CHAPTER VIII Green House and Cold Storage Technology

CHAPTER VIII --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Green House and Cold Storage Technology

CHAPTER VIII Green House and Cold Storage Technology 1.0 Introduction Section I Greenhouse Technology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Circlewise Distribution of Greenhouse Technology. 1.3 Economy of crops in Greenhouse and outside on mulching paper : A micro level study. 1.4 Problems of Greenhouse Technology. Section B Cold Storage Technology 1.5 Introduction 1.6 Characteristics of cold storage 1.7 Summary References

CHAPTER VIII Green House and Cold Storage Technology 8.0Introduction- Modern science and technology have created a number of options, which are beneficial, a large number of populations. Pune District of Maharashtra is known for the adoption of modern technologies where the number of green house and cold storages has been established by innovative farmers. It facilitates qualitative and quantitative production within limited space under controlled climatic conditions. Green house have been established by the rich and forward looking farmers of IndapurTahasil which are mainly used for floriculture and selected vegetables. Recently with the changing nature of agricultural market and the demand from local farmers for the preservation of dry grapes, pomegranates, cold storage facilities have also been introduced. They are established either on co-operative farmers comes together or by Government. Moreover the technologies of greenhouse and cold storage need huge capital out lay which is not affordable by small farmers. The present chapter deals with the study of other technologies in the form of greenhouse and cold storage in IndapurTahasil with their spatial characteristics. The proposed study is, therefore divided into two sections i.e. (I) The studies of greenhouse technology and (II) Section deals with cold storage technology. Section - I Greenhouse Technology 8.1 Introduction Agriculture has been regarded as one of the activities of man. The increasing number of population and its growing pressure on land resources has necessitated an enhancement in food resources. There is growing awareness among the farmers to

employ modern farm technology with heavy capital outlay. Agriculture of the present is different in many respects, from the agriculture of pre-independence period. The last many years technologies and new experiments have to augment production. There has been shift from merely food production to Multiplication of Earnings, which has become common phenomena in most of the part of India. There is growing awareness among the farmers to employ modern farm technology with heavy capital outlay. A greenhouse is a structure with different types of covering materials, such as a glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls, it heats up because incoming visible solar radiation ( for which the glass is transparent) from sun is absorbed by plants. Soil and other things inside the building, Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall. Recent introduction of greenhouse technology in farming is an important step of modern agriculture. This has become an important tool for increasing agricultural productivity on limited land resources. Greenhouse farming refers to the new farm technology in the form of polyhouse where in crops are grown in the controlled environmental condition. Greenhouse is usually a farmed structure covered with transparent or translucent material, large enough for a person to walk inside and carry out cultural operations and in which crops are grown under conditions of partial or full controlled environment. The cladding or plastics film acts like a selective radiation filter which allows Solar radiations to pass through but traps thermal radiation emitted by the objects within thus contributing to the greenhouse effects (Jadhav, M. G and Patil,P. V. 1998). The greenhouse refers to a structures covered with a transparent material for the purpose of admitting natural light for plant growth, according to Paul Nelson (1985). These structures are usually different from other growing structures, in that they are sufficiently high to permit a person to work from within. The European definition of greenhouse differs in that the structure receives little or no artificial heat. Main purpose of greenhouse farming is to enhance agricultural production from the limited space. In view of this, the present study therefore analyses the distribution of greenhouse and to highlight the economy of crops in and outside the greenhouse in IndapurTahasilof

Pune district, Maharashtra. In the analysis both primary and secondary data have been used. The primary data related to input is collected during the field visit and through schedule method. The secondary data were obtained from records maintained by all agricultural Revenue circles officer in IndapurTahasil. 8.2 Revenue circle wise Distribution of Greenhouse Technology The establishment of greenhouse technology on commercial basis was initiated by innovative farmers in 2001 in Sansar Revenue circle. The rest of the region was however, unknown about such improved technology. Table-8.1 Revenue circle wise Distribution of Greenhouses Sr. No. Revenue circle Years No of Total 2001 2011 Village involved 1 Indapur -- 3 2 3 2 Bhigwane -- -- -- -- 3 LoniDevkar -- -- -- -- 4 NimgaonKetki -- 2 2 2 5 Kati -- -- -- -- 6 Bawda -- -- -- -- 7 Anthurne -- 4 1 3 8 Sansar 1 -- -- -- 1 9 5 8 Source- Complied by the Researcher based on field work and Taluka Agricultural Office, Indapur, Taluka- Indapur.2013

The years 2001 witnessed only one greenhouse showing very slow growth. Upto year 2011 green house technology spread in 5 villages accounting for 9 in number in Revenue circle of Indapur (3), NimgaonKetki (2) and Anthurne (4). Anthurne Revenue

Fig.8.1 It is observed that no anyone Greenhouse is found in remaining Revenue circles. Farmers are interested about more area under sugarcane cultivation and less awareness about the greenhouse in IndapurTahasil. The Revenue circle of Anthurne (4) has shown considerable increase in the number up to time of 2011. The increase in the number can be attributed to growing awareness and interaction among the farmers, dense network of efficient and quick transportation, subsidies and loan facilities available through cooperatives. Besides this, there are many proposals which can lead to an increasing number in year to come as the farmers have become aware of the qualitative production and maximization of their returns. Problems of Greenhouse Technology The problems of greenhouse technology have been recorded during interviews and discussions held with the farmers due to following problems. The numbers of greenhouses are considerably decreasing in investigation period of 2001 to 2011. The farmers facing which problems they could be briefly discuss hear 1) Fluctuations of prices Prices fluctuations and overall declining trend of market prices has resulted into considerable monetary loss of farmers. Many times the amount received by them is not sufficient to compensate the cost of production. 2) High cost of production High cost of production always requires specific market where it receives substantial prices. These markets are few in number and they are located far from the region of production. So the cost of production and transportation cost goes very high and these are not profitable to farmers. 3) Products are depends on foreign markets

In foreign markets there is always fear of rejecting the produce because specifications required are not met by our farmers. when agricultural produce is rejected it leads to heavy loss of farmers. 4) High charges of Electricity For electricity consumption Gh 2 type greenhouse are considered equal to that of industry. Therefore rates of industries are charged to these greenhouses. As a result, the cost of production has been increased considerably. 5) Scientific knowledge about Greenhouse and other factor In general, the common cultivators suffer from the lack of proper information and scientific knowledge regarding various factors like construction, materials, market, availability of tissue cultured plants financial facilities, government subsidies and other incentives etc. Thus, stable market facilities, with an assured price level, quick and efficient transportation, with foreign market out latest is essential to stabilize such emerging farm technology. Advantages of Greenhouse Technology There Are Following Advantages of GreenhouseTechnology a) Higher yields can be realized intensive production per unit area. b) High quality produce c) Minimized cases of diseases d) Market timing for optimum profit e) Production levels may be maintained all the year round. f) Other warm season crops may be grown throughout the year.

8.3 Economy Of Crops In Greenhouse And Outside On Mulching Paper: A Micro Level Study: Greenhouse has provided suitable form of technology to the specific crops. It is clear from the fact that all the crops cannot be grown in the greenhouses due to the high cost incurred for the creation of controlled environment. In order to assess the returns received to farmers in and outside the green houses, a comparative analysis of capsicum a popular vegetable item, has been selected in the present analysis for this sample study is attempted which may give the representative picture of the region under study. The selection is based on random sampling technique. The greenhouse has owned by Shri. KashinathSonawane at Kalas in Anthurne Revenue circle. Occupies 5R (0.05) area cultivated area devoted to capsicum. The same crop occupying 5 R (0.05) outside the greenhouse by another farmer Shri. NitinShende in the varkute (kh) village in NimgaonKetki Revenue circle has been selected for comparative analysis. An assessment of cost of production, consisting of various aspects of inputs is attempted. They are 1) Material cost Material cost included different inputs like seed, fertilizers and pesticides in and outside the greenhouse. Table 8.2 reveals that the cost for seeds in and outside the greenhouse is Rs. 3200 and Rs.2100 respectively accounting for absolute difference of Rs. 1100. In fact, tissue plants are sued in the greenhouse whereas traditional seedlings are used for outside the greenhouse. A single tissue sutured plants costs about 2 Rs. in case of greenhouse. The cost for fertilizers and pesticides, accounts for Rs. 35000 and Rs. 7000 with absolute difference of Rs. 28000. The cost for fertilizer and pesticide at both places varies significantly. In order to maintain healthy atmosphere and to control diseases of plants pesticide are used frequently in the greenhouse. Similarly timely doses of fertilizers are given to plants in large quantity as compared to crop grown in open field. This leads to increasing cost for crop in greenhouse. 2) Electricity Bill

During growing season, energy charges for greenhouse are Rs. 9000 and for open field Rs. 4500 with little difference of Rs. 4500. Especially in GH-2 category where fan-pad system is adopted to maintain temperature, the energy charges are further increased (Table 8.2). 3) Transport Charges The production of capsicum, for green house requires special markets located at a far distance viz. Pune, Mumbai. This leads to increasing transportation cost. Table 8.2 reveals that Rs. 5500 are required for transporting greenhouse product whereas for open field crop, it amounts Rs. 2500 as it is sold in the nearby local markets. 4) Labour charges The cost of human labour in greenhouses is always more Rs. 27000 than the open farm Rs. 16000. The farmer, with a few labors can arrange different operations. For every item of controlled system laborers in increasing number are required. This leads to the increase in the labour cost. Beside this, daily wages paid to labors in greenhouse are higher than the outside. 5) Repairing and Maintenance cost The cost for maintenance and repairing equipment like pumps, sprayers and others in greenhouse are Rs. 10000 per season, for open filed, sprayers are rarely used and for irrigation pumps Rs. 7000 are incurred with the difference of Rs. 3000. In case of green house installment of Rs. 15000 per season is paid as the finance is given by banks for construction of greenhouse, other charges include packing with Rs. 2000 and 1000 respectively.

Table 8.2 A Comparative analysis of input cost (Rs) for Capsicum inside and outside of the Greenhouses in IndapurTahasil. Sr. Particulars of input Type of Area under Type of farm No. cost crop crop ( 5 R) Green house Open field Cost difference 1 Cost for seeds 3200 2100 1100 2 Fertilizer and pesticide 35000 7000 28000 3 Labour cost capsicum 0.05 27000 16000 11000 4 Energy charges 9000 4500 4500 5 Transportation cost 5500 2500 3000 6 Maintenance cost 10000 7000 3000 7 Interest on loan 15000 00 15000 8 Other charges 2000 1000 1000 Total input 106700 39200 67500 Total output 250000 105000 145000 Net profit 143300 65800 77500 Source: Compiled by researcher on field work, 2013. 6) Total input cost Table 8.2 reveals the fact that item wise cost of production for greenhouse is more with total Rs. 106700 than open field crop i.e. Rs. 39200 with the difference of Rs. 145000. Further, the production cost is increased in case of GH- 2 type greenhouses particularly for energy maintenance and repairing charges. In the open field input cost

is Rs. 39200 which is low per unit area (5 R). The production of capsicum of greenhouse is always qualitative in shape size which is mainly preferred by star hotelsand higher income group people. For this specific market like Pune, Baramati in the present region has been preferred by the farmers. Capsicum inside of Greenhouse

Photo Plate No. - 8.1 7) Net profit Above analysis it is clear that the cost of production of capsicum is higher in green house than in the open field for the same unit area. The per unit production is 5000 kg. and 3000 kg. respectively. The minimum market price of greenhouse production is Rs. 50 per kg. due to its quality as compared to Rs. 35 per kg. for open field produce. The total output cost for greenhouse produce goes up to Rs. 250000 where as open field accounts Rs. 105000. The Net profit received from greenhouse are Rs. 143300 and from open mulching paper field Rs. 65800 to Shri. Sonawane and Shri. Shende respectively for the same crop from the same unit area (5R) during the season (9 month). But owing to certain limitations greenhouse technology cannot be adopted for all the crops. Section - II Cold Storage Technology 8.5 Introduction India is the largest producer of fruits and second largest producer of vegetables in the world. In Spite of that per capita availability of fruits and vegetables is quite low because post harvest losses which account for about 25 percent to 30 percent of production. Besides, quality of a sizable quantity of produce also deteriorates by the time of the time it reaches the consumer. This is mainly because of perishable nature of the produce which requires a cold chain arrangement to maintain the quality and extend the shelf- life if consumption is not meant immediately after harvest. Cold storage is a special kind of room, the temperature of which is kept very low with the help of machines and precision instruments. India is having a unique geographical position and wide range of

soil, thus producing variety of fruits and vegetables like apple, grapes, orange, potatoes, chilies, ginger, pomegranate etc. Cold storage is essential for extending the shelf life, period of marketing, avoiding slut. Reducing transport bottlenecks during peak period of production and maintenance of quality of produce. According to a rough estimate 25 % of fruits and vegetables worth corers of rupees are spoiled every year for want of adequate post harvest technologies including cold storages. It is therefore necessary that cold storage are to be constructed in major producing well as consuming centers. The development of cold storage industry has therefore an important role to play in reducing the wastages of the perishable commodities and thus providing remunerative prices to the growers. In the absence of a cold storage and related could chain facilities, the farmers are being forced to sell their produce immediately after harvest which results in glut situations, and transportation costs what to talk of the cost of production or profit. As a result, our production is not getting stabilized and the farmers after burning fingers in one crop switch over to another crop in the subsequent year and the vicious cycle continues. Our farmers continue to remain poor event through they take risk of cultivating high value fruits and vegetables crops year after year. Cold storage facility accessible to them will go a long way in removing the risk of distress sale to ensure better returns. A cold storage unit incorporates a refrigeration system to maintain the desired room environment for the commodities to be stored i.e. A) refrigeration system and (b) vapors compression system. Singh, G.N. (1987) has defined storage as the process of holding and preserving goods from the time they are produced until they are needed for consumption or use. The storage is a component of human foresight by means of which commodities are protected from deterioration and surplus supplies are carried over for future consumption in season of scarcity. Storage invests good with time utility and with place utility as determined by location (G.N. Singh, R.I. Shingh, 1987). The conditions which make it necessary to hold goods are of two general parts. The first of these is to adjust supply and demand for products that are produced or consumed seasonally. Secondly, the holding of goods over a short period of time is determined by temporary

market conditions and by the short-time problems of relating supply to demand. Certain goods are stored because with the passage of time they are improved in quality and fetch better prices. Today with the use of various technologies and adopting modern innovations the production and its cost has been increased. Beside, the prices for final product are decreased at the level that farmers are unable to sell his product in the market. The storage facilities are useful under such situation. The cold storage technology is essential to preserve either perishable or final agricultural commodity for long duration under controlled temperature conditions. Under such situation so as to preserve these commodities till they farmer can get fair prices. Cold storage technology requires heavy capital outlay individual cannot afford such venture. There is only one cold storage in IndapurTahasil. Maharashtra State Agricultural and marketing Board established such technology in IndapurTahasil for storing Banana and pomegranate. In view of this the present study therefore analyses the spatial distribution of cold storage and to assess the characteristics of cold storage in IndapurTahasil for the present analysis both primary and secondary data have been used. The primary data have been generated from interview and secondary data obtained from the records maintained by Taluka Agricultural office, Indapur. 8.6 Characteristics of cold storages:- The cold storage technology requires huge capital investment it would be pertinent to examine it characteristics including its structure, temperature controlling, electricity consumption and other important features. The name of such technology in IndapurTahasil is Fruits and vegetables export Facility center. It is established in 9 th Dec 2007 with average capacity of 100 MT. The total expenditure, including the construction of temperature controlling system, electric Pump, generator etc. is nearly Rs. 1.70 crore. (Table-8.3)

The running cost per annume consisting of electricity bill, salaries, chemical and maintenance is about Rs. 4.82 Lakh. The Maharashtra State Agricultural and Marketing Board, Pune gives such cold storage to farmers on per month rent basis. The rent of this cold storage is per month Rs. 20,000 for 25 tones. It is interesting to note that the Banana and Pomegranate fruits are kept in cold storage for long duration ranging from one month to a year. Such long duration helps to improve the quantity of fruits. The farmers therefore get more satisfactory returns for their products. Table 8.3 Fix and Running costs of Fruits and vegetable export facility center (cold storage) Indapur. Sr. No. Particulars Cost in Rs. Fixed cost 1 Construction of cold storage 82,000,00 2 Temperature controlling Equipments and Electric pumps 78,000,00 3 Generator 10,000,00 Total 170,000,00 Running cost in Rs. Per Annum 4 Maintenance 2,12,000 5 Electricity Bill 1,20,000 6 Salaries of servants 1,50,000 Total 4,82000

Source Maharashtra State Agricultural and Marketing Board, Pune (2013) IndapurTahasil has emerged out recently as Banana and Pomogranate zone. After maturity of these fruits they are sold in local regional and interstate markets for direct consumption. However, these fruits growers are recently turned towards the cold storage facilities as well as market facilities. At the present situation Banana and Pomogranate is exported in Europ and Iran country respectively by this cold storage center of IndapurTahasil. 1.8 Summary I) Recently IndapurTahasil is an emerging part of the district of Pune in state of Maharashtra. In IndapurTahasil 9 green house are recorded from 2001 to 2011, large amount of capital investment has become major constraint to common farmers to adopt this technology. The last ten years (2001-2011) have witnessed the growth in the number of greenhouse from 1 to 9 respectively. The regional pattern shows uneven distribution of greenhouses. More concentration of greenhouses are observed in Anthurne Revenue circle. Anthurne Revenue circle is progressive part due to its extensive grape cultivation and innovative nature of farmers. there are no any greenhouses are observed in Bhigwan, LoniDeokar, Kati, Bawda and Sansar Revenue circles due to the farmers are unknown about such technology and more interest regarding sugarcane cultivation. The analysis of crop economy gives an idea regarding the net returns received to farmers from the given a real unit. Further comparative analysis of the net returns of the same crops viz. chilly (capsicum) both from greenhouse and outside on mulching paper is an important indicator for understanding the important role played by improved technology. The net returns of greenhouse owner are nearly two the three times more than the farmers practicing on mulching field farming of the same crop from given unit. Thus in the forgoing analysis greenhouse technology of farming that can be proved to be

beneficial. If correct information and proper scientific knowledge is given to farmers the region offers good expectation regarding by greenhouse technology. II) Recently introduction of cold storage technology is an important step of modern agriculture of IndapurTahasil.Cold storage technology requires heavy capital outlay individual cannot afford such venture. There is only one cold storage in IndapurTahasil. Maharashtra State Agricultural and marketing Board established such technology in IndapurTahasil for storing Banana and pomegranate.it is established in 9 th Dec 2007 with average capacity of 100 MT.The name of such technology in IndapurTahasil is Fruits and vegetables export Facility center. The IndapurTahasil has emerged out recently as pomegranate and Banana growing zoneat the present situation pomegranate and Banana is exported in Europe and Iran country respectively by this cold storage center of IndapurTahasil. References Jadhav, M.G. and Patil, P.V. (1998): Greenhouse Technology of farming in sangli District (Maharashtra): A Geogtaphical Analysis, National Geographical Jounal of India, Vol-44 pts-1-4, Pp- 154-161. MahetrasD.V. (1998): Greenhouse construction Speech delivered in the seminar organized by UGC at S.M. PatilMahavidhyalayaAkluj. Patil, P.V. (2002): Geographical Analysis of Agricultural Technology in SangliDistrict. Ph.DThesis Submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Pp- 276-300. Paul Nelson (1985): Greenhouse Operation and Management, Reston Publishing, Virginia. P- 35.

Shinde, T.P. (2002): Changing Agricultural Technology In Satara District: A Geographical Perspectiv, A Ph.d Thesis submitted to the Shivaji University, Kolohapur.