Passive & Energy Efficient Design Assistance Report for Proposed Hospital Complex Manipal Health System at Pitampura, New Delhi ARCH-MEDES (I) CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD. Green Park Delhi Prepared By (Low Carbon Consultant) Global Evolutionary Energy Design, Nadvis, D-15 Abul Fazal Enclave Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025, M +91 9873588571, O +91 011 26957717 E Mail: smhadil@gmail.com, Disclaimer: The entire report is based on certain assumptions which are listed in the different sections of the report; standard procedures have been employed for calculation of different information entities. These methodologies can be referred from internationally approved documents. Large data handling and complex mathematical calculation leave space for probable errors of which the consultant takes no warranty, though efforts have been made to minimize errors and anomalies.
Preface Table of Contents Page 2 1. Questions Addressed in the Report 2. Introduction 3. Weather Data & Design Condition 4. Building Energy Modeling - Building Envelop Optimization 4.1. Results 5. Transient Thermal Behavior of the building 5.1. Results 6. Sun Shading Analysis 6.1. Results 7. Shading Device Design 7.1. Results 8. Day Light Modeling 8.1. Results 9. Solar Isolation Analysis 9.1. Results 10. Wind Analysis 10.1. Results 11. Spatial Comfort Analysis 11.1. Results 12. Psychometric Analysis 12.1. Results 13. Results & Conclusion 14. Appendix 1 - Transient Thermal Behavior 15. Appendix 2 - Building energy Modeling 16. Appendix 3 - Avg. Daily Total on each external façade (Wh/m2 ) 17. Appendix 4 - Direct Radiation-Avg. Daily Direct (Wh/m2) 18. Appendix 5 - Avg. Daily Diffuse on each external Façade (Wh/m2) 19. Appendix 6 - Diffuse Fraction on landscaped area(wh/m2) 20. Appendix 7 - Avg, Daily PAR on landscaped area 21. Appendix 8 - Avg. Daily Direct on Landscaped Area(Wh/m2)
22. Appendix 9 - Avg. Daily Total on Landscaped Area (Wh/m2) 23. Appendix 10 - Monthly Spatial Comfort 24. Appendix 11 - Monthly Sun Shadow Range 25. Appendix 12 - Avg. Wind Frequency (Hrs) 26. Appendix 13 - Avg. Wind Temperature (C) 27. Appendix 14 - Avg. Relative Humidity (%) 28. Appendix 15 - Daylight modeling 29. Appendix 16 - Design of Shading Device 30. Appendix 17 - Psychometric Analysis Page 3
Preface Page 4 This report is prepared by Global Evolutionary Energy Design GEED India to assist in the best case energy design of Hospital facility building s for Manipal Health System at Pitampura, New Delhi INDIA. The report contains results, recommendations and methodology followed in energy analysis of the proposed building Report is primarily based on information provided by Architect and HVAC consultants. The proposed building was analyzed using Dynamic Thermal Modeling and hourly energy simulation using Energy Plus as an calculation engine to explore opportunities for energy savings in envelop and orientation, and to enhance the thermal comfort of the occupants. The proposed site comprises of 5 building i.e. hospital, ayurvedic hospital, hotel, accommodation block and a 4 floor parking structure. The envelop optimization part is calculated with hospital taking the proposed fabrics and condition as a base case. The aim of the study is to analyze the passive design of the proposed site and by performing various simulations like lighting; solar isolation and sun shading etc to support the decision and select best suitable material by optimizing the initial capital with operational losses. The report presents analysis of several different materials and envelop options. This Draft Report which only indicate the relative saving and the points need discussion before they are finally included in the Proposed Building design.
1 Questions Addressed in the Report Page 5 Following question would be addressed in the current report. 1. What is the impact of different wall and roof material on annual energy use? 2. What is the impact of different glazing on annual energy use? 3. What is the impact of shading on annual energy use? 4. What is the optimum dimension of window shade in vertical as well as horizontal plane, required to be installed to saving window from incident solar heat gain in typical summer days. 5. What is the amount of day light, i.e. day light factor, Lux level with in the occupancy space due to presence of windows natural light. 6. What is the level of solar insolation attacking on each façade and roofs 7. What is the amount of solar insolation available in the open landscaped area? 8. How does the buildings heat load profile would vary on the design day? 9. What is the value of typical heat balance component in this building and how are they varying on design day thermal simulation. 10. What is the wind profile for the location, can this be harvested in any form for ventilation of open spaces. 11. What types of climate exist at site and what are the possibilities of doing energy efficiency measure during operation stage? 12. What is the rating of spatial comfort on the landscaped and internal areas?
2 Introduction Page 6 This report presents the results of an analysis of energy efficiency consequences for main hospital complex. It is a 31000 m 2 hospital consisting of 8 floors and about 15 % of window to wall ratio on the each facade. The objective of this study is to assess the energy and cost benefits associated with energy-efficient design features focusing on the design and envelope specifications. The study primarily asses the cost benefit of using different type of high performance glazing for efficient façade design. This analysis determine the energy use impact of several energy efficiency measures (EEM) and recommends enhancements to the proposed design budget case model. Estimates for occupancy and schedules were obtained from the standard practice, design team and incorporated into the analysis. Figure 3a: the South East view of the Thermal model For energy savings and cooling calculation a wide range of individual energy conservation measures (ECM) such as envelope (Insulation for walls, roof, floors), windows shadings, were observed. To arrive at the recommended package of measures, total electrical energy consumption for each ECM was compared to the normal and budget case and net energy savings in KWh and cost associated with each of the measures is evaluated. Estimates for occupancy and schedules were obtained from the design team and incorporated into the analysis. Following are different occupancy assigned to various areas. See Appendix for details of the schedules used. Apart from this numbers such as solar insolation level, and wind speed and sun shading possibilities were also looked in details
3 Weather Data and Design Conditions Page 7 Location : South Delhi Latitude ( o N) : 28 6' Longitude ( o E) : 77 2' Altitude (m) : 300 WMO Station : 421820 Chart 1. Sun Path Diagram for Delhi
Page 8 Recorded at Indra Gandhi International Airport weather file in the TMY2 format was used in simulation model. Following table shows the ISHRAE design dry bulb and wet bulb conditions for Delhi. Table 1 ISHRAE Design Temperatures for Delhi I Design Temperatures Dry Bulb Mean Coincident Wet Bulb 0.4% 42 22.1 1% 40.6 22.6 2% 39.3 22.8 Chart 2. Design Temperature for Delhi The climate type for the location of subject house is "4B" (ASHRAE Standards 90.1-2004 and 90.2-2004 Climate Zone) Mixed Dry, Probable Köppen classification=bsk/bwh/h, Semiarid Mid Latitude/Arid Subtropical/Highlands with 2721 annual cooling degree-days (18 C baseline) and 278 annual heating degree-days (18 C baseline). This kind of climate has to be designed for efficient cooling.
4 Building Energy Modeling Page 9 Building performance for all measures was evaluated using Energy plus 2.0 and allied software programs. This program uses the discrete event simulation technique for evaluating energy-use and peak demand on an hourly or sub hourly basis. The subject building was divided as one zone per every floor. This is done as the concern was only to asses the envelop at this point of the time. The geometry representing the thermal envelop was created in CAD environment. The windows and façade were created in the form required to represent the control volume. Then proposed case material has been assigned and thermal properties etc were gathered from catalogs. This creates the thermal replica of the building which is a scaled model for the proposed building. The simulations were made to run for different options listed in Appendix 2. where the charts and the table are shown. 4.1 Results the results are depicted in Appendix 2, chart 2.1 to 2.5, the results are showing saving from proposed case when different option of envelop are considered. Maximum of 7 % saving can be achieved by implementing all the measures 5 Transient Thermal Behavior Heat Balance The transient thermal behavior of the building depicts the hourly heat load or heat balance characteristics of the building envelop. The analysis is useful in optimizing the building thermal behavior in early design stage or for verification of heat load at post commissioning or installation stage. It is also useful in sizing of plant equipment. The general procedure of calculating the transient thermal behavior is quit complex and it involves creating a calibrated energy model for the building. This building energy model contains comprehensive thermal definitions of building fabric, occupancy and schedules with factor related to thermal capacities and inertia associated with the building operation. 5.1 Results The results are listed in Appendix 1, chart 1.1, where the entire heat balance components are plotted on hourly basis.
6 Sun Shading Analysis Page 10 In climate such as northern India especially Delhi, it is important to realize, that meaning of comfort is cooling, and cooling is the only process that cost more than any other process in building operation. This usually imply in passive design or design by which the energy flow from sun can be utilized in a useful way. On an average sun s radiation reach at any horizontal plane in Delhi is 600 Watt/m 2. The analysis would serve as guidance to the architects to understand the suns reach and accordingly do block placement and design landscape etc. The analysis actually deals with the sun path movement and surfaces that obstruct the incoming suns ray at any given point of time in a year. So the geometry and the form that building have is important to be replicated in the digital model which is a cad environment. Then this information is modeled for sun s location and its reach on the surfaces and windows etc. 6.1 Results The shadow range are depicted in Appendix 11, chart 11.1 to chart 11.12, these chart show the possible range on shadows cast on the plane by the sun in that latitude ad longitude. 7 Design of Shading Device A complete glass building in Delhi would be nothing but a green house which actually accumulate the sun s heat that has to be extracted by a HVAC system, an intelligent design would be a design that make effort to substantially reduce the green house effect within the building envelop, the measure are to shade the windows in such a way that they don t allow the infra red radiation to enter in the building by design it self. There can be two procedures for achieving this goal, 1. Use of high performance glazing or 2. The use of static or dynamic shading devices. 7.1 Results The results are listed in Appendix 16 and chart 16.1, 16.2 and 16.3. the shading device are calculated for each south facing façade for the months of April to august.
8 Lighting Simulation Page 11 Lighting simulation is nothing but calculation of daylight factors and day light levels either within the occupant space or out side occupant space. The basis of simulation is the designed sky lux levels which in our case taken to be 8500 Lux. Considering a 10% to 15% reflectivity of the walls and facades the calculation were done. 8.1 Results Results are shown in appendix 15 charts 15.1 9 Solar Insolation (Exposure) Analysis This is an important aspect of design. Solar insolation analysis would give an idea of the availability of different fraction of solar radiations. This intern let us understand the ability of the system to harness the sun s energy. In the form of solar water heaters, solar dryers and solar photovoltaic systems. 9.1 Results The results are shown in Appendix 3 rd,4 th,5 th,6 th,7 th,8 th and 9 th. where average daily total radiation, average daily diffused radiation, average daily direct, average daily PAR, and diffused fraction on landscaped area are depicted. 10 Wind Analysis The prevailing wind, its direction, frequency of occurrence, temperature and humidity are quit repetitive if observed in an annual cycle. Keeping this fact in mind the passive structure can be design or the landscape area can be evolved with certain feature which are actively or passively using these natural elements to impart better and low energy intensive comfort to the space 10.1 Results The results are shown in Appendix 12 th, 13 th and 14 th, where average wind frequency, average wind temperature, and average relative humidity with direction are shown respectively. 11 Psychometric Analysis In this analysis the representative hourly weather data of the location is overlaid on a psychometric chart then the process of heating, cooling, dehumidification and evaporative cooling option are identified and possibility of passive system can be assessed. 11.1 Results The results are displayed in Appendix 17, chart 17.1
12 Spatial Comfort Analysis Page 12 Spatial Comfort analysis help develop an understanding of percentage satisfaction and dissatisfaction at any given time. In the current analysis the radiant temperature is plotted which represent the monthly average data for the site. 12.1 Results The results are shown in Appendix 10, chart 10.1 to 10.12. Where prevailing monthly value of spatial comfort are shown.
Page 13 13 Appendix 1- Transient Thermal Behavior Chart 1.1. Hourly Heat balance (transient thermal simulation) of the design day.
14 Appendix 2 Building Energy Modeling Page 14 Case Description Type DHW (KWh) General Electricity(KWh) System/Plant Miscellaneous(KWh) Boiler( Space heating)(kwh) Chillers(KWh) Total Electricity(KWh) Saving from each individual measure w.r.t. proposed case (%) Cumulative Saving from Proposed Case (%) Case Specification Proposed Case Proposed 6944857 2865242 3748823 203010 10336800 13202040 0.0 0.0 Simple case proposed at the initial stage, for creating the base line Case - 1 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Typical Reference 6944857 2865242 3748823 111642 10149580 13014820 1.4 1.4 this case is with insulated wall and roof, which is typically practices. Case - 2 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Energy Code 6944857 2865242 3748823 68107 10039620 12904860 0.8 2.3 Case - 3 (Glazing option 1) Typical Glazing 6944857 2865242 3748823 59212 9941246 12806490 0.7 3.0 this case is representing the compliance criteria of ECBC 2007 India this case is representing the energy use of typically used glazing Case - 4 (Glazing option 2) Energy Code 6944857 2865242 3748823 58532 9749458 12614700 1.5 4.4 Case - 5 (Shading 1) Internal Blinds 6944857 2865242 3748823 59743 9714526 12579770 0.3 4.7 this case represent the energy consequences of energy code standard glazing option this case represent the energy consequences of using the internal blind for reducing the sun gain Case - 6 (Shading 2) External Shading 6944857 2865242 3748823 63382 9339375 12204620 2.8 7.6 this case represent the Energy consequences of using the external shades for reducing the glare and sun gain Note : Saving of 1% energy Electrical use corresponds to the saving of (INR) 8 lakh/ anum Table 2.1. Annual simulation results of different envelop alternative
Page 15 Saving from each individual measure w.r.t. proposed case (%) 3.0 2.8 %Annual Saving 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Proposed Case 1.4 Case - 1 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Saving from each individual measure w.r.t. proposed case (%) 0.8 Case - 2 (Insulated Wall and Roof) 0.7 Case - 3 (Glazing option 1) 1.5 Case - 4 (Glazing option 2) 0.3 Case - 5 (Shading 1) Case - 6 (Shading 2) Case Description Chart 2.2. Annual saving with respect to base case for different envelop alternative Cumulative Saving from Proposed Case (%) 8.0 7.6 Cumulative %Saving 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Proposed Case Cumulative Saving from Proposed Case (%) 1.4 Case - 1 (Insulated Wall and Roof) 2.3 Case - 2 (Insulated Wall and Roof) 3.0 Case - 3 (Glazing option 1) 4.4 Case - 4 (Glazing option 2) 4.7 Case - 5 (Shading 1) Case - 6 (Shading 2) Case Description Chart 2.3. Cumulative annual saving with respect to base case for different envelop alternative
Page 16 DHW (KWh) Boiler( Space hesting)(kwh) Total Heating (KWh) Total Cooling(KWh) Case Descripion Type Proposed Case Proposed 6944857 203010 7147867 10336800 Case - 1 (Insulated Wall Typical and Roof) Reference 6944857 111642 7056499 10149580 Case - 2 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Case - 3 (Glazing 1) Case - 4 (Glazing 2) Case - 5 (Shading 1) Case - 6 (Shading 2) Energy Code 6944857 68107 7012964 10039620 Typcal Glazing 6944857 59212 7004069 9941246 Energy Code 6944857 58532 7003389 9749458 Internal Blinds 6944857 59743 7004600 9714526 External Shading 6944857 63382 7008239 9339375 Table 2.4. Annual energy use breakup for different envelop alternative KWh/Year 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 Cooling & Heating Requirnment (KWh) Total Heating (KWh) Total Cooling(KWh) 10336800 10149580 10039620 9941246 9749458 9714526 9339375 7147867 7056499 7012964 7004069 7003389 7004600 7008239 0 Proposed Case Case - 1 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Case - 2 (Insulated Wall and Roof) Case - 3 (Glazing 1) Case - 4 (Glazing 2) Case - 5 (Shading 1) Case - 6 (Shading 2) Case Description Chart 2.5. Annual cooling and heating requirement for different envelop alternative
Page 17 15 Appendix 3 Avg. Daily Total on each external façade (Wh/m 2 ) Chart 3.1. Wall insolation North West view. Chart 3.2. Wall insolation North east view.
Page 18 Chart 3.3. Wall insolation south West view. Chart 3.4. Wall insolation south east view.
Page 19 Chart 3.1. Roof insolation sky view.
Page 20 16 Appendix 4 - Avg. Daily Direct on each external Facade (Wh/m2) Chart 4.1. Wall insolation South east view. Chart 4.2. Wall insolation North east view.
Page 21 Chart 4.3. Wall insolation North West view. Chart 4.4. Wall insolation South west view.
Page 22 Chart 4.5. Wall insolation Sky view
Page 23 17 Appendix 5- Avg. Daily Diffuse on each external Façade (Wh/m2) Chart 5.1. Wall insolation South west view. Chart 5.2. Wall insolation South east view.
Page 24 Chart 5.3. Wall insolation North east view. Chart 5.4. Wall insolation North West view.
Page 25 Chart 5.5. Insolation Sky view.
18 Appendix 6- Diffuse Fraction on landscaped area(wh/m2) Page 26 Chart 6.1. Solar Insolation- Diffuse Fraction in summer (Wh/m 2 ) Chart 6.2. Solar Insolation - Diffuse Fraction in autumn
Page 27 Chart 6.3. Solar Insolation- Diffuse Fraction Winter Chart 6.4. Solar Insolation- Diffuse Fraction Spring
19 Appendix 7 Avg, Daily PAR on landscaped area Page 28 Chart 7.1 Solar Insolation - Avg. Daily PAR in summer Chart 7.2. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily PAR in autumn
Page 29 Chart 7.3. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily PAR in winter Chart 7.4. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily PAR in spring
20 Appendix 8- Avg. Daily Direct on Landscaped Area(Wh/m2) Page 30 Chart 8.1. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Direct in summer Chart 8.2. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Direct in autumn
Page 31 Chart 8.3. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Direct Winter Chart 8.4. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Direct Spring
21 Appendix 9- Avg. Daily Total on Landscaped Area (Wh/m2) Page 32 Chart 9.1. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Total in summer Chart 9.2. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Total in Autumn
Page 33 Chart 9.3. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Total Winter Chart 9.4. Solar Insolation- Avg. Daily Total Spring
22 Appendix 10- Monthly Spatial Comfort Page 34 Chart 10.1. Comfort Temperature in the month of January Chart 10.2. Comfort Temperature in the month of February
Page 35 Chart 10.3. Comfort Temperature in the month of March Chart 10.4. Comfort Temperature in the month of April
Page 36 Chart 10.5. Comfort Temperature in the month of May Chart 10.6 Comfort Temperature in the month of June
Page 37 Chart 10.7. Comfort Temperature in the month of July Chart 10.8. Comfort Temperature in the month of August
Page 38 Chart 10.9. Comfort Temperature in the month of September Chart 10.10. Comfort Temperature in the month of October
Page 39 Chart 10.11. Comfort Temperature in the month of November Chart 10.12. Comfort Temperature in the month of December
23 Appendix 11 - Monthly Sun Shadow Range Page 40 Chart 11.1. Shadow range in January. Chart 11.2. Shadow range in Fabruary.
Page 41 Chart 11.3. Shadow range in March Chart 11.4. Shadow range in April
Page 42 Chart 11.5. Shadow range in May Chart 11.6. Shadow range in June
Page 43 Chart 11.7. Shadow range in in July. Chart 11.8. Shadow range in August
Page 44 Chart 11.9. Shadow range in September. Chart 11.10. Shadow range in October
Page 45 Chart 11.11. Shadow range in November Chart 11.12. Shadow range in December
24 Appendix 12 - Avg. Wind Frequency (Hrs) Page 46 Chart 12.1. Prevailing winds, Wind frequency (Hrs) 1 st to June to 31 st August Chart 12.2. Prevailing winds, Wind frequency (Hrs) 1 st Sept to 30 st Novenber
Page 47 Chart 12.3. Prevailing winds, Wind frequency (Hrs) 1 st Dec to 28 st Feb Chart 12.4. Prevailing winds, Wind frequency (Hrs) 1 st March to 31 st May
25 Appendix 13- Avg. Wind Temperature (C) Page 48 Chart 13.1. Prevailing winds, Avg Wind Temperature (C) 1 st June to 31 st Aug Chart 13.2. Prevailing winds, Avg Wind Temperature (C) 1 st Sept to 30 st Nov
Page 49 Chart 13.3. Prevailing winds, Avg Wind Temperature (C) 1 st Dec to 28 st Feb Chart 13.4. Prevailing winds, Avg Wind Temperature (C) 1 st March to 31 st May
26 Appendix 14 - Avg. Relative Humidity (%) Page 50 Chart 14.1. Prevailing winds, Avg Relative Humidity (%) 1 st June to 31 st Aug Chart 14.2. Prevailing winds Avg Relative Humidity (%) 1 st Sept to 31 st Nov
Page 51 Chart 14.3. Prevailing winds, Avg. Relative Humidity (C) 1 st Dec to 28 st Feb Chart 14.4. Prevailing winds, Avg. Relative Humidity (C) 1 st March to 31 st May
27 Appendix 15 - Daylight Modeling Page 52 Chart 15.1. Day lighting lux level on the land scape.
28 Appendix 16 - Design of Shading Device Page 53 Chart 16.1. Dimension of South Wall Shading device. The shading has been optimized form Aplril to August
Page 54 Chart 16.2. Dimension of South Wall Shading device toward inner courtyad. The shading has been optimized form Aplril to August
Page 55 Chart 16.3. Dimension of South Wall Shading device. The shading has been optimized form Aplril to August
29 Appendix 17 Psychometric Analysis Page 56 Chart 17.1. Overlay of hourly data on psychrometric chart and option of different cooling nad heating technique available at disposal.