Role of Classical Mutation Breeding in CROP IMPROVEMENT The Author Dr. S.K.Datta obtained his B.Sc. Spl. Hons.(Botany) degree in 1968 and M.Sc. (Botany) with specialization in cytogenetics and plant breeding) degree in 1970 from Kalyani University, West Bengal. He started his research carrier in the field of induced mutagenesis for crop improvement at Bose Institute, Kolkata since April 1971 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1976 from Calcutta University for his thesis entitled Cytogenetical studies in Trichosanthes anguina L.. Dr. Datta joined National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow in 1977 and started his further research activities on improvement of different ornamental crops through induced mutagenesis. He was Head, Mutation Breeding Laboratory, NBRI since 1985. He has developed more than 80 new varieties in different ornamentals for floriculture trade through induced mutation. He was awarded D.Sc. degree in Botany for his extensive work on ornamentals. Dr. Datta has been associated with several professional societies and committee. Dr. Datta has published over 175 research papers on mutation breeding in National and International journals. He has published one book Ornamental Plants: Role of mutation and five Bulletins. He has contributed chapters on mutation breeding in several books and published series of review research papers on induced mutagenesis. He was invited to present his paper on mutation breeding at Tsukuba, Japan during the 6th International Congress of the Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania (1989); at Vienna, Austria during International Symposium on the contribution of Plant Mutation Breeding to crop improvement, 1990; at Vienna, Austria, during FAO/ IAEA International Symposium on the use of induced mutation and molecular techniques for crop improvement, 1995; at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during International Nuclear Conference 2002. Dr. Datta was also deputed to Berlin under CSIR-DAAD Scientists Exchange Programme for two months (1992). Considering the quantum of work done and published literature on induced mutagenesis, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna selected. Dr. Datta as Expert on Mission for evaluation of mutation breeding project sponsored by IAEA to Philippines (October 2001); and Jakarta, Indonesia for project evaluation mission. Dr. Datta is now Deputy Director, Coordinator and Head, Botanic Garden and Floriculture, NBRI and he is working on different aspects related to cytomorphology, in vivo and in vitro induced mutagenesis, conventional breeding, tissue culture, management of chimera, conservation, dehydration of flowers and floral crafts etc. on different ornamentals like Amaryllis, Asiatic Hybrid Lily, Bougainvillea, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Gerbera, Marigold, Gladiolus, Hibiscus, Rose, Tuberose, Lantana depressa, Orchid etc.
iii Role of Classical Mutation Breeding in CROP IMPROVEMENT 2005, SUBODH KUMAR DATTA (b. 1947 ) ISBN 81-7035-354-8 iv All rights reserved. Including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof except for brief quotations in critical reviews. Editor S.K. Datta Scientist 'F' & Area Coordinator, Botanic Garden & Floriculture National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow 226 001 (U.P.) Published by : Daya Publishing House 1123/74, Deva Ram Park Tri Nagar, Delhi - 110 035 Phone: 27383999 Fax: (011) 23244987 e-mail : dayabooks@vsnl.com website : www.dayabooks.com Showroom : 4762-63/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 Phone: 23245578, 23244987 Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services Delhi - 110 035 2005 DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE Delhi - 110 035 Printed at : Chawla Offset Printers Delhi - 110 052 PRINTED IN INDIA
Foreword I Foreword II Preface xiii Contents 1. Use of Induced Mutations for Crop Improvement: Revisited 1 H.Yamaguchi 2. Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement: A Review 20 M.A. Awan 3. Mutation Breeding in Nigella sativa L. (Black Cumin) 36 A.K. Biswas 4. Improvement of a Value Added Medicinal Herb "Trigonella foenum graceum L.": Need and Approach 60 S.K. Datta & V.L. Goel 5. Role of Experimental Mutagenesis for Genetic Improvement of Peas and Soybean 73 A. Mehandijev a v vii ix xiv 6. Cowpea Mutation Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease (Xanthomonas vignicola Burk.) 99 Sanit Luadthong 7. Mutation Breeding: A Novel Technique for Quality Improvement of Winged Bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] 119 R.D. Dadke & V.S. Kothekar 8. Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement in Brassica Oil Crops through Induced Mutation Technique in Bangladesh 132 M.L. Das & A. Rahman 9. Effects of Gamma Radiation on Jatropha curcas: A Promosing Crop for New Source of Fuel 146 S.K. Datta & R.K. Pandey 10. Role of Mutation Induction for Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Improvement 156 Wange Lin-quing & LI Gui-ying 11. Selection Studies on Mutant Barley Populations 186 M.B. Yildrim, N. Budak, Z. Yildrim & T. Kusaksiz 12. Linkage Mapping Using Mutant Genes in Rice 201 T. Kinoshita 13. Classical Mutation Breeding and Molecular Methods for Genetic Improvement of Ornamentals 260 S.K. Datta & Debasis Chakrabarty 14. Combination of Classical and Modern Methods for the Development of New Ornamental Varieties 304 A.K.A. Mandal & S.K. Datta Index 311
v vi I hope that the book will serve as a valuable reference book to all those who are interested in induced mutagenesis research. Dr. P. Pushpangadan Director National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, India Foreword I a Mutation breeding is now a well established method for crop improvement. Mutation has already been recognized as potential technique for crop improvement since the discovery of mutation effects of radiations on plants (Gager 1908, Muller 1927, Stadler 1928). Monumental literature have been gathered on the basis of world wide activities on mutagenesis. More than 2200 new crop varieties have been developed through induced mutagenesis and commercialized world wide. Compilation of literature on impact of classical mutation breeding for crop improvement is an immensely valuable effort. I am happy that Dr. S.K. Datta, Scientist F, Coordinator and Head, Botanic Garden and Floriculture, National Botanical research Institute, Lucknow, India has taken initiative to compile the research results of classical mutation breeding achieved so far on different crops. Dr. Datta is an internationally well acclaimed expert in mutation breeding. He has been successfully employing this technique during the past 30 years in genetic enhancement of a variety crop plants like vegetables, pulses, medicinal aromatic, fuel oil and ornamental plants. The book that Dr. Datta compiled presents the results of important achievements on induced mutagenesis in different countries.
vii Foreword II Domestication of crop plants was intimately associated with the selection of the mutants by the pioneering farmers. Present day free threshing wheat, non-shattering rice; hull-less barley, and maize cobs are some of the well-known examples of single or multiple mutations that have grossly changed these crops from their wild ancestors. Naturally occurring mutations selected since domestication contribute to the genetic diversity that the plant breeders exploit to develop crop cultivars of modern agriculture. Biodiversity of the vegetation-conservation of which is currently emphasized in all flora, represents mutations that could compete with the wild types, and survive in natural habitats. Errors in DNA replication that escape proof reading are mainly responsible for the spontaneous mutations. Muller in 1927 discovered that mutations can be induced in fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) by exposing them to X-rays. Stadler obtained similar results in 1928 after exposing barley and maize seeds. Since then, a wide range of radiations, and chemicals, some of them commonly used in industry, and agriculture are now known to induce mutations in different test systems. Immediately after these discoveries, plant breeders initiated wide-ranging experiments to induce, and select desired mutations of agronomic value in different crop and ornamental plants. The a viii method came to be known as Mutation Breeding. It is an established method for the improvement of plants now. On the basis of worldwide activities on induced mutagenesis enormous quantity of literature has been generated. More than 2250 induced mutation-derived varieties have been commercialized globally. Compilation of literature on the impact of induced mutations for crop improvement was necessary to provide a perspective at this time when the interest is rapidly shifting to more expensive molecular tools such as genetic engineering for the improvement of cultivated plants. The recombinant DNA methods facilitate transfer of the gene mutations from microbes, plants and animals that were previously outside of the crop species gene pool. The future of induced-mutagenesis is in isolation, cloning, in-vitro modification of the desired genes, and transferring them back into plant genomes. Till such molecular methods are in their easy reach, classical methods of induced mutagenesis involving exposure to radiations, or treatment with chemical mutagens, will remain a highly cost-effective tool in the hands of plant breeders. I am happy that Dr. S.K. Datta, Deputy Director, Co-ordinator and Head, Botanic Garden and Floriculture, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India has taken the initiative to compile the research results of classical mutation breeding achieved so far on different crops. The book presents a state-of-the-art of the advances of mutation breeding in crop improvement. I hope that the book will be a useful reference material for all those interested in induced mutagenesis, and its applications for the genetic enhancement of cultivated plants. Dr. C.R. Bhatia Secretary, Govt. of India (Retired) Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi
ix Preface The concept of induced mutagensis for crop improvement developed dated back to the beginning of the 20th century. Informations accumulated on optimal treatment doses, treatment condition, mutation frequency and mutation spectra using ionizing and non-ionizing radiations, and chemical mutagens. High potential for bringing genetic improvement by induced mutation was realized. Induced somatic mutation breeding holds promise for effective improvement and have high potential for bringing about genetic improvement. Mutation techniques by using ionizing radiations and other mutagens have successfully produced quite a large number of new promising varieties in different crops world wide. Monumental literature have been gathered on the basis of world wide activities on mutagenesis. Extensive research activities on classical induced mutagensis are going on at Floriculture Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India for the last 30 years. The main research activities are to develop new and novel ornamental varieties using gamma radiation. Research carried out covers radiosensitivity, selection of materials, method of exposure, type of irradiation/ mutagens, detection of mutations, isolation of mutants, multiplication of mutants, management of chimera, evaluation of mutant for commercial exploitation etc. a x The results and mutants obtained on different crops world wide using induced mutagensis are of very interesting both from academic and applied point of view. There is technological advancement in crop improvement. Recently application of biotechnology to the development on new varieties in different crops have been seriously considered. Recent advancement in genetic engineering technology have opened up the possibility of crop improvement in a highly controlled manner. The possibility hold the promise of generating a much wider desirable variability than in now available to the breeder. Biotechnology offers new and exciting challenges for the future. But it just enables researchers to start unraveling the molecular details and understanding of the function and interaction of individual genes for successful application of genetic engineering in crop improvement. Present status of all the techniques clearly indicate that induce mutagenesis technique is well standardized whereas the molecular technique is on progress. At this stage induced mutation breeding combined with in vitro chimera management has tremendous potential for crop improvement. Attempts have been made in the present book to compile the work carried out on different crops for their improvement in different countries. It will be a useful exercise to compile available research results on induced mutagenesis on different crops under the title Role of classical mutation breeding in crop improvement. Chapters contributed by multidisciplinary group of competent scientists will be an excellent reference book on classical mutation breeding. It is hoped that the book will prove immense value to research workers, teachers, students and individuals who are interested for crop improvement through induced mutagenesis. The book is most respectfully dedicated to my parents, whose unfathomable love kept me ever up and doing. I sincerely acknowledge my long association at National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India where did maximum induced mutagenesis work on different crops. I wish to record my sincere thanks to Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director, NBRI, who always encouraged and appreciated my activities on induced mutagenesis. I heartily acknowledge the warmth of my wife who always stood by me stead fast. I am gratefully
xi indebted to all my laboratory and experimental field colleagues for their profound affection, encouragement and ready help during the various phases of the work. S.K. Datta Botanic Garden and Floriculture National Botanical Research Institute Rana Pratap Marg Lucknow 226 001, U.P., India E-mail: subodhdatta@usa.net subodhskdatta@rediffmail.com subodhskdatta@yahoo.com
Chapter 1 Use of Induced Mutations for Crop Improvement: Revisited H.Yamaguchi Department of Radiology, Junior College, Komazawa University Komazawa, Tokyo 154, Japan ABSTRACT The usefulness of mutation breeding in cr P improvement depends on the efficiency for producing genetic variation and on the availability of effective techniques for detecting and isolating mutants. Fundamental aspects of experimental mutagenesis and mutant-isolating techniques are reviewed. The induction of increased genetic variation is feasible with interference into the processes of DNA repair, use of hybrid seeds for mutation induction and application of mutagenesis in plant tissue culture. The usefulness of ion beam as a mutagen was pointed out because its different genetic effects from gamma-rays. Finally, some new research directions were discussed on the integration of plant molecular biology into the mutagenesis and detection of induced mutants. 1 2 INTRODUCTION Role of Classical Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement In attempts to induce useful phenotypic variation in plants, mutagenic treatments have been used for more than 70 years. A lot of mutant lines have been isolated by the mutagenic techniques developed during this periods and extensively used in many different fields of plant genetic research and crop breeding. Fundamental and applied aspects of experimental mutagenesis have been extensively reviewed (Gottschalk1983, Yamaguchi 1991, Brunner1991). The number of genes expressed during the lifetime of a plant is estimated to be between 16,000 and 33,000 (Gibson and Somerville, 1993). Spontaneous and induced mutations in plants contribute for genetic dissection of the function of wild-type genes. In Arabidopsis and other well established genetic model species, namely barley, maize, rice or tomato the chromosomal location of new gene mutations has been mapped due to a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in genotype and alterations in phenotype, and it has opened the way for the construction of high-density, integrated genetic maps based on different types of DNA markers covering much of the genome. As a result of DNA construct (transgene) incorporation, host DNA near the site of integration frequently undergoes various forms of sequence duplication, deletion, or rearrangement. Such alterations, if sufficiently drastic, may disrupt the function of normally active host genes at the insertion site and constitute insertional mutagenesis resulting an aberrant phenotype. Such events cannot be purposefully designed, but they had led to the serendipitous finding of unsuspected genes and gene functions. Molecules inhibiting transcription or translation can be designed on a rational basis. Because of the general base-pairing rules, intervention using oligonucleotide antagonists is a universal approach. Since a report of Zamecnik and Stephenson (1978) who proposed the use of oligonucleotides directed against complementary viral nucleic acid sequences for inhibition of virus replication, therefore, a great deal of work has been devoted to this principle. Antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic oligo-nucleotides that bind to certain complementary regions of the mrna, thereby