Thermal Treatment an Essential Element of Sustainable Waste Management Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology www.iwa.tuwien.ac.at
The beginning Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 2/24
and not the end Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 3/24
Cement kilns for hygienic waste treatment Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 4/24
Plastic waste as fuel Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 5/24
Development of MSW incineration 1900-2000 ROSTFEUERUNG ELEKTROFILTER RAUCHGASREINIGUNG DENOXANLAGE ABHITZEKESSEL Abfall Reingas Metallschrott H 2 O Kesselasche Schlacke ABWASSER- REINIGUNG Abwasser EF-Asche Wasser basisches Prozesswasser saures Prozesswasser Filterkuchen 1896 1970 1990 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 6/24
Emissions from MSW incinerators 1930-1995 1000 emissions relative to 1930, in % 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 NO x SO x HCl Hg dioxins Cd Pb dust emissions 1930 (=100 %) 1970 1995 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 7/24
Priorities in thermal waste treatment Fraction of total turn-over of C, Cl, Cd etc. in combustible wastes 1.0 Fraction of national consumption 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 C Cl Zn Cd Hg Pb Energy Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 8/24
Incineration as a tool to analyse MSW composition 20 4 Cl Hg 15 10 5 3 2 1 0 Feb 00 Mar 00 Apr 00 May 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 Sep 00 Cl concentration in g/kg 0 Feb 00 Mar 00 Apr 00 May 00 Jun 00 Jul 00 Aug 00 Sep 00 Why do we need MSW incineration? Hg concentration in mg/kg Time [Month] Time [Month] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 9/24
Why do we need MSW incineration? Prehistoric men Modern men off-gas 5,1 off-gas 19 food 6 excreta 0,8 all goods 86 sewage 61 stock <0,1 stock 260+3 solid waste 0.1 solid waste 3 flows [t/(c.yr)] stocks [t] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 10/24
Increase and changes in material flows Use of construction material in the US 1875-1975 10 9 10 8 concrete (residential) tonnes per year 10 7 10 6 10 5 wood (residential) wood (non-residential) steel (non-residential) glass brick plastics aluminum 10 4 steel (residential) 10 3 lead copper 10 2 1895 1915 1935 1955 1975 Year 1875 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 11/24
Large and growing substance flows example lead 1*10 9 global population 10 2-3 global lead production [t/y] 1*10 7 1*10 5 1*10 3 1*10 1 1*10-1 1*10-3 per capita lead production [g/c.y] 7000 5000 3000 1000 0 years before 1980 factor 10 6-7 10 4-5 Source: Settle & Patterson Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 12/24
Consumption emissions surpassing production emissions 40 30 example cadmium production related flows Tons per year 20 10 Consumer related flows 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Quelle: Bergbäck, 1992 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 13/24
Man made material flows surpass geogenic flows example cadmium geogenic man made A T M O S P H E R E 0,2 1,4 0,7 1,7 1 2 6 2 8 200 4 1 OCEAN 10.000 17 LITHOSPHERE 4 ANTHROPOSPHERE fluxes 10 3 t/a reservoir 10 3 t CRUST; SEDIMENT 1.000.000.000 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 14/24
Goals of waste management A N T H R O P O S P H E R E recycling materials production consumption waste treatment resources emissions landfill material ore deposit E N V I R O N M E N T Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 15/24
Need for clean cycles paper cycle Austria1996 Waste paper import 73 Waste paper 191 Production 454 Export 368 [kg/(c.yr)]? Import 93 MSW 48 MSW 48 86 Consumption 179 Industry 81 Household 50 131 Export 13 Waste paper recycling 118 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 16/24
Plastic flows and stocks in Austria IMPORT Source: R. Fehringer, 1998 raw material 1.100 intermediate products 990 plastic products 530 wastes 11 regranulate 26 products 10 regranulate 17 primary processing stock: 40 250 product manufacturing stock: 50 600 duro- and polymers plastic products consumption Einsatz stock: 7100+400 720 wastes collection, transporting, sorting stock: 45+42 duro- and polymers plastic products 420 210 intermediate products production wastes 28 wastes 12 49 71 590 wastes wastes wastes recycling energy landfill recovery stock: 0 stock: 0 stock: 9700+590 off gas 59 [ kt/y 1994] EXPORT 7% 80% 850 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 17/24
Additives in plastic materials Material Total consumption Packaging material Total stock in kt/yr in kt/yr in %* in kt Plastics 1,100 200 18 7,100 Softeners 14 0.2 2 140 Ba/Cd- stabilizers 0.27 0.0002 <1 2.6 Pb-stabilizers 1.8 0.002 <1 18 Fire retardants 2.3 0 ~0 22 * % of total consumption Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 18/24
Partitioning of cadmium contained in waste plastic Plastic recycling MSW incineration Recycling plastic 73 % Flue gas <1 % E-Filter dust 92 % 100 % CADMIUM Residue III 10 % Residue I 14 % Residue II 2 % Sludge 1 % 100 % CADMIUM Waste water <1 % Filter cake <1 % Bottom ash 8 % Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 19/24
Concentration or dilution? + Treatment of MSW and similar wastes 40-50% SCE Ø Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn 0 +/- 0% Landfill Incineration 15-20% MBT plus Incineration - (20-40)% Cement kiln - (20-40)% Composting - SCE: substance concentrating efficiency = f (entropy st ) source: Rechberger & Brunner, 2000 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 20/24
Recycling of cadmium by MSW incineration Import use stock + x recycling 85 % waste collection metal condensate waste thermal treatment furnace air pollution control 100% 10% 5 % bottom ash APC res. landfill 15 % Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 21/24
Heavy metals in incineration residues and earth crust Lead Zinc Cadmium Mercury 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 [mg/kg] earth crust HT-residue bottom ash MSW Döberl et al. (2001) Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 22/24
Capacities of sinks are limited!. Source: Nieman/Novartis; Döberl soil Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 23/24
Thank you Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 24/24
Plastic recycling and additives (Ex. cadmium) Cd: 100% 0,15 plastic waste [t/yr, 1994] mechanical separation 0,01 residues 0,14 water n.d. shredder, extruder n.d. n.d. steam waste water 0,14 Cd: 93 % recycling plastic Source: R. Fehringer, 1996 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 25/24
3. Conseqeunces for waste management From landfills to final sinks a long way! C e >> C n C e >> C n accumulated substance turnover [%] 100% geochemical biochemical physical/chem. 0 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 time [a] Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 26/24
The stock as a future waste and resource [t/c.y] air 36 43 off gas water sewage 147 144 4-10 2 fossil fuels 12-18 construction materials & consumer goods stock: 350 t/c export goods solid wastes 3 3 Paul H. Brunner, TU Vienna 27/24