Pumped Storage - The Proven Grid Scale Storage Solution Presented to: NWPCC GRAC Committee January 27, 2015
Presentation Agenda Part 1 Variable Energy Resources Integration Challenges The Need for Grid Flexibility Pumped Storage Overview Discussion of Technology Capital and O&M cost elements Pacific NW potential sites
Three Interrelated Challenge Provision of Balancing Services How can wind variability be managed in a reliable, efficient manner while recognizing the limits on the region s hydro flexibility and the need for dependable capacity? Oversupply How can high hydro/high wind/limited load conditions be reliably and equitably managed? System Flexibility How much is there now, how much will be needed?
Bulk and Distributed Energy Storage Technologies
Pumped Storage Information & Characteristics µs ms s min hours days Power Quality Bridging Power Energy Management Transmission bottlenecks Scheduling / economics / emissions Grid faults / stability Renewables - intermittency Grid harmonics Conventional PS Units Advanced Conventional PS Units Variable Speed & Ternary PS Units Time scale Equipment Response Time & Grid Benefits
Why Energy Storage? Attenuates generation volatility and physical availability risks Aligns peak generation to peak loads Reduces imbalance due to scheduling challenges Moderates transmission congestion and improves system reliability Enables further penetration of variable generating resources
Energy Storage Technologies Current Landscape/Installed Capacity EPRI Energy Storage Technology Options Report 1020676, 2010
Pumped Storage footprint in terms of batteries
Existing U.S. Pumped Storage Projects Proven and Prolific
Pumped Storage Load Following, Balancing and Reserves 2000 20000 1500 18000 16000 2000 MW of Inc and Dec Reserves 1000 Megawatts 500 0-500 0:00 0:43 1:26 2:09 2:52 3:35 4:18 5:01 5:44 6:27 7:10 7:53 8:36 9:19 10:02 10:45 11:28 12:11 12:54 13:37 14:20 15:03 15:46 16:29 17:12 17:55 18:38 19:21 20:04 20:47 21:30 22:13 22:56 23:39 14000 12000 Megawatts 10000 8000 6000-1000 4000 2000-1500 Bad Creek Jocassee Load 0
Pumped Storage Offsets Peak System Loads Duke Energy Carolinas Generation by Type 14000 Substantial Portfolio Optimization 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 12/11/06 12/12/06 12/13/06 12/14/06 12/15/06 12/16/06 12/17/06 12/18/06-2000 Duke-Carolinas System mw Nuclear, Coal, & CT mw Total Hydro mw Total CT Flattening the Intermittent Demand Curve with Pumped Storage and Hydro
CAISO s Duck Curve Most significant capacity/ramping impacts will likely be seen in Southern CA (largest loads plus daily solar ramp) CAISO s market structure designed to spread impacts across grid, but local constraints must be addressed (e.g., transmission, capacity, oversupply)
Load, Wind, and Solar Profiles Base Scenario
The Need for Flexibility
BPA Load and Thermal
Hydro and Wind
8000 7000 BPA Load Hydro Interchange Wind Thermal 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 10/1/12 18:00 10/2/12 0:00 10/2/12 6:00 10/2/12 12:00 10/2/12 18:00 Load/Generation (MW)
Historic BPA Demand Load and Wind Power 6,250 MW's Projected Wind Interconnection Net Load of Tomorrow???
Simulated 1,600 MW Project X Pumped Storage Dispatch Schedule PS Pump (-) and Gen (+) in MW 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0-500 -1,000-1,500-2,000 Jun 10 Jun 9 Jun 8 Jun 7 Jun 6 Jun 5 Jun 4 Jun 3 PS Pump (MW) PS Gen (MW) Traditional Pumped Storage Dispatch with Rapid Response
Historic BPA Load, Simulated Approximately 6,000 MW Projected Wind Interconnection and FCRPS Re-Dispatch due to Pumped Storage 8,000 Generation and Load (MW) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Jun 10 Jun 9 Jun 8 Jun 7 Jun 6 Jun 5 Jun 4 Jun 3 Original Load (MW) Wind Generation (MW) FCRPS Generation w/ no Pumped Storage (MW) FCRPS Generation w/ Pumped Storage A System Operator s Dream Come True!
Hydroelectric Pumped Storage What is it? Efficient Energy Shifting Strategic Flexibility Grid Stability Services. How does it work? During periods of low power demand, water is pumped from the lower lake to the upper lake. During high demand periods, water from the upper reservoir is passed through turbines to generate power. Power settings can be adjusted rapidly to provide ancillary services. Key Differentiator: Pumped Storage is a System Operations/Transmission tool
Key Qualities of Modern Pumped Storage Facilities Closed Loop No On Stream Reservoirs High Round-Trip Efficiency 80% + Significant Ramping Rates 10 MW/sec + High Capacity 500 MW - 1,300 MW High Energy 6- to 12-hour ponds = 10,000+MWh Fast Response Seconds to Minutes Incremental and Decremental Reserves
Pump-Turbines Three Modes of Operation
Future Pumped Storage - Dinorwig Plant Capabilities Fast mode changes and start-up times High ramping rates 15 MW/second per unit 40,000 mode changes per year (any combo below) 6 Hour reservoir capacity Recognized need for high reliability and availability Spin Gen <3m <30s <12s 6m 6m Shut Down <90s Generate Dinorwig Mode Change Times <3m 7m 6m <3m Spin Pump <30s Pump <30s
Advantages of Single and Variable Speed Pumped Storage Units Single Speed Pump-Turbine Proven technology with multiple suppliers Lower equipment cost by ~30% Smaller powerhouse size Lower O&M costs Shorter project schedule Variable Speed Pump-Turbine Wide head range operation Flatter and higher generating performance curve Regulation in pumping cycle ±20% in power Wider generating operating range
Snapshot of Pumped Storage Globally Pumped Storage Projects Under Construction (MW) 10,453 MW Worldwide Totaling 45 PS Units CHINA JAPAN SWITZERLAND SOUTH AFRICA RUSSIA SPAIN KOREA SOUTH AUSTRIA PORTUGAL UNITED STATES Pump Storage Units in Operation (MW) by Country/Continent 127,961MW Worldwide Totaling 922 PS Units 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 - Oceania Latin America Russia & CIS Middle East & Africa India North America China Asia w/o China & India Europe
Proposed New Pumped Storage Projects
Summary of Capacity Identified in Studies C-1 through C-4 Study Project Name State C-1 Capacity (MW) See Report, Large Number of Studies Nationwide N/A ----- C-2 John Day Pool WA 1300 C-2 Swan Lake OR 600 C-3 Crab Creek (varies by size) WA 69-392 C-3 C-3 Sand Hollow Creek WA 285 Hawk Creek (varies by size) WA 237-1136 C-3 Foster Creek WA 300-1100 C-4 John Day Pool (duplicate, also cited in C-2) WA ----- C-4 Swan Lake North OR 600 C-4 Brown s Canyon WA 1000 C-4 Banks Lake Pumped Storage North Banks Lake WA 1000 C-4 Banks Lake Pumped Storage South Banks Lake WA 1040 C-4 Lorella (Klamath County) OR 1000 C-4 Gordon Butte MT 400 C-4 Yale-Merwin WA 255
Capitol Cost ($/kw) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 Capital Cost Comparison Comparison of Estimated Capital Cost in 2010 US $/kw- for Technologies Capable of 20 hrs of Storage or Longer NOTE: Costs presented are for 20 hours of energy storage 1000 0 CAES (100 MW) Lead-acid Battery (10 MW) Pumped Storage (1000 MW) Super Capacitor (100 MW) Flywheel (100 MW) Note: Pumped Hydro and Pumped Hydro (Var Speed: O&M and Financed Capitol Cost are estimated by HDR DTA. All other options are derived from data from Makarov, Y. et al. "Wide-Area Energy Storage and Management System to Balance Intermittent Resources in the Bonneville Power Administration and California ISO Control Areas." Table 3.2.Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, June 2008.
1800 Life Cycle Costs - $/kw-yr g ( g ) 1600 1400 Annual Cost ($/kw-yr) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Compressed Air Energy Sources Pumped HydroPumped Hydro (Var. Speed) Regenesys Na/S Lead Acid Batteries (flooded cell) Lead-acid Battery (VRLA) Zn/Br Ni/CD Financed Capital Cost Fuel Cost Electricity Cost O&M Cost Replacement Cost Note: Pumped Hydro and Pumped Hydro (Var Speed : O&M and Financed Capitol Cost are estimated by HDR DTA. All other options are derived from Schoenung, S. and Hassenzahl, "Long vs.. Short Term Energy Storage Technologies Analysis- A Life Cycle Cost" Sandia National Laboratories, Sandia Report August 2003.
Pumped Storage Economics Licensing Cost Range up to $15 to $20 million per license over the next 4 to 5 years Installed Cost Range: $2,000 kw to $3,000 kw ($2 billion to $3 billion for a 1,000 MW facility) O&M Costs: Fixed Costs Range: $10 million to $15 million/year Variable Cost Range: ~$1.00/MWh 31
California Pumped Storage Update Iowa Hill 400 MW Eagle Mountain 1400 MW