Question Which liquid requires the most energy to raise the temperature from twenty degrees Celsius to sixty degrees? Aim The aim is to compare the amount of heat used to raise the temperature from 20 degrees to 60 degrees in water, olive oil, acetone, ethanol and ammonia. Hypothesis Since water has the highest specific heat capacity, water will most probably require more energy to heat up from twenty degrees to sixty degrees. Background research What is heat? Throughout the years, the definition of heat has been expressed in five various ways: The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. A measure of warmth if an object with reference to a standard value. The coldness is a result of the absence of this warmth. A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles per units. A measure of the ability to transfer heat energy from one physical object to another. Standardized numerical measures such as Kelvin, Fahrenheit and Celsius. When an element's temperature increases of decreases, it has been through of a transfer of heat. Heat can be transferred through radiation, conduction and convection. Difference between heat and temperature: Although they are similar, heat and temperature do not have the same definition. Heat is a measure of the energy in a system, measured in joules. An increase of heat in a system causes the molecules to move faster and increase the rate of collision. Temperature is described as a measure of the average molecular motion and is measured in three units: Kelvin, Fahrenheit and Celsius. AS heat increases, temperature increases. Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius per for one gram. The relationship between heat and temperature is expressed as q=cmδt where: Q is heat added Q=cmΔT
C is specific heat capacity M is mass of the compound ΔT is the change in temperature The specific heat of water is 4.186 joules per gram per kelvin. It holds the highest specific heat capacity, which is why it holds such as important role in the temperature regulation. Variables Independent variable Water Olive oil Ammonia Ethanol Acetone Dependent variable Amount of energy required increasing temperature by 40 degrees. Constant variable Starting temperature of liquids are 20 degrees Celcius. Ending temperature of liquids are 60 degrees Celcius. Stove should be delivering the same amount heat constantly. 50 millilitres of each liquid
Materials Materials 200 millilitres beaker Amoun Reason t 5 The beaker is used as a way to hold the liquids together to heat it up. The beaker should be a glass since it transfers the heat in a easier and more efficient way. Water 50 ml Analyse the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of different kinds of liquids. The purpose of water will serve as an independent variable. Water has the highest specific heat capacity in liquids due to its hydrogen bonding. Olive oil 50 ml Olive oil will be used as an independent variable. It differentiates itself from water as it is non-polar and does not contain hydrogen bonding. Acetone Acetone is the organic formula that is produced from propylene. It is found in polyester and contains oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. The Carbon-oxygen bond is stronger than carbon-hydrogen bonds, which brings diversity in the bonds found in the elements. Ethanol Ethanol contains OH since it is an alcohol.it is used for several reasons such fuel and found in alcohol beverages. Ammonia Ammonia contains an amino acid: NH3.Itt is lighter than air due to the low density. Hot plate 1 The hot plate will be used to provide the heat/energy required to raise the temperature. Gloves One For safety precautions, gloves will necessary since the Safety Glasses pair One pair objects will be hot and may burn you. Molecules from liquids such as ethanol and ammonia will evaporate and turn into gas, creating a possibility of reaching your eyes. For safety precautions, safety glasses are necessary. Thermometer 1 The thermometer will be used to measure the temperature of each liquid Timer 1 Record the amount of time the reaction needed. Notebook 1 Write your observations. Graduated cylinder 1 The graduates cylinder is a way to measure a liquid. For this experiment, the graduated cylinder will endorse our preciseness of the amount to put in the beaker and decrease sources of errors.
Procedure.1.Make five data tables. Each data table will consist of five columns with Five rows, each row representing ten degrees. You will record the amount of time it took for the liquid to reach a certain degree..2.pour 50 millilitres of oil on a beaker..3.turn the hot plate at a constant temperature..4.make sure the oil is at 20 degrees. If not, place the beaker the oil on the hot plate and let it until reaches the optimum temperature..5.place the beaker with the twenty-degree Celsius oil on the hot plate..6.record the temperature every thirty seconds until the oil reaches a temperature of 60 degrees..7.turn off the hot plate..8.with gloves, carefully remove the beaker from the hot plate..9. Repeat the experiment four more times..10. Repeat step 4-9 for the other liquids. Wash the beakers every time you change liquids to not contribute to a source of error. Data Processing Water
Olive oil: Ammonia Ethanol
Acetone