Engineering challenges 10 th October 2014
Outline - A brief look at history Importance of Energy - LHC machine - From design to operation - Main LHC challenges - Last results and future - Post-LHC machine - Conclusion 2 2
Lord Rutherford, in his inaugural presidential address to the Royal Society in London in 1928, said: I have long hoped for a source of positive particles more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances. This was the start of a long quest for the production of high energy beams of particles in a very controlled way Energy gain 1 ev is the energy that an elementary charge gains when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 Volt 1 ev = 1.6 10-19 J 3
High energy physics Schematic of Cockcroft and Walton s voltage multiplier. Opening and closing the switches S transfers charge from capacitor K3 through the capacitors X up to K1. 4
Van de Graaff's very large accelerator built at MIT's Round Hill Experiment Station in the early 1930s. Under normal operation, because the electrodes were very smooth and almost perfect spheres, Van de Graaff generators did not normally spark. However, the installation at Round Hill was in an open-air hanger, frequented by pigeons, and here we see the effect of pigeon droppings. Engineering challenges and problems 5
The Importance of Energy New discoveries often follow the opening of a new energy regime: Discovery of the electron Discovery of the nucleus Discovery of pion and muon Discovery of the kaon Discovery of the proton substructure Discovery of the top quark Discovery of the BEH (Higgs) boson 1 ev 5 MeV 100 MeV 500 MeV 20 GeV 2 TeV 8 TeV Dark Matter (Supersymmetry, ) Extra dimensions, Matter-antimatter asymmetry 13-14 TeV? towards 100 TeV? 6
Lorentz force Challenge B and E Implicit in relativistic formulation of Maxwell s equations Describes the force on a charged particle moving in an em field f = q( E+ v B) Transverse Beam Dynamics Longitudinal Beam Dynamics 7
sustained exponential development for more than 80 years progress achieved through repeated jumps from saturating to emerging technologies superconductivity, key technology of high-energy machines since the 1980s 8
LHC (Large Hadron Collider) 14 TeV proton-proton accelerator-collider built in the LEP tunnel Lead-Lead (Lead-proton) collisions 1983 : First studies for the LHC project 1988 : First magnet model (feasibility) 1994 : Approval of the LHC by the CERN Council 1996-1999 : Series production industrialisation 1998 : Declaration of Public Utility & Start of civil engineering 1998-2000 : Placement of the main production contracts 2004 : Start of the LHC installation 2005-2007 : Magnets Installation in the tunnel 2006-2008 : Hardware commissioning 2008-2009 : Beam commissioning and repair 2010-2035 : Physics exploitation A 27 km circumference collider 9
Overall layout of LHC Four large experiments 10
Civil Engineering challenges CMS cavern 53m long, 27m wide by 25m high 30 New buildings 28,000 m 2 11
LHC: technological challenges The specifications of many systems were over the state of the art. Long R&D programs with many institutes and industries worldwide. The highest field accelerator magnets: 8.3 T (1232 dipole magnets of 15 m) The largest superconducting magnet system (~10 000 magnets) The largest 1.9 K cryogenics installation (superfluid helium, 150 tons of LHe to cool down 37 000 tons) Ultra-high cryogenic vacuum for the particle beams (10-13 atm, ten times lower than on the Moon) The highest currents controlled with high precision (up to 13 ka) The highest precision ever demanded from the power converters (ppm level) A sophisticated and ultra-reliable magnet quench protection system (Energy stored in the magnet system: ~10 Gjoule, in the beams > 700 MJ) 12
Energy management challenges Energy stored in the magnet system: 10 GJoule 10 GJoule flying 700 km/h Energy stored in the two beams: 720 MJ [ 6 10 14 protons (1 ng of H+) at 7 TeV ] 700 MJ melt one ton of copper 700 MJoule dissipated in 88 µs 700.106 / 88.106 8 TW World Electrical Installed Capacity 3.8 TW 90 kg of TNT per beam 13
Superconducting Dipoles from Recent Machines 14
June 1994 first full scale prototype dipole June 2007 First sector cold ECFA-CERN workshop April 2008 Last dipole down 9T- 1m single bore 1994 project approved by council (1-in-2) 25 years Main contracts signed 83 84 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Decision for Nb-Ti 9T -10 m prototype 2002 String 2 November 2006 1232 delivered September 10, 2008 First beams around 15 1
Conception, simulation et intégration 3D 16 16
Conception, simulation et intégration 3D The 10 metre long prototype bending magnet for LHC, which has reached a field of 8,73 Tesla on 14 April 1994 17 17
String test : December 1998 Four years after its start-up, the first test string of the LHC comes to the end of its operation. Composed of prototypes, it made it possible to test and validate the various components and systems of the LHC. one complete cell (100m ) 18
The LHC Magnet Zoo Accelerators like LHC can also have: Quadrupole magnets to focus a beam Skew Quadrupoles Linear coupling Sextupoles Energy dependence of focusing Chromatic aberration Octupoles Amplitude dependence of focusing Decapoles Higher order correction ROXIE : Routine for the Optimization of magnet X-sections Inverse field computation and coil End design 19 19
Final assembly of cryomagnets at CERN One main dipole magnet : 35 tons, 15m 108 mh 1232 main dipoles 400 main quadrupoles 20
Systematic tests :100% of the magnets Systematic tests :100% of the magnets 1232 dipoles and 400 quadrupoles Cold magnetic performance measured on 20% of the magnets (correlation between warm and cold measurements) 21
Descent Descent of the of the last last magnet magnet 26-04-2007 26-04-2007 30 000 km underground at 2 km/h! Installed in the tunnel : 50 000 t 22
Cryomagnet interconnects challenge Total inter-magnet connections 1,695 Total number of High- Current Splices 10,170 123 000 helium-tight in situ welds Soldering and welding in difficult conditions but very high quality needed 250,000 welds in the tunnel environment 23
Why 1.9 K? (superfluid helium) 3 Tesla With Nb-Ti as technical superconductor, to get sufficient current density above 9 T, cooling below 2 K is required Trade-off between magnet and cryogenic complexity Very High Specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, very low viscosity But producing 130 tonnes of He II is a considerable challenge! 24
Cryogenics A Huge System: Covering the Magnets, RF system and the detectors (CMS & ATLAS), Reliability is key since any minor stop of the system can lead to a significant stop of the accelerator 25
LHC : 1232 SC Main Dipole magnets Magnet inductance : L = 108 mh L total =1232 * 0.108 = 133 H Ultimate current = 13kA Stored Energy = 11.3 GJ 26
One Sector (1/8) of the LHC Machine Cryostat containing 154 Main Dipoles 13kA Total inductance = 16.6H. Total stored energy = 1.2GJ Current source Power Converter 13kA, 10V flat top, ± 180V boost Time Constant = 23000 seconds (6 hours 23 minutes) 2x Energy extraction systems. Maximum rate of discharge = 120A/sec. 27
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Massive use of HTS in LHC current leads 29
LHC magnetic cycle beam dump dipole current (A) Physic run energy ramp (10 to 12h) (30mn) coast 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 injection phase start of the ramp 7 TeV 8.36 T 2000 450 GeV 0 0.54 T -4000-2000 0 2000 4000 time from start of injection (s) 30
x 10 LHC magnetic 4 cycle 1.3 beam dump dipole current (A) Current offset in Milliamps Physic run energy ramp 1.3 (10 to 12h) (30mn) coast 1.3 12000 10000 8000 80 6000 60 4000 40 2000 1 Reference 450 GeV Measured 0 0 0.54 T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 20 0 I 0 = 1019.9 Amps 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Time in Seconds 3 ppm 4 injection 3 phase 2 start of the ramp 8700 8750 8800 8850 8900 8950 9000 Current offset in ppm of 20 ka time from start of injection (s) 7 TeV 8.36 T 31
Beam Dump beam absorber (graphite) about 8 m concrete shielding 32
Beam Dump beam absorber (graphite) 30kV switch assembly (16kA/µs; 32kA; 6 µs ½ sine wave) about 8 m concrete shielding up to 800 0 C Temperature of beam dump block at 80 cm 33
Operational margin of LHC superconducting magnet Applied Magnetic Field [T] Bc critical field Bc Applied field [T] 8.3 T 0.54 T quench with fast local loss of ~5 10 6 protons Superconducting state quench with fast local loss of ~5 10 9 protons Normal state QUENCH Tc critical temperature 1.9 K Temperature [K] Temperature [K] 9 K 34 34
Machine Protection Beam 362 MJ Requires: Collimation system to protect the cold surfaces by removing the tails of the beam 56 mm SC Coil: quench limit 15-100 mj/cm 3 Aim: Minimize the chances of a beam induced quench, or worse, damage 35
Collimation System 1.2 m Even a small fraction of the LHC beam impacting on a collimator jaw will cause significant damage Simulation of 8 LHC bunches at 5 TeV impacting a Tungsten Jaw of a Collimator beam Total = 108 collimators About 500 degrees of freedom. All need aligning very precisely (10µm) to the beam 36
Collimator Settings Very close to the Beam 2.2 mm Requires very precise control of the beam and fill to fill reproducibility 37
Radio Frequency Acceleration System Typical LLRF Board: Several Hundred Control Cards Installed LHC 400MHz SC cavities All major power systems underground: 16, 300kW Klystrons and associated controls Timing and Synchronization systems in a Faraday cage on the surface LHC 400MHz Klystron Installation 38
LHC 2010-2012: a rich harvest of collisions Σ 30 fb -1 2 10 15 collisions BEH boson announce 2010: 0.04 fb -1 7 TeV CoM Commissioning 2011: 6.1 fb -1 7 TeV CoM exploring limits 2012: 23.3 fb -1 8 TeV CoM production 7 TeV and 8 TeV in 2012 39
Operation : availability There are a lot of things that can go wrong it s always a battle Cryogenics availability in 2012: 94.7% Courtesy Mike Lamont 40
Long Shutdown 1 LS1 starts as the shutdown to repair the magnet interconnects to allow nominal current in the dipole and lattice quadrupole circuits of the LHC. It became a major shutdown which, in addition, includes other repairs, maintenance, consolidation, upgrades and cabling across the whole accelerator complex and the associated experimental facilities. All this in the shadow of the repair of the magnet interconnects. 41
LS 1 from 16th Feb. 2013 to Dec. 2014 2013 2014 10 th Oct. 2015 F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A beam to beam available for works Physics Beam commissioning Shutdown Powering tests 42
Opening:100% 100 % done 100 % done 100 % done 100 % done 100 % done Closure: 100% 3 100 % done 100 % done Done Done 100 % done 100 % done 43
LHC schedule V4.1 Safety First, Quality Second, Schedule Third 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 July August September October December November January February March April P1 12 P2 23 P3 34 P4 45 P5 56 P6 67 P7 78 P8 81 NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 Flushing, nqps, ELQA NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 Pressure test ELQA Flushing, nqps, ELQA NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 ELQA Flushing, nqps, ELQA NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Pressure test PT Φ 2 ELQA Flushing, nqps, ELQA NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 Machine Check-out Beam Commissioning CV maintenanc e CSCM Cool-down ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 Pressure test ELQA Flushing, nqps, ELQA NC Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 CV maintenanc e Cool-down CSCM ELQA PT Φ 1 PT Φ 2 April March February January December November October September August July 1 st beam on week 11 (starting 9 th March 2015) Courtesy of Katy Foraz 44
LHC schedule: Run2 LS3 and Run 3 LS2 starting in 2018 (July) => 18 months + 3 months BC LS3 LHC: starting in 2023 => 30 months + 3 months BC Injectors: in 2024 => 13 months + 3 months BC Physics Shutdown Beam commissioning Technical stop (Extended) Year End Technical Stop: (E)YETS 30 fb -1 LHC b Injectors o LHC o Injectors o 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 EYETS Run Run 2 LS 2 2 LS 2 Run Run 3 YETS YETS YETS b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o PHASE 1 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 YETS o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oyets o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o LS 3 LS 3 Run 4 Run 4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t 300 fb -1 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS3 : HL-LHC installation 45
The European Strategy for Particle Physics Update 2013 Europe s top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC, including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten times more data than in the initial design, by around 2030. This upgrade programme will also provide further exciting opportunities for the study of flavour physics and the quark-gluon plasma. HL-LHC from a study to a PROJECT 300 fb -1 3000 fb -1 including LHC injectors upgrade LIU (Linac 4, Booster 2GeV, PS and SPS upgrade) 46
The HL-LHC Project New IR-quads Nb 3 Sn (inner triplets) New 11 T Nb 3 Sn (short) dipoles Collimation upgrade Cryogenics upgrade Crab Cavities Cold powering Machine protection Major intervention on more than 1.2 km of the LHC 47
Setting up International collaboration A GLOBAL PROJECT Baseline layout of HL-LHC IR region Q1 Q2a Q2b Q3 D1 Q1-3: 140 T/m MCBX: 2.2 T 2.5/4.5 T m D1: 5.6 T 35 T m D2: 3.5 T 35 T m Q4: 120 T/m D2 Q4 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 distance to IP (m) with national laboratories but also involving industrial firms 48
LHC roadmap: schedule beyond LS1 LS2 starting in 2018 (July) => 18 months + 3 months BC LS3 LHC: starting in 2023 => 30 months + 3 months BC Injectors: in 2024 => 13 months + 3 months BC (Extended) Year End Technical Stop: (E)YETS 30 fb -1 LHC b Injectors o LHC o Injectors o LHC b Injectors b EYETS Run Run 2 LS 2 2 LS 2 Run Run 3 YETS o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oyets o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o LS 3 LS 3 Run 4 Run 4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 LS 4 Run 5 LS 5 Physics Shutdown Beam commissioning Technical stop 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 YETS YETS YETS b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 300 fb -1 PHASE 1 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o b b b b b b b b b b b b o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t PHASE 2 3 000 fb -1 49
to propose an ambitious post-lhc accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update CERN d) CERN should should undertake undertake design design studies for accelerator projects in in a global a global context, context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high-energy frontier machines. These design studies should be coupled to a vigorous accelerator R&D programme, including high-field magnets and high-gradient accelerating structures, in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide. HFM - FCC HGA - CLIC 50
CERN should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a global context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron- positron highenergy frontier machines. Highest possible energy e + e - with CLIC (CDR 2012) Multi-lateral collaboration 51
to propose an ambitious post-lhc accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update CERN d) CERN should should undertake design studies for accelerator projects in a in global a global context, context, with emphasis on proton-proton and electron-positron high-energy frontier machines. These design studies should be coupled to a vigorous accelerator R&D programme, including high-field magnets and high-gradient accelerating structures, in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide. HFM FCC-hh HGA - CLIC 52
Malta Workshop: HE-LHC @ 33 TeV c.o.m. 14-16 October 2010 Material N. turns Coil fraction Peak field J overall (A/mm 2 ) Nb-Ti 41 27% 8 380 Nb3Sn (high Jc) 55 37% 13 380 Nb3Sn (Low Jc) 30 20% 15 190 HTS 24 16% 20.5 380 y (mm) 80 60 40 20 HTS HTS Nb 3 Sn low j Nb 3 Sn low j Nb 3 Sn low j Nb 3 Sn high j Nb 3 Sn high j Nb 3 Sn high j Nb 3 Sn high j Nb-Ti Nb-Ti 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 x (mm) Magnet design (20 T): very challenging but not impossible. 300 mm inter-beam Multiple powering in the same magnet (and more sectioning for energy) Work for 4 years to assess HTS for 2X20T to open the way to 16.5 T/beam. Otherwise limit field to 15.5 T for 2x13 TeV Higher INJ energy is desirable (2xSPS) The synchrotron light is not a stopper by operating the beam screen at 60 K. The beam stability looks «easier» than LHC thanks to dumping time. Collimation is possibly not more difficult than HL-LHC. Reaching 2x10 34 appears reasonable. The big challenge, after main magnet technology, is beam handling for INJ & beam dump: new kicker technology is needed since we cannot make twice more room for LHC kickers. 53
"High Energy LHC" First studies on a new 80 km tunnel in the Geneva area HE-LHC :33 TeV with 20T magnets 42 TeV with 8.3 T using present LHC dipoles 80 TeV with 16 T based on Nb 3 Sn dipoles 100 TeV with 20 T based on HTS dipoles 54
Future Circular Collider Study - SCOPE CDR and cost review for the next ESU (2018) Forming an international collaboration to study: pp-collider (FCC-hh) defining infrastructure requirements ~16 T 100 TeV pp in 100 km ~20 T 100 TeV pp in 80 km e + e - collider (FCC-ee) as potential intermediate step p-e (FCC-he) option FCC: 80-100 km infrastructure in Geneva area 55
LHC experience The LHC is its own prototype! Limit in all technologies: field 9T, 1.9K, 1 ppm precision demanded from the power converters, high vacuum, protection, energy storage,... It has pushed the boundaries of many technologies and involved the transfer of this technology to industry on a large scale Complexity of the project. The components are all in series (chain of accelerators) Experience in the field of accelerators and large projects. Continuity of projects since 1954 (PS, SPS, ISR, LEP, LHC). Project based on the competence of specialists (design, construction, operation, maintenance) Systematization of prototypes and when possible sub-systems (String 1 and String 2) Individual component tests, e.g. electrical testing of 100% cold magnets and magnetic measurements of 20% (after verification of the measurement transfer between warm to cold conditions). Long Hardware Commissioning of equipments (debugging) 56
LHC experience (cont d) LHC QAP: introduction of EDMS (data available on-line worldwide, functional specification, technical specification, Engineering Change Request,...) Complete integration (3D) EVM (Earned Value Management) Competitive production contracts, when possible n+1 strategy LHC Technical committee involving every group leader of the systems Many international collaborations: universities, institutes, Reviews: systematic, independent, international for every system Machine Advisory Committee (global approach) 57
Final Design Quality - Cost ( M +P) Planning - Pressure In a project as large and innovative as LHC it is not realistic to expect that everything goes smooth without problems. The incident in Sept.2008 is one of the problems that we had, there were others with similar consequences, but less noticed by the public. Large projects of the size of the LHC are never riskless. Excluding any risk would be out of reach (P+M) Risks are to be evaluated and accepted Problems are not to be hidden. Create a structure allowing problems to surface (open atmosphere), especially under heavy pressure. Q.A. IS VITAL but it takes time! Tests are to be performed by independent teams (especially if outsourcing) 58 58
Particle accelerators The first motivation was from Ernest Rutherford who desired to produce nuclear reactions with accelerated nucleons. For many decades the motivation was to get to ever higher beam energies. At the same time, and especially when colliding beams became important, there was a desire to get to ever higher beam current. In the last three decades there has been motivation from the many applications of accelerators, such as producing X-ray beams, medical needs, ion implantation, spallation sources, and on and on. 59
List of Technologies needed for building and exploiting Accelerators Civil engineering Survey Electrical distribution Cooling and Ventilation Cryogenics Electrical engineering Electronics Mechanical engineering Beam-materials science Large scale simulations Magnets, room temperature and superconducting Power converters Ultra High Vacuum Radio Frequency, room temperature and superconducting Beam Instrumentation Controls and Databases Beam feedback Injection, extraction fast powerful kicker magnets Targets, dumps and collimators 60
May the Energy be with you! The greatest economic benefits of scientific research have always resulted from advances in fundamental knowledge rather than the search for specific applications. Margaret Thatcher