Urban Agriculture SWITCH RUAF CFF

Urban Agriculture SWITCH RUAF CFF

SWITCH Main Focus Sustainability (supply, stormwater, recycling and productive use) Paradigm shift (innovative systems) Risk management (vulnerability) Learning Alliance (joint learning and institution building)

Integrated Water Management 1. Considers all parts of the water cycle 2. In an Integrated System 3. Considers all requirements for water 4. Considers local context 5. Includes all stakeholders 6. Balancing environment, social and economic needs, short and long term

SWITCH themes 1. Urban Water Paradigm Shift 2. Storm water management 3. Efficient water supply and water use for all 4. Water Use in Sanitation and Waste Management 5. Urban Water Environments and Planning 6. Governance and Institutional Change

SWITCH Learning Alliance A Learning Alliance is a group of individuals or organisations with a shared interest in innovation and the scaling-up of innovation, in a topic of mutual interest. -Platform / Series of Platforms at different levels -Research in Use -Scaling up of experiences

SWITCH Theme 5 To integrate urban water services into the ecological and other productive functions of water at city and river basin level. Delivery: Optimization achieved in balancing the exploitation of natural urban water systems and their ecological, landscape and livelihood functions, at city and river basin

SWITCH 5: Workpackages Urban water environments and planning 5.1 Urban waterscapes planning and reorganization: 5.2 Water and Urban Agriculture 5.3 Natural systems in the municipal water cycle

SWITCH WP 5.2 5.2 Water and urban agriculture Use of Urban Water (fresh and waste water) for Urban Agriculture, and other Livelihood Opportunities Options for efficient (re-)use of urban water and wastewater for urban agriculture and other livelihood opportunities will be assessed, tested and applied at Demo-city level.

Urban Agriculture Urban agriculture can be defined as the growing of plants and the raising of animals for food and other uses within cities and periurban areas, and also includes related activities such as the production and delivery of inputs, and the processing and marketing of products

Urban agriculture is part of, and interacts with the urban ecological and economic system -Urban residents as labourers -Urban resources (land, water, waste) -Urban consumers - Impacts on urban economy and ecology - Part of the urban food system - Competing for land with other urban functions - Influenced by urban policies, plans norms and regulations

DIMENSIONS OF UA Subsistence Livelihoods Crisis Mitigation Subsistence economy Food and medicinal plants Often urban poor Family based Reduce expenses, improve diet Waste(water) recycling Environmental education Contact with nature Health Parks & Gardens Department Recycling Leisure Recreation Market production Enterprises Income/employment generation Individual or family based Production chain Micro-enterprises/ Cooperatives Direct marketing/ Intermediaries Financial support institutes

POLICY AREAS RELATED TO UA Subsistence Livelihoods Crisis Mitigation Food security, poverty alleviation and social Inclusion Food secure and inclusive city Environmental management Culture Health Ecological city Recycling Leisure Recreation Market production Enterprises Local economic development Productive city

Network of Resource Centres on UA and Food Security Latin America and the Caribbean: IPES Francophone West Africa: IAGU Anglophone West Africa: IWMI East and Southern Africa: MDP S-E-Asia: IWMI China: IGSNRR Middle East and Northern Africa Coordinated by ETC

Cities Region China S-SE Asia SE Africa W Africa (Anglophone) W Africa (Francophone) Latin America Middle East and N. Africa Pilot Cities Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai Hyderabad, Bangalore, Colombo Bulawayo, CapeTown, Ndola, Maputo Accra, Ibadan, Freetown Pikine-Dakar, Cotonou, Bobo- Dioulasso Lima, Belo Horizonte, Bogota, Guatemala Beirut, Amman, West Bank Palestina

SWITCH WP 5.2 partners IPES (Lima) IWMI Ghana (Accra) IGSNRR (Beijing) ETC (Coordination, Training, Info, Liaison) WUR (Chongqing and link to 4.1) NRI (Livelihoods, PhD, research) IRC (Water Supply, LA, Training, Info) TUHH (link to 5.1: Hamburg/ waterscapes) IHE: Mgmt, Theme 1 and 6

The Multi Stakeholder Approach MPAP: Policy Making and Action Planning are processes which aim to bring together all major stakeholders in new forms of communication and dialogue, situation analysis (identification of issues and solutions), action planning, decision making and implementation. See Learning Alliances

SWITCH 5.2 objectives To develop a better understanding and of and promote benefits associated with the role, contributions and potential of urban agriculture and other productive uses of water (along the water chain) to people s livelihoods in the selected pilot cities; To establish multi-stakeholder working-groups in each city that engage civil society (e.g. NGOs, CBOs, farmers) with municipal agencies (e.g. policy-makers, legislative and planning authorities), researchers and the private sector, on the integration of productive use of water in urban planning; To train members of the working groups and other key players in multi-stakeholder approaches, and to develop local skills and capacity in key agricultural (& other livelihood activities) and water management areas; To identify and integrate acceptable and appropriate urban water management approaches and strategies into the policy, legislative and regulatory, urban planning and decision-making frameworks of each city; To initiate and monitor at least two pilot projects in each of these cities on productive use of water including freshwater, storm and waste water: To disseminate and promote the lessons learnt within the cities and on national and international levels through multiple media channels (workshops, internet, etc) and demonstrations.

SWITCH 5.2 Deliverables D5.2.1R Review (and briefing notes in relevant languages) of the theory and practice of urban agriculture for integrating livelihoods with urban water management (M07) D5.2.2R Workshops and associated reports for each of the three cities (International agencies & respective city stakeholder groups) (M08) D5.2.3T Guidelines and training material for the organisation of multi-stakeholder working groups in pilot cities (M06-10) D5.2.4R Multi-stakeholder working groups established in each pilot city (M18) D5.2.5R Research Reports (M16), Proceedings of policy makers workshops (M16-18), working group meetings (yearly: approx M08-M10). D5.2.6R Pilot proposals (M18) D5.2.7R Information material (call for contributions, initial papers and other material) M18

Research Areas WP 5.2 Urban Livelihoods Social Inclusion Community Building Institution Building Vulnerability Multiple Functions Food Security Food Systems Income Urban Agriculture Urban Water Multipurpose Demand Management Financing Re-use

SWITCH 5.2 Cities Accra: watershed management and multiple use of water (stormwater, wastewater), new institutions Lima: water scarcity (25mm), re use of wastewater (agriculture, parks and gardens), new institutions Beijing: re-use of water and efficient use of rainwater, urban-rural and two citiesnew institutions Hamburg: jointly learn on integrating agriculture in city planning and integration of migrants.

5.2 BEIJING -Water Scarcity (Demand>Supply), Groundwater depletion: Issues and Current Work -Peri-urban (Suburban) development (11 th 5 yr plan) -Multiple Use of Land and Functions of Agriculture: Migrant farmers and various forms of agro-tourism -Urban design and planning Xiedao: Use of wastewater for agriculture, agrotourism, smaller scales?, financing? Other links? Huairou: Efficient capture and use of rainwater, migrant farmers, new institutions (cooperatives)

5.2 Challenges and Planning Planning of Activities: -Review, -Demonstration Research and Multi-Stakeholder Groups -Research and joint learning (with who?) Challenges: Links to Chongqing (Xiedao?), Finance of demonstration, Involvement of Support institutions, Sustainability Indicators

WP 5.2 Xiedao Lessons of Study: Re-use in various stages of water Interest in recreation and organic produce (higher prices) Demonstration and training of surrounding farmers Private initiative and investment, with subsidies Importance for urban and peri-urban Beijing? What parts could be replicated and need to be researched: how linking to sustainability indicators and Beijing (China) Scenario s??

Research Areas WP 5.2 Xiedao Urban Livelihoods Replicability Different Scales Financing Agrotourims Migrant Farming, Cooperatives Inner City Urban Agriculture Urban Water Re-use No Groundwater use Distribution

WP 5.2 Xiedao Action Research Themes Replicability: different levels and scenario s Monitoring Financing Major Stakeholders Action Research Themes Migrant Farmers (social inclusion)

Lessons of Study: Text WP 5.2 Huairou Efficient capture and use of rainwater, migrant farmers, new institution (cooperatives)

Urban Agriculture concepts and challenges Some Examples

Urban Food Security When all people at all times have physical and economic access to enough food for an active, healthy life.

Techniques and Institutions have adapted to economic crisis Cuba

Social impact and Community Building Social Safety Net Poverty Alleviation Social Inclusion Community Building Immigrants and Youth Gender Recreation Education Health Care

Abalimi After 1994 elections Migration Organic Small Farmers Association 2-3000 home based survival gardeners and project under powerlines: Jobcreations HIV/Aids patients in gardens Cape Town

Economic Impact National level: Urban agriculture complements rural agriculture and increases the efficiency of the national agricultural system: it provides products that rural agriculture cannot supply easily. City level: Source of income. Urban agriculture realises good net returns. And Household Level: less spent on food, Also added value generated input supply, agroprocessing and marketing, agro-tourism, etcetera.

Urban Environment Dimension Environmental Issues / Urban Accords -Biodiversity -Ecological Footprint -Urban Forestry -Recreation -Education -Waste -Water

Marilao, Philippines No space for landfill Source separation of all 25,000 households, Composting UA programme: vegetables in pots on compost for landless farmers

Use of Urban Wastewater 10 % of the world population consumes food produced by wastewater (IWMI) It is a source of income and employment, But also a key issue for Municipalities to hesitate supporting UA Dakar, Hyderabad, Faisalabad, Kumasi, Lima, MENA,

Decision Making on Local Appropriate Protection

Use of Urban Wastewater Use of Waste water because: Only source, Free, Continuous Nearby, Nutrients Watersavings and use of clean water for drinking Impact of agricultural production in the city Improved nutrition and better health ; Food security; Income and employment creation Community development; Recreation, distraction, education, therapy, etc.

Use of Waste Water, issues User Perspective, Multi Actor link with urban poverty alleviation, city planning and design and enhancing urban food security Municipalities need support Recycling of wastewater and urban planning Management of public health and environmental risks micro-enterprise development for processing and marketing

Use of Waste water for UA Action points User Perspective Typologies of Waste water users, Guidelines and Decision tools Research and Development of Health Risk Management Strategies, Nutrient Demand Improved Agricultural management practices Information to producers and consumers Urban Design and planning

Opportunities for Cities Different Faming systems, Lobbying strategies, Engagement, Levels of operation Choose the right mix

SWITCH 5.2.1 To review the theory and practice of urban agriculture (and other livelihood opportunities), identify and evaluate the implications risks and benefits, constraints and opportunities - for its (their) integration into the urban economic and ecological system. T5.2.2 To organise and undertake a workshop for urban authorities, civil society and private sector stakeholders in each city to inform and gain commitment for the programme and participation in the city working group; and as necessary, specific follow-up meetings.

SWITCH T5.2.3 To provide on the job training with respect to multistakeholder processes, and specific training inputs on technologies and methodologies (when required), like water-treatment (in close relation to WP. 5.1), irrigation, production of specific crops (hydroponics, etc), marketing, processing, etc. T5.2.4 Each city partner to facilitate a multi-stakeholder process on urban water use for agricultural production, consisting of several concise steps (e.g. awareness raising, baseline data gathering including using adapting GIS on major land use and water sources, participatory diagnosis, evaluation of current water management strategies, identification of perceptions, project and action plan formulation, monitoring and planning and policy formulation.

SWITCH T5.2.5 Participatory on farm and markets research with stakeholders to develop wastewater risk reduction methods to provide appropriate balance between livelihoods of farmers and other beneficiaries in the supply chain and safeguarding public health concerns for better policy formulation and implementation. T5.2.6 In this process, several (action) research activities will be identified by the major stakeholders, on improvement of agricultural production, water use, water treatment, health risks (guidelines, typologies, risk mitigation strategies both in the field and in processing and marketing, etc), ecological sanitation. To allow for this, grants will be administered for local researchers in the assessment of local situation and in research into key issues identified (improvement of urban agriculture and risk minimisation of wastewater use).

SWITCH T5.2.7 Flexible guidelines and risk minimization strategies for the use of water for (urban) agriculture will be developed and incorporated into the relevant formal frameworks. T5.2.8 Local and international exchange and discussion will be facilitated and systematized, and integrated knowledge will be disseminated in reports, but also using internet (e-conferences, and websites), contribution to existing newsletters, through city exchange visits and development of policy briefs, through SWITCH and related platforms (RUAF, WASPA, CityFarmer, etc).

SWITCH T5.2.9 Low-cost, appropriate, and decentralised treatment and production management technologies will be developed, adapted, demonstrated and promoted in coordination with other relevant sub-themes (e.g. WP 5.1, ecological sanitation).