Sky Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(7), pp. 154-160, October, 2016 Available online http://www.skyjournals.org/sjar ISSN 2315-8751 2016 Sky Journals Full Length Research Paper Pothowar: A high yielding medium duration groundnut variety suitable for release and commercial cultivation in Pakistan Nazakat Nawaz 1 *, Mubashir Ahmad Khan 1, Muhammad Amjad 3, Muhammad Ayub Khan 1, Zaheer Ahsan 1, Shehzad Asad 2 and Nasir Mehmood Cheema 3 1 Oilseeds Research Program, Crop Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2 Department of Plant and Environment Protection, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 Crop Sciences Division, PARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. Accepted 29 September 2016 Line ICGV-92040 was selected from International Medium Duration Yield Trial received from ICRISAT. Its performance was evaluated in preliminary, advance, national uniform, adaptability and in agronomic yield trials during the years 1999-2013 at National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad and across the country. In preliminary and advance yield trials it gave an average of 24 and 23% higher dry pods yield over check, respectively. On an average of two years, in National Uniform Yield Trials, it gave 12% higher dry pods yield over check. Its performance was also tested on farmer s fields at different locations such as Chakri, Nila, Mari, Khunda, Gondal and Tamman areas, in districts of Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Attock during the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Yield data showed that on an average of six locations this line ICGV- 92040 produced 19 and 22% higher yields over checks BARD-479 and BARI-2000, respectively. Agronomic studies were conducted during the years 2007-2008 at NARC, Islamabad. Results from agronomic studies revealed that response of the new variety to 15 th April sowing time, row and plant spacing of 45 x 10 cm and fertilizer NPK levels 20-80-50 kgha -1 was better than other treatments. It was also evaluated under natural field condition against fungal disease (Cercospora personata) and rated as moderately resistance. This variety is high yielding, medium duration with attractive pod color, seed color and better taste. It is a Virginia bunch type variety maturing 10-12 days earlier than existing varieties BARD-479 and BARI-2000. This new variety will be suitable for rainfed as well as irrigated areas of Pakistan. Key words: Evaluation, groundnut, medium duration, variety, yield. INTRODUCTION Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) is one of the world s fifteen leading food crops and cultivated throughout the world. It was grown on an area of 93.8 thousands hectares with annual production of 100.8 thousands tones and average per hectare dry pods yield 1075 kg ha - 1 (Government of Pakistan 2013-14). It is a drought tolerant crop and good for crop rotation in rainfed areas. Because of leguminous crop, it fixes atmospheric nitrogen and maintains soil productivity and contributes substantial amounts of symbiotic nitrogen to cropping *Corresponding author. E-mail: nawaz_nazakat@yahoo.com. system (Khan et al., 2009; Mokgehle et al., 2014). It is also consumed directly because of its high food value and higher content of oil 46.70%, protein 22.0%, carbohydrate 10.0% and minerals 3.0% (Patra et al., 2011). The average yield of groundnut is far below its potential yield and more than 70% of potential yield yet has not been achieved (Hatam and Abbasi, 1994). Development of new varieties in field crops has significant role to enhance yield of different crops (Naeem-ud-Din et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2016). Improved varieties play a vital role and yield of groundnut crop can be increased up to 30% - 89% with high yielding varieties (Reddy et al., 1993).
Nawaz et al. 155 Table 1. Performance of Pothowar (ICGV-92040) in preliminary yield trials conducted during 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons at NARC, Islamabad. 1999 2000 Increase/decrease Mean over check (%) ICGV-92040 2560 2454 2507 +24 ICGV-93128 1852 1611 1732-14 ICGV-92033 1746 1921 1834-9 ICGV-92027 1658 1759 1709-15 BARD-479 (Check) 2041 1995 2018 - L.S.D (0.05) 497 425 C.V (%) 19.50 15.46 The role of germplasm in the improvement of cultivated plants has been well recognized. It fuels the entire activities of modern agricultural research, improvement and production. However, the use of germplasm collections, particularly in the developing countries, is still limited despite this wide recognition (Holden and Willium, 1984). There is always need to develop improved varieties with high yield and good quality characteristics (Naeem-ud-Din et al., 2012; Raut et al., 2010; Haq et al., 2002). Khan et al. (2009) evaluated five high yielding groundnut genotypes and found significant differences for pod yield kg ha -1, maturity period, mature kernel percentage, pods per plant, among the locations, genotypes and location x genotype interaction. Zamurrad et al. (2013) evaluated seven promising groundnut lines for pod yield and other characters under rainfed conditions. They found that varieties BARI-2011 and PG- 1102 produced the higher yields of 3684 kgha -1 and 3617 kgha -1, respectively. Kumar et al. (2014) evaluated fifteen groundnut genotypes obtained from ICRISAT for qualitative parameters and found that genotype ICG-4389 best for pods yield (q ha -1 ), kernel yield (q ha -1 ) and genotype ICG- 4538 for pod yield per plant, seed yield per plant and seed index. In the present study, the results of evaluation of medium duration groundnut entries over years and trials has been presented leading to the identification of high yielding Virginia bunch type groundnut variety POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) suitable for commercial cultivation in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Line ICGV-92040 was evaluated in preliminary and advance yield trials in 1999-2000 and 2001-2002, keeping row to row and plant to plant spacing of 45 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Then it was with other eight entries tested in National Uniform Yield Trials. Theses entries were sent to ten locations across the country viz, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Islamabad, Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal, Oilseeds Research Institute, Faisalabad, Groundnut Research Station, Attock, Agricultural Research Station, Karak, Agricultural Research Institute, Mingora Swat, Agricultural Research Institute, Quetta, Arid Zone Research Institute, D.I.Khan, Arid Zone Research Institute, Bahawalpur and Agriculture Research Station, Sanghar. These entries including ICGV-92040 were planted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications in 2004 and 2005. Four rows of four-meter length of each entry were planted keeping row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing of 45 cm and 10 cm, respectively. Fertilizer @ 20-80-50 NPK kg ha -1 was applied at the time of planting. Gypsum @ 500 kg ha -1 was applied at flowering to get better pods development. It was tested on larger plot size of 180 meters squares during the years 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 at different locations of Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Attock districts. Agronomic studies were conducted on sowing dates (First & 15 th April, First and 15 th May, First and 15 th June, First and 15 th July), row and plant spacing (30 cm x 10cm, 30 cm x 15 cm, 30 cm x 20 cm and 45 cm x10 cm, 45 cm x 15 cm, 45 cm x 20 cm and 60 cm x 10 cm, 60 cm x 15 cm, 60 cm x 20 cm) and on NPK fertilizers with different doses of (0-0-0 kg ha -1, 20-40-0 kg ha -1, 30-60-0 kg ha -1, 20-80-20 kg ha -1, 20-80-50 kg ha -1 and 30-80-100 kg ha -1 ) during the years 2007-2008. Oil content of this line was estimated at maturity by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrop-hotometer. Oil content was expressed in percentage (Anonymous, 1995). The yield data collected at harvest were analyzed statistically by using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at 5% level of probability (Steel and Torrie, 1980). Cluster analysis (Sneath and Sokal, 1973) was carried out for dendrogram to distinguish the accessions from each other. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In preliminary yield trials on an average of two years, line ICGV-92040 produced the highest dry pods yield of 2507 kg ha -1, which is 24% higher than check variety BARD- 479 (Table 1). Line ICGV-92040 further tested in advance yield trials during the years 2001 and 2002 and on an average of two years results it expressed the maximum dry pods yield of 3556 kg ha -1, which is 23% higher over
156 Sky. J. Agric. Res. Table 2. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in Advance Yield Trials conducted during 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons at NARC, Islamabad. 2001 2002 Increase/decrease Mean over check (%) ICGV-92040 2890 4222 3556 +23 ICGV-92023 2154 3044 2599-10 ICGV-93135 2444 3558 3001 +4.0 ICGV-92050 2347 3364 2856-1.0 BARD-479 (Check) 2314 3447 2881 - L.S.D (0.05) 453 683 C.V (%) 18.84 13.15 Table 3. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in national uniform groundnut yield trials conducted during 2004 across ten locations of Pakistan. Lines NARC Chak F.bad Attock Karak Swat Quetta D.I.Khan B.pur Sanghar Mean Chinese 2398 1573 1041 1889 1198 5611 1620 1361 1375 1750 1982 BARD-479 1677 1087 1573 2111 2271 7944 1505 1231 3080 1796 2428 02CGOO5 2326 2151 1203 3037 2179 4574 2153 1065 2471 1991 2315 ICGV-92040 2593 2013 1989 3148 2735 7721 1158 1314 3141 2120 2793 ICGV-93163 1131 1504 787 2259 2216 6148 2639 1268 2047 1926 2192 2KCG017 1652 1781 2336 2370 2376 7444 1366 1481 984 1741 2353 ICGX-960248 2254 1573 2082 2593 2500 4574 717 1240 2605 1990 2213 Australian 1076 1619 1481 2222 3802 7575 1171 1268 1280 2102 2359 C.V (%) 17.74 15.96 27.91 6.43 24.29 10.10 13.46 11.97 5.06 6.71 - L.S.D (0.05) 588 465 763 276 1025 1140 363 268 188 226 - Table 4. Performance of POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) in national uniform groundnut yield trials conducted during 2005 across ten locations of Pakistan. NARC Chak. Attock F.bad B.pur Quetta Swat Karak DIKhan Sanghar Mean 02CGO05 1705 4196 4944 1157 843 2387 3982 2383 1546 1760 2490 ICGV-93163 1501 2160 3593 1018 1093 1689 3611 2822 1884 1753 2112 2KCGO17 2051 3493 4426 879 1542 2068 3982 3655 1564 1882 2554 BARD-479 1447 4071 4241 1110 1437 1555 2732 3007 1622 1876 2310 ICGV-92040 1651 3572 4907 1342 2064 2688 2222 2961 1692 1968 2507 Chinese 1632 2660 3259 972 1644 1621 2870 3632 1574 1921 2179 ICGX-960248 2297 2540 3241 416 1324 1281 3611 2452 1625 1924 2071 Australian 2074 2559 2908 972 1612 1601 2870 3285 1708 2096 2169 L.S.D (0.05) 402 682 333 394 245 270 714 1084 N.S 153 C.V (%) 12.79 12.34 4.83 22.92 9.72 8.29 12.61 20.46 16.09 4.60 check variety BARD-479 (Table 2). Yield performance of this promising line was tested at ten locations that is at five locations of rainfed and five locations of irrigated across the country in national uniform yield trials. On an average of ten locations during the year 2004, it gave dry pod yield of 2793 kg ha -1, which is 15% higher yield than check variety BARD-479 (Table 3). Trial was repeated on the same ten locations during the year 2005 and the line ICGV-92040 produced the highest dry pods yield of 2507 kg ha -1, which is 9% higher than check variety BARD-479 (Table 4). Further it was evaluated on farmer s fields at different locations such as Rawalpindi (Chakri), Chakwal (Nila, Tamman) and Attock (Mari, Khunda, and Gondal). Average dry pods yield of six years this line indicated 19% and 22% higher yield over the checks BARD-479 and BARI-2000, respectively (Table 7). To explore its yield potential agronomic trials consisting of different sowing dates, row and plant spacing and NPK requirements were conducted during the years 2001 and 2002, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Data showed that line ICGV-92040 expressed good performance in all agronomic trials as given in (Tables 8, 9 and 10). It was
Nawaz et al. 157 Table 5. Stability analysis of 8 groundnut genotypes planted at 5 locations under rainfed conditions in national uniform yield trials during 2004. Mean Pod Yield (kg ha -1 ) R 2 Bi 2 S 2 d Chinese 2672 0.954 0.775 50533 BARD-479 3059 0.989 1.222 28816 02CGO05 3148 0.686 0.728 430774 ICGV-92040 3352 0.937 0.964 109080 ICGV-93163 2695 0.993 1.197 17110 2KCGO17 3323 0.995 1.271 13302 ICGX-960248 2764 0.924 0.681 66170 Australian 2999 0.847 1.162 421874 Table 6. Stability Analysis of 8 groundnut genotypes planted at 5 locations under irrigated conditions in national uniform yield trials during 2005. Mean Pod Yield (kg ha -1 ) R 2 Bi 2 S 2 d Chinese 1488 0.839 1.087 19896 BARD-479 1679 0.550 1.082 83958 02CGO05 1658 0.546 1.267 117168 ICGV-92040 1948 0.478 1.140 124682 ICGV-93163 1610 0.560 1.354 126604 2KCGO17 1584 0.014 0.098 58155 ICGX-960248 1520 0.363 1.011 157532 Australian 1529 0.545 0.961 67540 Table 7. Performance of ICGV-92040 in Farmers fields across years and locations under rainfed conditions. Year Locations ICGV-92040 (yield kg ha -1 ) BARD-479 (C) (yield kg ha -1 ) BARI-2000 (C) (yield kg ha -1 /ha) Increase over check BARD-479- (%) Increase over check BARI- 2000 (%) 2008 Chakri(Rawalpindi) 1900 1761 1556 8 22 2009 Nila (Chakwal) 2252 1855 1667 21 35 2010 Mari (Attock) 2431 1974 1961 23 24 2011 Khunda (Attock) 1786 1421 1390 25 28 2012 Gondal (Attock) 1579 1352 1435 17 10 2013 Tamman (Chakwal) 1751 1454 1567 20 12 Average 1950 1636 1596 19 22 Table 8. Response of POTHOWAR to different sowing dates during 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons. Sowing dates Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2001 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2002 First April 2623 2425 15 th April 2956 2680 First May 2460 2350 15 th May 2345 2205 First June 1780 1980 15 th June 1472 1420 First July 1212 1140 15 th July 1135 980 L.S.D (0.05) 852 665 C.V (%) 19.40 18.20
158 Sky. J. Agric. Res. Table 9. Response of POTHOWAR to plant spacing during 2007 and 2008 rainy season. Row and Plant spacing (cm) Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2007 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) 2008 30x10 1994 1883 30x15 2118 1733 30x20 2121 1635 45x10 2842 2195 45x15 2636 1971 45x20 2633 1943 60x10 2082 1636 60x15 2005 1571 60x20 2367 1541 L.S.D (0.05) 195 211 C.V (%) 17.40 6.82 Table 10. Response of POTHOWAR to NPK fertilizer doses during the 2008 rainy season. Treatments (NPK kg ha -1 ) Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) BARD-479 Dry pods yield (kg ha -1 ) ICGV-92040 0-0-0 1034 1120 20-40-0 1550 1687 30-60-0 1740 1870 20-80-20 2044 2060 20-80-50 2234 2455 30-80-100 2310 2435 L.S.D (0.05) 564 542 C.V (%) 19.30 18.80 Table 11. Reaction of POTHOWAR to Tikka disease under natural field conditions. Lines ICGV-92040 BARD-479 (Check) Disease Reaction (0-9 scale) 3 R 5 MR Table 12. Development history of variety Pothowar S/No Year Trials 1 1999 Preliminary yield trial 2 2000 Preliminary yield trial 3 2001 Advance yield trial+ Date of Sowing trial 4 2002 Advance yield trial+ Date of Sowing trial 5 2003 Seed multiplication 6 2004 National Uniform Yield Trial 7 2005 National Uniform Yield Trial 8 2006 Seed multiplication 9 2007 Row and plant spacing trial 10 2008 Adaptability yield trial + Plant spacing trial + Fertilizer (NPK) trial 11 2009 Adaptability yield trial 12 2010 Adaptability yield trial 13 2011 Adaptability yield trial 14 2012 Adaptability yield trial 15 2013 Adaptability yield trial evaluated under natural field conditions against fungal disease (Cercospora personata) and rated as moderately resistance (Table 11). Disease data was collected with the help of Crop Disease Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. Development history and description of the agronomic and morphological traits of the varieties are given in the (Tables 12 and 13), respectively. Cluster analysis was carried out on an average of two years data to construct Dendrogram by Genotype x
BARD-479 02CGO05 ICGX-960248 Australian Chinese ICGV-93163 Pothowar 2KCGO17 Nawaz et al. 159 Table 13. Description of agronomic and morphological traits of Pothowar as compared to checks Characteristics POTHOWAR BARD-479 BARI-2000 Maturity days 160-170 170-180 170-180 Maturity duration Medium Long Long Plant height 55-61 cm 45-50 cm 50-55 cm Growth habit Bunch Semi spreading Bunch Plant color Dark green Medium Green Medium Green Leaf size Medium Medium Medium No. of seeds per pod 2 2 2 Seed size Large Large Large Potential yield 4200 kg/ha 4000 4000 8 7 6 5 4 3 Cluster-I Cluster-II Cluster-III Cluster-IV Cluster-V 2 1 0 Figure 1. Dendrogram of eight groundnut genotypes. Environmental Interaction Bi-Plot (GEIB) software (Figure 1). Dendrogram divided 10 genotypes into 5 clusters. Cluster-I had 3 genotypes namely BARD-479, 02CGO05 and ICGX-960248. Cluster-II had 2 genotypes, Australian and Chinese. Cluster-III, Cluster-IV and Cluster-V had one genotype each namely ICGV-93163, ICGV-92040 and 2KCGO17, respectively. Cluster analysis has traditionally been used to distinguish the accessions from each other. This Dendrogram clearly shows that the line ICGV-92040 is genetically different from BARD-479 check as both are lying in different clusters. Stability analysis showed that the line ICGV-92040 was stable as its b-value is close to unity, high R 2 and low S 2 d values under rainfed conditions (Table 5). Whereas under irrigated conditions line ICGV-92040 performed better under favourable environment (Table 6). It has distinct characters to distinguish from other approved varieties that are high yield, medium duration, kernel large size and sweet in taste. Conclusion A medium duration high yielding Virginia bunch type variety POTHOWAR (ICGV-92040) was recorded consistently significant superior pod yield across trials locations and seasons and matures 10-12 days earlier than existing varieties BARD-479 and BARI-2000. It has yield potential of 4200 kg ha -1 with an average yield of 2600 kgha -1. It has moderate resistance against Tikka Disease (Cercospora personata L.) and less defoliation at harvest. Hence, recommended for release for general
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