................................. 10-44 10:130.3 Appropriate Forum to Raise Abuse of Process......... 10-45 10:130.4 Onus and Burden of Proof....................... 10-45 10:130.5 Abuse of Process and the Charter.................. 10-46 10:130.6 Categories of Abuse of Process................... 10-49 10:130.6(1) Government instigation of an offence......... 10-49 10:130.6(2) Undertaking not to prosecute............... 10-50 10:130.6(3) Collection of civil debt.................... 10-52 C-10
TABLE OF CONTENTS 10:130.6(4) Punishing accused for exercising their rights.... 10-53 10:130.6(5) Oppressively selective prosecution........... 10-54 10:130.6(6) Prejudice to the right of full answer and defence............................... 10-55 10:130.6(7) Government intimidation of the accused....... 10-57 10:130.6(8) No necessity for Crown misconduct.......... 10-60 10:130.7 Remedies for Abuse of Process................... 10-60 10:140 Sentencing Principles and Considerations............... 10-62 10:140.1 Introduction................................. 10-62 10:140.2 Penalty Provisions for Contraventions............... 10-63 10:140.2(1) Federal jurisdiction...................... 10-63 10:140.2(2) British Columbia........................ 10-64 10:140.2(3) Alberta............................... 10-65 10:140.2(4) Saskatchewan.......................... 10-67 10:140.2(5) Manitoba.............................. 10-69 10:140.2(6) Ontario............................... 10-70 10:140.2(7) Quebec............................... 10-72 10:140.2(8) New Brunswick......................... 10-73 10:140.2(9) Nova Scotia............................ 10-74 10:140.2(10) Prince Edward Island..................... 10-76 10:140.2(11) Newfoundland and Labrador............... 10-76a 10:140.2(12) Northwest Territories.................... 10-76a 10:140.2(13) Yukon Territory........................ 10-76b 10:140.3 Sentencing Principles......................... 10-76.2 10:150 Practice Points in Prosecutions.................... 10-76.5 10:160 Bill C-45 Amendments to the Criminal Code........... 10-78.1 App. A Health and Safety Prosecutions and Administrative Penalties...................................... 10-85 Alberta.......................................... 10-87 British Columbia..................................... 10-113 Manitoba......................................... 10-163 New Brunswick...................................... 10-179 Newfoundland and Labrador............................ 10-187 Nova Scotia........................................ 10-189 Ontario......................................... 10-193 Saskatchewan....................................... 10-331 Yukon......................................... 10-355 Chapter 11 OFFICER AND DIRECTOR DUTIES AND LIABILITY.................................. 11-1 11:10 Introduction..................................... 11-1 11:20 The Growing Limits of Limited Corporate Liability...... 11-3 11:30 The Functions of Directors and Officers................. 11-4 11:40 Categories of Director and Officer Liability.............. 11-6 C-11 August 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 11:40.1 Civil Liability................................. 11-6 11:40.2 Criminal Liability.............................. 11-8 11:40.3 Regulatory or Quasi-Criminal Liability............. 11-8.1 11:40.4 Vicarious Liability vs. Direct Liability............. 11-8.2 11:50 Policy Issues for Director and Officer Liability............ 11-9 11:50.1 Arguments in Favour of Director and Officer Liability... 11-10 11:50.1(1) Legal compliance........................ 11-10 11:50.1(2) Corporate governance..................... 11-10 11:50.1(3) Economic motivation..................... 11-11 11:50.1(4) Behaviour modification................... 11-12 11:50.1(5) Moral and ethical values................... 11-12 11:50.2 Arguments Against Director and Officer Liability...... 11-13 11:50.2(1) Primary duty of directors and officers......... 11-13 11:50.2(2) Chilling effect on investment............... 11-13 11:50.2(3) Complexity of modern laws and regulations..... 11-14 11:50.2(4) Complexity of modern corporations........... 11-15 11:50.2(5) Unfairness, ineffectiveness and corporate indemnity............................. 11-15 11:60 Methods of Establishing Director and Officer Liability...... 11-16 11:60.1 The Direct Perpetrator of the Offence............... 11-17 11:60.2 Aiding, Abetting or Counselling the Offence.......... 11-17 11:60.3 Statutory Duties, Contravention and Offences......... 11-18 11:70 Director and Officer OHS Risk Management............. 11-20 11:70.1 Due Diligence for Directors and Officers............ 11-20 11:70.2 Indemnification of Directors and Officers............ 11-22 11:70.3 The Bata Decision............................. 11-30 11:70.4 Director and Officer Insurance.................... 11-34 Chapter 12 HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS............. 12-1 12:10 Introduction..................................... 12-1 12:20 Categories of Health Hazards........................ 12-3 12:20.1 Chemical Hazards.............................. 12-3 12:20.2 Physical Hazards............................... 12-3 12:20.3 Biological Hazards............................. 12-4 12:20.4 Ergonomic Hazards............................. 12-4 12:30 Exposure to Health Hazards......................... 12-4 12:40 Controlling and Managing Health Hazards............... 12-5 12:50 Regulation of First Aid Requirements................... 12-7 12:50.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 12-8 12:50.2 Alberta..................................... 12-11 12:50.3 British Columbia.............................. 12-13 12:50.4 Manitoba................................... 12-14 12:50.5 New Brunswick.............................. 12-17 12:50.6 Newfoundland and Labrador..................... 12-18 C-12
12:50.7 Nova Scotia................................. 12-20 12:50.8 Ontario..................................... 12-21 12:50.9 Prince Edward Island........................... 12-23 12:50.10 Quebec..................................... 12-24 12:50.11 Saskatchewan................................ 12-25 12:50.12 Northwest Territories........................... 12-27 12:50.13 Yukon Territory.............................. 12-29 12:60 Regulation of Health Hazards...................... 12-30a 12:60.1 Regulation of Chemical Hazards................. 12-30a 12:60.2 Regulation of Physical Hazards................ 12-30.16 12:60.2(1) Noise and hearing protection............ 12-30.16 12:60.2(1)(a) Noise as an occupational health hazard... 12-31 12:60.2(1)(b) The physics of sound................ 12-32 12:60.2(1)(c) The ear........................ 12-32.1 12:60.2(1)(d) Types of occupational noise exposures. 12-32.2 12:60.2(1)(e) Noise-induced hearing loss and injury.. 12-32.3 12:60.2(1)(f) Eliminating and controlling 12:60.2(1)(g) TABLE OF CONTENTS occupational noise................ 12-32.4 Trends in noise legislation and regulation...................... 12-32.6 12:60.2(1)(h) Noise and hearing protection chart.... 12-32.7 12:60.2(2) Non-ionizing radiation.................... 12-39 12:60.2(3) Ionizing radiation........................ 12-51 12:60.2(4) Workplace lighting....................... 12-59 12:60.2(5) Asbestos regulations in Canada............ 12-68.1 12:60.2(5)(a) Background.................... 12-68.1 12:60.2(5)(b) Health effects................... 12-68.1 12:60.2(5)(c) Legislative requirements........... 12-68.2 12:60.3 Regulation of Biological Hazards.................. 12-69 12:60.4 Regulation of Ergonomic Hazards................. 12-82 12:70 Regulation of Working Alone....................... 12-94 12:70.1 Alberta..................................... 12-94 12:70.2 British Columbia.............................. 12-95 12:70.3 Manitoba................................... 12-96 12:70.4 New Brunswick.............................. 12-97 12:70.5 Ontario..................................... 12-98 12:70.6 Saskatchewan................................ 12-99 12:70.7 Northwest Territories.......................... 12-100 Chapter 13 WORKPLACE SMOKING RESTRICTIONS....... 13-1 13:10 History of Smoking Legislation....................... 13-1 13:10.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 13-1 13:10.2 Provinces and Territories......................... 13-3 13:10.2(1) Ontario................................ 13-3 C-13 August 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 13:10.2(2) Provinces, Territories and Municipal Chronology.. 13-5 13:20 Current Anti-Smoking Legislation..................... 13-6 13:20.1 Federal Jurisdiction............................. 13-6 13.20.1(1) Tobacco Act............................ 13-6 13:20.1(2) Non-smokers Health Act................... 13-7 13:20.2 Alberta...................................... 13-8 13:20.3 British Columbia............................... 13-9 13:20.4 Manitoba................................... 13-10 13:20.5 New Brunswick.............................. 13-11 13:20.6 Newfoundland and Labrador..................... 13-12 13:20.7 Northwest Territories........................... 13-13 13:20.8 Nova Scotia................................. 13-13 13:20.9 Nunavut.................................... 13-15 13:20.10 Ontario..................................... 13-15 13:20.11 Prince Edward Island........................... 13-19 13:20.12 Quebec..................................... 13-20 13:20.13 Saskatchewan................................ 13-21 13:20.14 Yukon..................................... 13-22 13:30 Overview..................................... 13-24 Chapter 14 ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN THE WORKPLACE 14:10 Alcohol and Drugs as an Occupational Health and Safety Concern....................................... 14-1 14:10.1 The Problem of Alcohol and Drugs in the Workplace.... 14-3 14:10.2 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Statistics.................. 14-4 14:10.3 Physical and Psychological Effects of Alcohol and Drug Use and Abuse................................ 14-6 14:10.4 The Cost of Workplace Alcohol and Drug Use....... 14-6.1 14:20 Preventing and Managing the Problem................ 14-6.3 14:20.1 How to Develop a Suitable Alcohol and Drug Policy... 14-6.4 14:20.2 Contents of an Alcohol and Drug Policy............ 14-6.4 14:20.3 The Legal Issues Confronting Alcohol and Drug Policies..................................... 14-7 14:30 Human Rights Considerations in the Non-Union Workplace... 14-8 14:30.1 Entrop v. Imperial Oil Ltd...................... 14-8.1 14:30.2 Human Rights Cases Since Entrop................. 14-12 14:30.2(1) Halter v. Ceda-Reactor Ltd................. 14-12 14:30.2(2) Alberta (Human Rights and Citizenship Commission, Director) v. Kellogg, Brown & Root (Canada) Co........................ 14-13 14:30.2(3) Alberta (Human Rights and Citizenship Commission) v. Elizabeth Metis Settlement..... 14-15 14:30.2(4) Milazzo v. Autocar Conaisseur Inc............ 14-16 C-14
TABLE OF CONTENTS 14:30.2(5) Section local 143 du Syndicat des communications, du l énergie et du papier v. Goodyear Canada Inc. 14-17 14:30.3 Cross-Border Transportation: A Special Case......... 14-17 14:40 Additional Legal Considerations in the Unionized Workplace. 14-19 14:40.1 Pre-Employment Testing........................ 14-19 14:40.2 For Cause or Reasonable Cause Testing............. 14-19 14:40.3 Post-Incident Testing........................... 14-20 14:40.4 Post-Reinstatement Testing...................... 14-21 14:40.5 Random Testing.............................. 14-21 14:50 Conclusion.................................... 14-29 Chapter 15 TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS 15:10 Introduction..................................... 15-1 15:20 Background..................................... 15-2 15:20.1 Unifying Transportation of Dangerous Goods Law...... 15-5 15:20.2 Federal TDGA, 1992............................ 15-6 15:30 Inspectors.................................... 15-8.5 15:40 Emergency Response............................. 15-12 15:40.1 Emergency Response Assistance Plan............... 15-14 15:40.2 Notice for Disclosure of Information............. 15-14.1 15:50 Permits..................................... 15-14.2 15:50.1 Equivalency Certificates...................... 15-14.2 15:50.2 Emergency Certificates....................... 15-14.2 15:50.3 Import and Export Permits..................... 15-14.2 15:60 Offences...................................... 15-15 15:60.1 Proof of Offence.............................. 15-16 15:60.2 Penalties.................................... 15-17 15:70 Provincial and Territorial Transportation of Dangerous Goods Legislation............................. 15-18.3 15:70.1 Alberta..................................... 15-22 15:70.2 British Columbia.............................. 15-23 15:70.3 Manitoba................................... 15-24 15:70.4 New Brunswick.............................. 15-26 15:70.5 Newfoundland and Labrador..................... 15-28 15:70.6 Northwest Territories........................... 15-29 15:70.7 Nova Scotia................................. 15-31 15:70.8 Nunavut.................................... 15-32 15:70.9 Ontario..................................... 15-34 15:70.10 Prince Edward Island........................... 15-35 15:70.11 Quebec..................................... 15-37 15:70.12 Saskatchewan................................ 15-37 15:70.13 Yukon Territory.............................. 15-39 15:80 Defending Charges Under Transportation of Dangerous Goods Legislation............................... 15-41 C-15 August 2016
CANADIAN HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW 15:80.1 Failure of the Crown to Prove the Charge............ 15-41 15:80.2 The Defence of Due Diligence.................... 15-42 15:80.2(1) R. v. Sault Ste. Marie (City)................ 15-43 15:80.2(2) R. v. Wholesale Travel Group Inc............ 15-43 15:80.2(3) R. v. EnviroGun Ltd...................... 15-44 15:80.3 Mistake of Fact Branch......................... 15-45 15:80.3(1) R. v. MacMillan Bloedel Ltd................ 15-45 15:80.3(2) R. v. London Excavators & Trucking Ltd....... 15-46 15:80.4 Reasonable Precautions Branch................... 15-46 15:80.4(1) R. v. Placer Developments Ltd............... 15-47 15:80.4(2) R. v. Clark Freightways................... 15-47 15:80.4(3) R. v. Imperial Oil Ltd. and R. v. Ballard Power Systems Inc............................ 15-49 15:80.4(4) R. v. Timminco Ltd...................... 15-50 15:80.4(5) Further considerations.................... 15-50 15:80.5 Officially Induced Error......................... 15-51 15:80.6 Conclusion.................................. 15-51 15:90 Training...................................... 15-52 15:100 Conclusion.................................... 15-55 Words and Phrases...................................... WP-1 Selected Legal Literature................................. SLL-1 Index............................................ IN-1 C-16