SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN VINEYARDS BECKY B. WESTERDAHL EXTENSION NEMATOLOGIST / PROFESSOR OF NEMATOLOGY UC DAVIS SONOMA COUNTY VINEYARD TECH GROUP SANTA ROSA APRIL 20, 2017 http://entomology.ucdavis.edu SPEAR ESOPHAGUS MEDIAN BULB NERVE RING EXCRETORY PORE S MALE TAIL S=SPICULES B=BURSA B ANUS VULVA OVARY BASAL GLANDS INTESTINE CUTICLE TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE 1
NEMATODES USE A SPEAR OR STYLET TO FEED ON PLANT ROOTS OR OTHER TISSUES NEMATODES ARE AQUATIC ORGANISMS. 2
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE: M = MOLT SIZE B. A. JAFFEE EGG J1 M J2 M J3 M J4 M ADULT TIME J = JUVENILE OR LARVA B. A. JAFFEE NEMATODES LIKELY TO CAUSE PROBLEMS IN VINEYARDS: SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ECTOPARASITES: XIPHINEMA INDEX DAGGER XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM DAGGER CRICONEMELLA XENOPLAX RING LONGIDORUS AFRICANUS NEEDLE PARATRICHODORUS SP. STUBBY ROOT MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE: PRATYLENCHUS VULNUS LESION SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITES: MELOIDOGYNE SP. ROOT KNOT TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS CITRUS 3
ECTOPARASITE MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITE SYMPTOMS & SIGNS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE TO VINEYARDS: VISIBLE ABOVE GROUND - ROOT SYMPTOMS - Stunting Galls or Swellings Chlorosis Stubby Roots Mid-day Wilting Lesions or Dark Spots Leaf Drop Stunting Small Fruit "Dirty Roots" Yellowing Misshapen Leaves Patches of Poor Growth in Field Lack of Response to Treatment Reduced Yield "Unthriftiness" 4
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX) ROOT GALLS DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX) VECTORS GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS VIRUS SYMPTOMS: SMALL BUNCHES POOR FRUIT SET IRREGULAR RIPENING LEAF MALFORMATIONS YELLOW MOSAIC OF LEAVES VEINBANDING 5
DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX) ON GRAPE VIRUS SYMPTOMS: ABNORMAL SHOOT BRANCHING XIPHINEMA INDEX - VECTORS GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS THE VIRUS IS: BOUND TO ESOPHAGEAL LINING LOST AT MOLT DOES NOT PASS THRU EGG STAGE DOES NOT REPLICATE IN NEMATODE 6
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 B. A. JAFFEE RING NEMATODE (CRICONEMELLA XENOPLAX) B. A. JAFFEE PEACH RING NEMATODE - BACTERIAL CANKER COMPLEX Susceptible - almond, apricot, cherry, kiwi, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, prune. Bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae ) is usually present in orchards. Ring nematode (Criconemella sp. ) stresses trees. Stress predisposes trees to bacterial canker. Usually associated with younger trees. Usually associated with sandy soils. HEALTHY INFESTED RING NEMATODE (MESOCRICONEMA XENOPLAX) 7
ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE (MELOIDOGYNE SP.) ON GRAPE M. V. MCKENRY CHECK ON LEFT, NEMACUR TREATMENT ON RIGHT M. V. MCKENRY CITRUS NEMATODE (TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS) CITRUS HEALTHY INFESTED GRAPES - CHECK ON LEFT, NEMACUR TREATMENT ON RIGHT 8
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 HOW NEMATODES INJURE VINEYARDS: 1. Mechanical injury - penetration and movement through tissues 2. Cellular changes A. Death of cells (necrosis) B. Changes in growth of cells 3. Physiological changes in host A. Interruption in uptake and flow of water and nutrients from roots B. Interaction in flow of food from leaves to roots 4. Create openings for entry of other microorganisms 5. Transmission of viruses 6. Increase susceptibility to environmental stress SAMPLING FOR NEMATODES: NEMATODES ARE NOT TYPICALLY UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED - MULTIPLE SUBSAMPLES / SAMPLE pcok 9
SAMPLING FOR NEMATODES: In soil, dig into root zone where moisture is present Place soil and small roots into plastic bag Soil from several places should be combined Collect about 1 quart of soil and roots Sample healthy areas also and place in separate bag Seal bags and keep cool (do not freeze) Label bags - name, address, sample location, date, crop history, existing crop, next proposed crop Notify laboratory that is to receive samples COACHELLA VALLEY CITRUS NEMATODE ON GRAPES 1400 LARVAE/50 ML SOIL 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 BLOOM HARVEST TREAT TREAT D J F M A M J J A S O N D MONTH 10
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 XIPHINEMA INDEX ON GRAPES Total # of Nematodes per liter of soil 2000 1500 1000 500 r 2 =.341 10 5 Temperature code 0 0 JASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ 1993 1994 1995 Month EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURES: Sieving Sugar Flotation Fenwick Can Sugar Centrifugation Elutriator Staining Roots Baermann Funnel Greenhouse Bioassay Mist Select appropriate procedure for nematode species of interest. 11
ELUTRIATOR-SUGAR CENTRIFUGATION (NUMBER/LITER SOIL) EXTRACTION METHOD CHEESE CLOTH BAERMANN FUNNEL LINED FUNNEL (NUMBER/LITER SOIL) (NUMBER/LITER SOIL) ROOTS ON MIST (NUMBER/GRAM) NEMATODE LESION 2,750 7,200 280 1.6 RING 1,000 20 150 0 DAGGER 150 260 350 0 MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: Selection of Planting Site Certified Planting Stock Clean Equipment Irrigation Water Choice of Rootstock Fallow Cover Crops Biological Control Amendments Pre-plant Nematicides Post-plant Nematicides 12
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 DISTRIBUTION OF XIPHINEMA INDEX Greg Browne (USDA, UC Davis) 13
Cover / Rotation Crops Lesion Root knot Dagger Ring Citrus Pin Sudan N H N N N? Barley N H- N H N? Cahaba Vetch H H- N H N? Alfalfa N H- H H N? Rootstock selection - Vitis Lesion Root Dagger Ring Pin Citrus knot* (X.i.) Dogridge S R S S S? MR Ramsey R? R R S S? S 1613C S MR R S S? S Harmony S R S S S? S Freedom S R R S S? S Scwarzm S S R S S? S K51-32 R? MR R S S? S Teleki 5C S MR S S S? S O39-16 S S R S S? S * not M. arenaria 14
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 Mike McKenry UC Riverside (Kearney ) 15
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SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: PARASITES AND PREDATORS POSSIBLE MODES OF ACTION OF SOIL AMENDMENTS / NATURAL PRODUCTS: ADDITION OF BENEFICIAL MICROBIALS STIMULATION OF NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI COMPETITION FOR ROOT SURFACE REDUCE STRESS ON NEMATODE INFESTED PLANTS (VIA IMPROVED SOIL STRUCTURE, SOIL WATER RETENTION, PLANT NUTRITION) PRODUCE NEMATICIDAL BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS B. A. JAFFEE 17
ASD (Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation) Incorporate Irrigate Tarp (2 months) Carol Shennan UC Santa Cruz No longer available or in danger of going away soon Non-fumigants HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEMATICIDES IN CALIFORNIA: YEAR TYPE CARBON DISULFIDE (CS2) 1869 FUMIGANT *CHLOROPICRIN 1936 FUMIGANT METHYL BROMIDE 1940'S FUMIGANT EDB (ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE) " FUMIGANT DD (1,3-D+1,2-D) (1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE) " FUMIGANT DBCP (DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE) FUMIGANT *TELONE II (1,3-D) (1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE) " FUMIGANT FORMALDEHYDE " FUMIGANT *MIT>>METAM-SODIUM 1950'S FUMIGANT *BASAMID FUMIGANT NEMACUR (FENAMIPHOS) LATE OP *FURADAN (CARBOFURAN) 50'S & CARB *MOCAP (ETHOPROP) 1960'S OP DASANIT " OP *TEMIK (ALDICARB) " CARB *VYDATE (OXAMYL) 1970'S CARB (SYSTEMIC) ENZONE (GY-81) SODIUM 1990'S FUMIGANT TETRATHIOCARBONATE>>CS2 *DITERA (MYROTHECIUM VERRUCARIA TOXIN) " NATURAL *TELONE EC, INLINE " FUMIGANT *ADMIRE PRO (IMIDACLOPRID) 2000 S NEONICITYNOID *NEMA-Q (QUILLAJA, SOAPBARK TREE) NATURAL *ABAMECTIN SEED TREATMENTS NATURAL MIDAS (IODOMETHANE) FUMIGANT *MELOCON (PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS) NATURAL *MOVENTO (SPIROTETRAMAT) *NIMITZ (FLUENSULFONE) *MAJESTENE (BURKHOLDERIA SP.) NATURAL *Currently available for use on some crops in California 18
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 HOW SOIL FACTORS AFFECT FUMIGANTION: SOIL SOIL TEMPERATURE % SOIL RATE TYPE o F o C MOISTURE POUNDS/ ACRE Sand 40-77 5-25 2-6 200 Loamy 40-77 5-25 3-8 200 Sand Sandy 40-77 5-25 4-10 200 Loam 40-77 5-25 10-12 300 Loam 40-77 5-25 6-14 300 40-77 5-25 14-18 400 Clay 50-68 10-20 8-12 300 Loam 50-68 10-20 12-18 350 50-68 10-20 18-22 400 Clay 50-68 10-20 15-22 400 50-68 10-20 22-35 500 WHAT DOES THE TARP DO? Steam Treatment of Replant Sites 19
STARVE & SWITCH STARVE KILL ROOT SYSTEM WITH SYSTEMIC HERBICIDE WAIT 1 YEAR BEFORE REPLANTING SWITCH REPLANT WITH ROOTSTOCK WITH STRIKINGLY DIFFERENT PARENTAGE FROM THE PREVIOUS ROOTSTOCK SPOT OR STRIP TREATMENTS TO PROVIDE PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANCE FOR 6 MONTHS AFTER PLANTING EXAMPLES - SOIL STEAMING OR FUMING PRODUCTS WITH REDUCED VOC ISSUES Mike McKenry (UC Riverside, KAC) 20
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 PERFORMANCE OF DITERA AND NEMA-Q (QUILLAJA) IN A SUTTER / YUBA COUNTY WALNUT ORCHARD (FARM ADVISOR JANINE HASEY) OWN-ROOTED AND PARADOX ROOTSTOCKS 5 REPS PER TREATMENT / ROOTSTOCK RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN UNTREATED DITERA (50 LBS/ACRE, TREATING HALF OF AREA) QUILLAJA 35% (2.5 GPA, TREATING HALF OF AREA) MONITOR TRUNK CIRCUMFERENCE, YIELD, YIELD EFFICIENCY, SOIL AND ROOT SAMPLES SOIL EXTRACTION VIA ELUTRIATION / SUGAR CENTRIFUGATION ROOT EXTRACTION IN MIST CHAMBER 35 DITERA AND NEMA-Q INCREASED YIELDS DIFFERENCE IN YIELD BETWEEN 2003 AND 2006 (KG / TREE) IN SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL 30 25 PARADOX ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR 20 OWN-ROOT 15 10 5 0 CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA 21
DITERA AND NEMA-Q INCREASED TRUNK CIRCUMFERENCE 30 DIFFERENCE IN CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN 2003 AND 2006 (CM / TREE) IN SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL 25 20 PARADOX ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR OWN-ROOT 15 10 5 0 CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA 22
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 VISIBLE DIFFERENCES IN TREE VIGOR 5.0 4.0 TREE RATING - SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL PARADOX 0.04 0.03 0.02 Rating Scale: 0=Dead 1=Very low vigor, dieback 2=Early yellowing 3=No new shoot growth 4=Some new shoot 5=Most vigorous g rowth 0.08 OWN-ROOT 0.08 0.04 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA 2005 2006 2005 2006 GRAPE GROWING REGIONS: NORTH & CENTRAL COAST SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 23
NEMATODE REGION NORTH SAN JOAQ S CA DAGGER X X 0 RING X X 0 LESION X X 0 STUBBY ROOT X X X ROOT KNOT X X X CITRUS 0 X X NEEDLE 0 0 X TYPE OF GRAPES REGION NORTH SAN JOAQ S CA WINE X X 0 RAISIN 0 X 0 TABLE 0 X X 24
SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017 SOIL REGION TYPE NORTH SAN JOAQ S CA FINE X 0 0 MEDIUM X X 0 COARSE 0 X X IRRIGATION REGION TYPE NORTH SAN JOAQ S CA NONE X 0 0 SPRINKLER X 0 0 FLOOD/FURROW 0 X 0 DRIP(LOW VOLUME) 0 X X 25
RESEARCHER LOCATION/ GRAPE RASKI LODI/ WINE X. INDEX MCKENRY RADEWALD SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY/ RAISIN COACHELLA VALLEY/ TABLE SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WITH NEMACUR METHOD/ NEMATODE SOIL TYPE NUM APPS / TOTAL A.I. 50% BAND NOT PLUS INDICATED IRRIGATION/ 1 APP/ 20 LB ROOT-KNOT CITRUS AND ROOT-KNOT SAND AND SANDY LOAM SAND DRIP/ 5 APPS/ 5.5 LB DRIP/ 6 APPS/ 3.4 TO 4 LB TIMING FEBRUARY APRIL, MAY, JUNE, SEPT, OCT 3 APPS AT 3 DAY INTERVALS, LATE FEB- EARLY MARCH, & AUGUST- EARLY SEPT ADDITIONAL INFO TIMED FOR ROOT FLUSHES AT BLOOM (MAY 15-JULY 1) & POST- HARVEST VINES BLOOM APRIL, HARVEST MID-MAY TO LATE JUNE THE END 26