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Smart and flexible 100% renewable district heating and cooling systems for European cities CASE STUDIES IN CATALONIA Presented by: Joana Tarrés Font Energy Efficiency: Systems, Buildings and Communities Research Group IREC 24th November 2016

CASE STUDIES IN CATALONIA Residential and tertiary buildings Tertiary buildings C-16 C-17 C-25 4 Girona BADALONA 1 L Estrella 2 CERDANYOLA del Vallès Parc de l Alba Lleida A-2 3 AP-7 Industrial area School buildings AP-2 2 1 Barcelona AP-7 Tarragona 3 GRANOLLERS Ecocongost 4 SANT JOAN LES FONTS Escola i Llar d infants AP-7 Heat and resources mapping 5 MAP VIEWER

1 L ESTRELLA, BADALONA BADALONA, L Estrella Urban Planning Proposal 5 Residential and commercial buildings 336 dwellings: 30 645 m 2 Commercial and offices: 5 535 m 2 1 Public building 44 social housing: 2 782 m 2 Public building: 4 629 m 2 Urban Planning Area Urban Information Residential Public building - services Green Area Road network

HEATING DEMAND & TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS Annual Heating and Cooling Demand Annual peak demand 1 112 MWh/any 800 kw Option 1: Biomass boiler Option 2: Biomass boiler and solar panels

NETWORK DESIGN Supply temperature Forward temperature 85 ºC 60ºC Total length network (supply/forward) 945 m Heat losses in pipes 6 % of the total heat load Steel pipes Maximum diameter Minimum diameter DN65 DN32 Surface needed for machinery room Aprox 100 m 2

OPERATION & INVESTMENT

SALE PRICE AND ENVIRONMENT Option 1 Biomass Option 2 Biomass and solar Usual system CO 2 emissions t CO2 /y 23 16 302 CO 2 emissions savings % 92% 95% - Non renewable primary energy MWh/y 44 31 1 428 Non renewable primary energy savings % 97% 98% -

CONCLUSIONS DH with 100% renewable energy is a possible solution in front of other conventional technologies based with fossil fuels DH is feasible in a residential high energy performance buildings neighbourhood in a mild climate However a previous study of the Estrella showed that District Cooling (DC) could not compete with conventional systems, mainly due to the low demand. The proposed design lowers the CO 2 emissions and the use of non renewable primary energy by 92% and 97% respectively The solar energy fraction of option 2 is 30% reaching up to 90% on summer months Restrictions on urban air quality should be integrated on the design of the central plant. Local authorities are engaged in constructing an eco-efficient neighbourhood to become a reference case for other cities in the region. Technicians from the municipality are members of the Task force.

REPLICATION District heating (DH) with Biomass boilers only or complemented with solar thermal panels are technical solutions which could be integrated in other residential areas, subject to local studies. Results of cases studies have been presented in two conferences, several workshops and have been published in a trade magazine. The task force succesfully created a network of the main stakeholders in DHC in the region. There is the will among the members to continue with periodical meetings. Knowledge in DHC has been consolidated in the region and proposals for more advanced DHC concepts has been launched.

THANK YOU! Joana Tarrés jtarres@irec.cat Laura Sisó lsiso@irec.cat Grup d Energia Tèrmica i Edificació Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya T. 933 562 615 www.irec.cat

ANNEX

SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOOD Social factors Environment factors Urban planning Economical factors Technical factors CITIZEN WELL-BEING MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT HOLISTIC VISION

HEATING AND COOLING DEMAND CHARACTERIZATION Demand ratios Heat DHW Building (kwh/m2) Category Category B. Residential 11.89 13.52* C 1 =0,2 Offices, Category B. 25.00 0.85 comercial C=0,5 Source Documento reconocido escala de certificación energética IDAE 2011 Ratio for offices > 500 m 2 PEMB 2002 Public building 25.00 0.85 Assumed to be as an office building * Calculated statistically assuming 28 l/day person & 2.7 person dwelling (Código Técnico de Edificación 2013; IDAE 2011)

SOLAR PANELS CHARACTERISTICS Captadores solares planos selectivos Eficiencia η 0 = 0.811; a1 = 2.71 W/m²K; a2 = 0.01 W/m²K² Área de apertura 13.1 m 2 Área total del campo solar 500 m 2

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DECISION CRITERIA: Which are the Minimum prices for sales of DHC in order to obtain NPV = 0? (in a 20-years period) Required economic data Inflation 2.00 % Market interest rate 4.50 % Real Interest Rate 15 % Manteinance cost increase 2.00 % NG cost incrase 2.00 % Biomass cost increase 2.00 % Electricity cost increase 2.00 % Cooling price increase 2.00 % Heat price increase 2.00 % Number of years to pay back 20 years

CASE STUDY #2: Parc de l Alba Current thermal energy system: heating and cooling to the technology park is based on a CHP plant. Three more CHP plants expected in the future, but the consortium is now interested in other technologies based on renewable energy sources: Biogas energy Solar cooling energy Geothermal energy Feasibility analysis - Steps followed: 1. Development of a simulation model for the current CHP plant operation. 2. Characterization and calculation of future thermal demand profiles. 3. Available RES analysis for the technology park.two scenarios: 1. Solar cooling (PTC) and biomass boilers connected to absorption chillers 2. Ground source heat pumps with Solar PV panels

CURRENT SITUATION AND FORECAST UNTIL 2019 2016 2017 2018 2020 2030 Cooling demand (MWh c /year) 23,600 25,368 26,048 31,848 88,214 Heating demand (MWh th /year) 1,426 2,386 2,738 3,398 30,298 Electricity demand (MWh e /year) 22,847 22,768 23,921 48,429 74,043 Biogas boiler from 2016 until 2019

2020 ONWARDS SCENARIOS BY RENEWABLES AND BAU Assumptions for renewable scenarios : Only thermal demand is covered, not electricity Assumptions for business as usual scenario: No renewable technologies used Electricity has to be sold to new Data Centers from 2020 onwards. Additional revenues not considered in renewable scenarios

2020 UNTIL 2030 Ground Source Heat pumps Scenario (GSHP) Business as usual Scenario (BAU) Solar cooling and Biomass Cooling Scenario (SCBC)

CONCLUSIONS The BAU scenario cannot be compared because it brings additional revenues by selling electricity to the new data centres Solar thermal cooling contributed very little (2%) to the total cooling demand of 2020 due to the limited rooftop area for placing solar collectors. Ground source heat pumps require a big area of boreholes for heat dissipation since cooling demand is x10 heating demand; if waste heat could be recovered for space heating together with cooling, cost-effectiveness and CO 2 emissions savings would be better than present results. The results of the simulations and economic evaluation showed that although the GSHPs scenario produced less CO 2 emissions as compared to the SCBC scenario overall the SCBC is a more feasible option due to lower primary energy consumption and a higher NPV ( 94 million vs. 44 million). To conclude, biomass boilers connected to absorption chillers, with support from solar thermal cooling, are the most feasible renewable energy systems technology.