Prayatni Soewondo and Marisa Handajani prayatnisoe@yahoo.com Environmental Engineering Program Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung January 2012
Introduction Current Situation Future Developments 1 2 3 4 Conclusions 2
The major pollutant in Indonesia comes from domestic wastewater; It contributes about 70 % of organic loads in urban rivers The water quality trends to decrease, as example: some parameters COD, BOD, nitrogen and phosphate; always increases annually 3
BOD Concentration, mg/l BOD Concentration, mg/l 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Depth: 0.2 m 636,5-643 m BOD (Sem 1 2002) BOD (Sem 1 2003) BOD (Sem 1 2004) BOD (Sem 1 2005) 0 St 1B St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9 Station (Semester I) 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 St 1 B Depth: 0.2 m BOD (Sem 2 2002) BOD (Sem 2 2003) BOD (Sem 2 2004) BOD (Sem 2 2005) 613,35 629,01 m St 2 St 3 St 4 St 5 St 6 St 7 St 8 St 9 Station (Semester II) Variation of BOD concentration in surface water of Saguling Dam on Semester I (April-May) and Semester II (October-November), 2002-2005 (Soewondo, 2006a and 2006b) 4
COD and BOD concentration, mg/l 350 300 250 COD BOD 200 150 100 50 0 Aprl 02 Nov 02 May 03 Oct 03 May 04 Oct 04 Time Aprl 05 Nov 05 May 06 Nov 06 The concentration of BOD and COD in Citarum river, Nanjung during wet and dry seasons, 2002-2007 Apr 07 5
The population is around 237.5 million (BPS, 2010) The population lives : 42 % in urban area and 58 % in rural area (BPS, 2010) Basic facilities of sanitation : 69.51 % in urban area and 33.96 % in rural area (Bappenas, 2009) Most of the people in Indonesia build their basic infrastructure of sanitation by self-supporting means. In national scale, only 51.19 % of population has basic sanitation facilities (Bappenas, 2009) 6
Accessibility to facility of domestic wastewater, % Investment, % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Sanitation Wastewater 20 10 0 Urban Rural Areas Communal (%) Private (%) Without facilities (%) 20% 10% 0% Pelita III Pelita IV Pelita V Pelita VI Five-Year Development Source: National Action Plan, 2003 The accessibility of basic sanitation in Indonesia, 2000 The investment of five-year development in Indonesia for sanitation (include water supply) and infrastructure of wastewater 7
Profile of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Indonesia (2000) No City Population (person) Served Served Capacity and Served Area Area Population Efficiency WWTP (Ha) Person % Ha % m3/day % Eff Art of treatment (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 1 Balikpapan 436.029 50.331 7.764 1,8 40 0,1 800 tad ExAE 2 Banjarmasin 579.362 7.200 50 0,0 20 0,3 500 93,3 RBC 3 Bandung 2.250.000 16.729 420.000 18,7 6.000 35,9 243.000 91,7 S.POND 4 Cirebon 269.478 3.736 60.000 22,3 120 3,2 13.500 Tad S.POND 5 Denpasar (*) 459.384 23.653 181.600 35,2 1.655 7,0 51.000 Tad AELGN 6 Jakarta 9.175.600 65.570 1.659.000 20,3 6.260 9,6 462.600 66,7 AELGN 7 Medan 1.974.300 26.500 51.000 2,6 450 1,7 30.000 Tad UASB 8 Prapat (*) 10.000 192,1 10.500 105,0 71,6 37,27 2.010 85,0 AELGN 9 Surakarta 539.387 4.404 4.000 0,7 60 1,4 2.000 95,8 AELGN 10 Tangerang 1.320.600 18.378 45.700 3,5 82 0,4 5.500 Tad OXD 11 Yogyakarta 906.237 20.304 60.726 6,7 1.220 6 15.500 87,9 OXL 12 Total 17.910.377 236.805 2.489.940 13.9 15.977 6.75 826.410 8
(a) (b) Wastewater Treatment Plant in Jakarta (a), Bandung (b) dan Medan (c) ( c )
Current Zone Delineation in Bandung by Sanitation System Mode Zone Public sewerage (Zone A & A ): 39.7 km 2 (23%) Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km 2 (22%) Other on-site (soak-pit) (Zone C): 76.9 km 2 (46%) Public sewerage (Zone A & A ): 39.7 km 2 (23%) Individual septic tank (Zone B): 37.1 km 2 (22%) Communal treatment (Zone D): 3.1 km 2 (2%) Direct discharge to the nearest river (Zone E): 10.9 km 2 (7%) Total 167.8 km 2 (100%) Source: Suharyanto, 2011 10
Newly Installed Interceptor Future Sanitation Modal Shifts in Bandung City Core Area Mode I A Mode I Sewerage system WWTP Interceptor Septic Tank Mode II wet day overflow A Mode III Septic Tank Mode II III Mode II VI Adjacent Area Mode III Legend: B C C D E Mode IV Mode V Mode VI On-site system Septic Tank groundwater Soak Pit Mode V IV Mode CBSS V Mode V VI Mode II VI Existing Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP Mode II III Mode II IV gray water Newly Installed Sewer & Interceptor to WWTP Source: Suharyanto, 2011 11
No. Parameters Rainy Dry Seasons Seasons Stream Standard* 1 TDS 88-389 143-378 1000 mg/l 2 TSS 98-200 18-102 50 mg/l 3 ph 7,16-7,50 6,43-7,06 6 9 4 BOD 80-180 61,7-187 50 mg/l 5 COD 102-345 128-706 100 mg/l 6 TOC 7,63-50,43 16,09-64,5-7 Nitrite 0-0,03 0-0,03 1 mg/l 8 Nitratq 1,41-25,32 1,89-24,4 10 mg/l 9 Amonium 0,51-8,65 4,66-9,62 0,51 mg/l 10 NTK 11,5-21,2 22,167-34,398-11 Total Phosphate 4,3-10,5 1,1-3,502 5 mg/l 12 Oil & Grease 7,6-15,1 5,3-15,1 10 mg/l 0,03-2,7 2,464-7,315 13 MBAS *) PP 82, 2001 Ratio BOD/COD: Rainy seasons : 0.43-0.86 Dry seasons : 0.21-0.68 0,5 mg/l Source: Debora, Setyawan and Soewondo, 2009
As example : MCK= Mandi, Cuci dan Kakus (Bath, wash and water closet) around Bandung and Tangerang 13
The development of ecological system might be a good alternative to develop the recycling system To increase the accessibility of basic sanitation facilities : 75.175 % in 2015 14
How to manage the wastewater from home industry??? Location of Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries Near Bandung 15
Inlet i n l e 2 t 2 7 Anaerobic Baffled Rea c tor 7 Ga s out let Med ia Filte 8 7 7 r 8 3. 3. 3 Batu 4 5 0 5 apu Sa ng 7 mp lin g poi nts o u t 1 l 2 e t 2 5 Out Outlet Wetland reactor Two Stages of Wastewater Treatment Using Modifications of Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Constructed Wetland to Treat Slaughtering Houses and Tofu Industries 16
Concentration of COD, mg/l 800 700 ABR 2 : 2 d WR 2 : 5 d ABR 2 : 1 d WR 2 : 3 d Influent 600 500 ABR 2 : 2 d WR 2 : 5 d ABR 2 : 1 d WR 2 : 3 d 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 Time, day Influent ABR2 Effluent ABR2 Effluent WR2 WR 1 WR 2 WR 3 WR 4 Effluent The efficiency of COD removal in ABR and WR during the experiments WR 1 WR 2 WR 3 WR 4 17
How to manage the domestic wastewater??? Decentralized system less investment Ecological system Water scarcity recycling system 18
Low cost encourage the community to self-financing capital cost OM cost Sustainable it has beneficial to the community : - sustain & reliable water resources - renewable energy & natural resouces - the environmental health improvement 19
Increase access to domestic wastewater services, both onsite and off-site, in urban and rural areas; Increase financial capacities for wastewater infrastructure developments, both on-site and off-site, and also recover treatment cost to insure services; Increase societies contribution on developing housing effluent of domestic wastewater treatment system; Increase the work of wastewater treatment institution and separate function between regulator and operator; Develop regulation and apply treatments according to enacted guidelines. 20
Almost half of the Indonesian populations have no accessibility to wastewater facilities, which can potentially pollute the body of water. By increasing both systems (on site and off site), the degradation of raw water quality can be reduced. The development of technology can play a key role in improving these facilities. Participation of the community is also very important to be concerned about. 21
Bandung City by @ Best Phot Thank You for Your Attention 22