Large Hydro ensuring Grid Stability with rapidly expanding Wind Generation PSPP KOPS 2, Austria, 540 MW, 2008 A Supplier s Perspective By: Peter Amler Date: May 2010 Venue:
Content The Grid Why Pumped Storage History of Pumped Storage Technologies Conclusion
The ENTSO-E grid at present Source: ENTSO-E Grid European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity Supply of appr. 500 million people with electricity 670 GW installed capacity Annual electrical consumption appr. 2600 TWh
The Interconnected Grid in the future Supply of appr. 700 million people with electricity appr. 850 GW installed capacity Increasing grid stability Pumped Storage as stabilizing factor Inter-Area Oscillation Pumped Storage as damping factor World-wide the largest synchronous grid without existing example!
The Role of Wind Power in the Interconnected Grid Wind energy has tremendously strengthened its role in the European energy mix increasing tendency 53 GW installed wind power Germany, Spain, Netherlands and Denmark 0,2..38% of the daily load Typical characteristics of wind Intermittency Low predictability Low reliability Non dispatchable Require backup for base load and peak Pumped Storage Quelle: e.on-netz Windreport
Grid Stability and Reserve Power Grid Stability To maintain all generators operating in the grid at synchronous frequency Balancing and reserve power are key issues and are gaining more on importance Reserve Power Primary Reserve (Seconds) Secondary Reserve (Minutes) Tertiary Reserve UCTE Handbook Control systems of power plants to latest state of the art Reserve power according risks 30 s 15 min >60 min Activation Speed Primary Reserve Acting within seconds Secondary Reserve Acting within minutes Trumpet Curve Pumped Storage Plants can provide Primary and Secondary Reserve Energy most economically!
Content The Grid Why Pumped Storage History of Pumped Storage Technologies Conclusion
What is Pumped Storage? Energy Storage Sole large storage option for electrical energy with high efficiency (> 80 %). The energy storage medium is water. Safety factor Instantaneous reserve reacting in case of incidents (network stability) Bieudron 1700 MW, Switzerland, IB 1999 Environmental friendly Emission-free smaller reservoirs lower fresh water demand reduction of partial load operations of thermal power plants
Why Pumped Storage? Main Tasks Balancing of energy supply and demand in the electricity network. Pumped Storage Plants are able to provide or absorb the necessary energy to / from the grid. Reduction of bottlenecks Reduction of overcapacities (e.g. Nuclear PS) Management of energy reserves Increasing meaning in the power trade (Unbundling)
Content The Grid Why Pumped Storage History of Pumped Storage Technologies Conclusion
The History of Pumped Storage PSW Niederwartha during Construction 1929 First pumped storage power stations already realized at the beginning of the last century PSW Niederwartha (IBS 27. Nov. 1929) A pioneer achievement in Engineering Development to Top Performance after the Second World War 1961 - Cruachan, Scotland over 100MW 1970 - Vianden, Luxemburg over 200MW 1974 - Chiotas, Italy multiple stage, over 1000m Head PSW Shi San Ling 900 MVA, China, IB 1995 PSW Tian Huang Ping 2000 MVA, China, IB 1998
Pumped Storage in the Alps (selected) Deutschland Tauernmoos 100 MW Nestil 142 MW Kühtai II 200 MW Kops 540 MW Limberg II 480 MW Limberg III 480 MW Hintermuhr 75 MW Feldsee 70 MW Reisseck II 420 MW Limmern 1000 MW Somplago 115 MW Kozjak 400 MW Grimsel3 400 MW Sambuco 960 MW Cavaglia II 105 MW Avce 180 MW Vald Ambra II 70 MW Verzasca 300 MW NantdeDrance 600 MW Italien Under Construction Planned
Content The Grid Why Pumped Storage History of Pumped Storage Technologies Conclusion
Technology 1 Three Machine Set (Ternary Group) Advantage: Fast mode change Turbine Pump Start to pump mode in water Optimized Turbine- and Pump efficiency Possibility of direct hydraulic short circuit (Regulating energy) M/G T P Coupling Disadvantage: Increased Investment Additional space requirement Additional valves PSW Häusling 400 MVA, Austria, IB 1986
KOPS 2 / Austria - Three Machine Set (Ternary Group) Customer: Vorarlberger Illwerke Main Equipment 3 x 180 MW Peltonturbines, 3-stage Pumps and 3 x 200 MVA Motorgenerators Net Head 808 m 500 rpm Project Highlights Pelton units with back-pressure, positioned above the generator Up to 60 load changes a day Response time < 20 sec Capable of hydraulic short-circuit to achieve regulation of ± 100% power Since 2008 successful in operation Pelton Turbine Motor-Generator Coupling Pump
Technology 2 - Reversible (Francis) Pumpturbine Advantage: Compact powerhouse design Cost attractive solution Indirect hydraulic short circuit (Regulating energy) Disadvantage: Longer mode changing periods Turbine Pump start in pump mode under dewatered runner condition Preferred method for pump starting: electrical shaft back to back static frequency converter (SFC) in air M/G P/T PSW Goldisthal VAR Rotor 350 MVA PSW Vianden Runner 220 MW
Limberg II / Austria Reversible single-stage Pumpturbine Customer : VERBUND-Austrian Hydro Power Main Equipment 2 x 240 MW single stage reversible Pumpturbines, 2x270 MVA Motorgenerators and starting - SFC Net Head 310..425 m 428,6 rpm Project Highlights New power cavern adjacent to existing powerhouse, sharing same penstock Providing regulating energy to the Austrian grid Commissioning Q4/2011
The Speed Variable Principle - History 1970 - first theoretical investigations 1985 / CN - first Pumpturbine installation with 2 speeds Pan Jia Kou (3 x 100 MVA) with 2 different pole numbers to compensate PSW Goldisthal 1060 MW variable head (103/143 rpm) 1990 / JAP - first variable speed Pumpturbine installation Yagisawa (1 x 85 MVA, 156 130 U/min) 1995 / JAP - largest variable speed Pumpturbine Ookawachi (2 x 395 MVA, 390 330 U/min) 3D View of Gerating Set 2003 / GER - largest Hydro Power Plant in Germany Goldisthal (2 fix- and 2 variable speed units) with total install capacity of 1060 MW IGCT
The Speed Variable Principle Advantages for Pumpturbines Increasing of efficiency in turbine mode Shifting of operating point Continuous variation of output in Pump mode within limits Increasing lifetime reduction of vibrations (smoothness running of the unit) Extended range of operation (head) ratio max./min. head for Fix speed approx. 1.25 ratio max./min. head for Variable speed approx. 1.25 to 1.45 PSW Kalayaan Runner 172 MW
The Speed Variable Principle - Advantages for Pumpturbines 95 n = variable speed 90 85 Efficiency in Turbine mode η/% Improving of efficiency in Turbine mode by shifting the operation point into more favourable ranges of the characteristic diagram 80 n = fixed speed 75 70 65 60 80 120 160 200 240 Capacity in Turbine mode P /MW Improving smoothness running (vibration behavior) results in higher lifetime Fixed Speed Variable Speed 280
The Speed Variable Principle - Advantages for Pumpturbines Comparison VARIO FIX at Turbine Mode (Basis machines of same rated output) Enlarged operation range in Turbine mode Turbine Output (MW) operation limit Head (H) Comparison VARIO FIX at Pump Mode Pump Input (MW) (Basis machines of same rated output) Continuous regulation of power in pump mode in a limited range results in extended operation time stability limit Head (H)
The Speed Variable Principle - Advantages for the Grid Asynchronous Machine continuous power flow during grid disturbance stable during disturbance and after fault clearing pu. Pn and Us Synchronous Machine reduced power flow during grid disturbance risk of instability risk of disconnection of the unit after fault clearing Active Power Pn t/s Voltage Us Fixed Speed Active Power Pn pu. Pn and Us Simulation GOLDISTHAL short circuit in the grid voltage drop approx. 30% t/s Voltage Us Variable Speed Quelle: 15. Triennial World Congress, I.Ehrlich, TU Duisburg, U. Bachmann, VEAG
The Speed Variable Principle - Advantages for the Grid Voltage Us pu. Effect of asynchronous operation of a distance generator Pn and Us Simulation of the same grid fault Synchronous generator 150km far away Transient system behavior Comparison of stability Asynchronous machines have stabilizing effect on other synchronous generators in the grid Active Power Pn Fixed Speed t/s pu. 3-phase Short Circuit Voltage Us Pn and Us Variable Speed 150 km Active Power Pn AG AG Goldisthal SG t/s Simulation Quelle: 15. Triennial World Congress, I.Ehrlich, TU Duisburg, U. Bachmann, VEAG
Goldisthal / Germany Customer: Vattenfall Main Equipment: 4x265 MW single stage reversible Pumpturbines, 2x340 MVA and 2x331 MVA Motorgenerators, AC Excitation und Starting - SFC Net Head 302 m 300..346 rpm and 333 rpm Project Highlights Each two sets of synchronous and double fed asynchronous M/G Central location in the ENTSO-E grid Since 2003 successful in operation PSW Goldisthal 1060 MW First speed variable Pumped Storage Plant in Europe
Content The Grid Why Pumped Storage History of Pumped Storage Technologies Conclusion
Pumped Storage To store most economical large quantities of energy Special meaning with view of the entire energy system Provides balancing and reserve energy and increases grid stability Indispensably by tremendous increase of volatile wind power Remarkable come-back of Pumped Storage in Europe due to increasing peak power demand and improved market conditions Investments in Pumped Storage worldwide rapidly rising New pumped storage schemes take advantage of the progresses made in recent years in the field of hydraulics, generator and automation technology European trend regarding Pumped Storage will spread globally
Thank you very much for your Attention! www.andritz.com PSPP Markersbach, Germany, 1050 MW, 1979