Sigit Supadmo Arif and Murtiningrum
Water is important for agriculture rainfall is the main water source for agriculture irrigation is additional supply Characteristics of water Water resource is a finite reources Water is also a vulnerable resources Water is required for many different purposes, functions and services including irrigation In more and more complex life, irrigation management as part of water management is getting more challenging. Aim: reveal problems confronted in the future Provide alternatives to deal with them.
Components of irrigation management (Uphoff, 1986) Water physical structures social organization Elements of irrigation management (Burton, 2010) Infrastructure human resources and institutional legal basic financial and economic environment
In the past, Indonesian irrigation development and management has always focused on the construction Policy of irrigation institution development is absent Irrigation development and management held by many institutions (BAPENAS, PU, The Ministry of Agriculture, The Ministry of Internal Affair, and The Ministry of Finance) No leading sector Possibility of conflicts among institutions Dialog forum among ministries is absent In provincial and district levels multi-institution with unavailability Form offices are not uniform with various scopes of works, authority, and responsibility
Policy regarding human resource is absent Retirement of many field staffs without proper recruitment recently Inadequate trainings In district levels, the local government sometimes rearrange the local staffs among departments without considering education and work experiences incompatibility between staff competencies and job requirements.
Population is 237 million and is increasing by 1,52% pa Consumption pattern doesn t change rice is still important 1990-1992 1995-1997 2000-2002 2005 2007 Energy - Rice 54 52 52 50 - Corn 7 7 7 9 - Wheat 5 5 5 6 - Sugar 5 5 5 6 - Cassava 5 5 5 6 - Others Protein - Rice 48 41 41 40 - Wheat 7 7 7 7 - Pelagic fish 7 7 7 7 - Groundnut 5 5 5 5
Infrastructure deterioration No. Authority Area (ha) Number of Condition System Good Fair Poor Ruined 1. Central government 2,682,897.8 244 1,455,115 342,131 752,180 113,467 2. Provincial 556,780.30 349 219,665 68,647 203,247 65,219 governments 3. Dictrict government 442,888.62 3,338 214,563 87,542 88,908 51,874
Land conversion due to population growth and economic growth Watershed deterioration
El Nino frequency has increased The extreme El Nino, which resulted in drastic decrease of rainfall, particularly occurs in March, April, June, July, September, and October Period El Nino Events La Nina Events 1877 1901 3 events (1877, 1888, 1896) 3 events (1879, 1880, 1886) 1902 1926 4 events (1905, 1912, 1914, 1919) 3 events (1910, 1916, 1917) 1927 1951 2 events (1940, 1941) 2 events (1938, 1950) 1952 1976 2 events (1965, 1972) 6 events (1955, 1956, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975) 1977 2000 9 events (1977, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997) 3 events (1988, 1989, 1999)
In 1997 El Nino of rainfall decreased -30.8% and -62.2% for wet and dry seasons respectively. In 1982, rainfall decreased -17.3% and -44.0% for wet and dry seasons respectively The 1997 El Nino resulted in a decrease of water storage of about 33% at the Jatiluhur Reservoir and about 30% at the Rentang Reservoir in West Java. The harvested area decreased about 1.25 million ha (- 8.6%) and 1.18 million (-6.4%) in 1982 and 1997, respectively
Strengthtening Institution Establish a leading sub-sector institution both in national and regional levels Establish a sharing job and responsibilities among institutions in all levels Establish a forum among institutions of irrigation management in every level and among levels Prepare the guidelines and procedures for minimum service and irrigation audits Develop the guidelines for M&E for development and management of irrigation Develop a database of irrigation development and management Utilize the evaluation results to improve the managerial development and management
Human Resources Development Develop the concept and implementation of the principle of human capital to grow individual learners and organization learners Revitalize the training and empowerment units for farmers and bureaucracy Develop the participatory method in accordance with the socio-cultural communities Infrastructure Development and Rehabilitation Develop a map of potential areas for new irrigation system development Conduct dialogs among institutions on accelerated development of new irrigation system Change of mindset that rehabilitation, upgrade, and modernization of irrigation systems are efforts to improve provision-based irrigation management Perform new construction, major rehabilitation, upgrade and modernization participatorily and gradually in accordance to funding ability and people need.
Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation System Strentghten institution of O&M to develop the O&M culture Improve the capacity of O&M staffs as well as fulfill their work requirements Provide incentives and disincentives for O&M staffs Provide forum of sharing knowledge and experiences as well as its documentation Develop an O&M manual for each irrigation system which is flexible to anticipate climate change and other changes Provide O&M fund based on actual O&M requirements Develop a shared database among institutions to support the O&M activities Develop an information system based decision support for O&M activities.
Economic and Financial Arrangement Establish legal basis for irrigation financing policy from several source of income especially from the users and beneficiaries Conduct financial planning periodically Evaluate the completed irrigation financing schemes Develop the documentation process of the implementation of grants and loans for future lesson learn. Research Develop a documentation of outcomes of irrigation-related researches conducted by all institutions Conduct cooperation researches among research institutions and users Organize dialog between researchers and users to determine relevant research topics.