Gender, Innovation, Adoption, Business: Adaptation, Investment Decision-making, and Agriculture Joyce Cacho Principal, Adinura Advisory, LLC
2/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
3/25 Data - Climate Shocks Percent of households that experienced shock in the last 5 years Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 67 25 29 12 12 1 0 ANY SHOCK DROUGHT FLOOD ERRATIC RAINFALL FIRE LANDSLIDE HAILSTORM
Data - Coping Strategies 4/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 120 Who implemented coping strategies? (percent) 100 100 80 60 [VALUE] 77 40 50 50 51 45 20 0 18 25 34 18 15 6 3 11 8 9 1 3 4 4 10 Sold livestock Borrowed from relatives HH head migrated to other rural area 28 Sought off-farm employment Ate less Ate different foods Sold crops 29 10 Male family member Female family member Husband and wife Household
Data - Perceptions of Climate Change 5/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 Perceived climate changes (percent) RAINFALL DECREASING RAINS COME LATER MORE HOT DAYS RAINS ARE MORE ERRATIC RAINS COME EARLIER LONGER PERIODS OF DROUGHT MORE FREQUENT DROUGHT MORE COLD DAYS MORE FREQUENT FLOODING LESS FREQUENT FLOODS RAINFALL INCREASING LESS FREQUENT DROUGHT MORE FREQUENT STORMS LESS FREQUENT STORMS 13 12 10 10 9 8 7 18 17 26 42 50 62 63
How well informed are you about CC? 6/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 Household heads Spouses 38 24 25 20 19 22 14 14 5 6 NOT AT ALL INFORMED NOT VERY INFORMED AVERAGELY INFORMED RELATIVELY WELL INFORMED VERY WELL INFORMED
Data Access to Information 7/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 Information on processing and adding value 8 14 Information on marketing 57 62 Information on tree management and agroforestry 72 76 Information on livestock production 62 71 Information on crop production 81 86 Information on climate change 73 85 Forecast for the start of the rains (seasonal forecasts) 44 59 Forecast of extreme events (e.g. drought and flood) 28 40 Spouses 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Household heads
Data Use of Information 8/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 Information on processing and adding value added Information on marketing of crop/livestock Information on tree management and agroforestry Information on livestock production and management Information on crop production and management Information on climate change Forecast for the start of the rains (seasonal forecasts) Forecast of extreme events (e.g. drought and flood) 56 65 75 72 80 78 76 81 82 82 78 91 92 90 93 90 Spouses 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Household heads
Data Reasons for Not Adapting (%) 9/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 Think that the practice might not work Inputs not available Resources not available Don t see the need 2 1 0 1 2 2 3 2 Not enough labor 10 20 Not enough money 3 20 Don t know what to do 53 68 Spouses Household heads
Data Adaptation Strategies Adopted (%) 10/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 PLANT TREES IMPLEMENT SWC CHANGE CROP VARIETY INCREASE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS CHANGE CROP TYPE CHANGE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS SEEK OFF FARM EMPLOYMENT CHANGE PLANTING DATES SUPPLEMENT LIVESTOCK FEEDS USE MORE WATER FOR IRRIGATION DECREASE AMOUNT OF LAND UNDER PRODUCTION 15 16 7 12 8 12 7 11 2 8 8 7 4 7 4 5 5 4 50 53 63 73 Spouses Household heads
Planned Adaptation Strategies (%) 11/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 IMPLEMENT SWC INCREASE PLANTING OF TREES PLANT TREES INCREASE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS USE MORE WATER FOR IRRIGATION CHANGE CROP VARIETY INCREASE THE NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK PLANT INDIGENOUS CROPS INCREASE AMOUNT OF LAND UNDER PRODUCTION MIX CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION CHANGE CROP TYPE SUPPLEMENT LIVESTOCK FEEDS CHANGE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS CHANGE FROM LIVESTOCK TO CROP PRODUCTION CHANGE PLANTING DATES BUILD A WATER HARVESTING SCHEME 15 13 17 15 17 17 15 15 12 10 12 9 12 9 5 8 4 6 7 6 7 4 5 4 1 4 21 28 36 35 39 50 Spouses Household heads
Desired Adaptation Strategies (%) 12/25 Source: IFPRI-AEMFI 2013 USE MORE WATER FOR IRRIGATION INCREASE THE NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK INCREASE AMOUNT OF LAND UNDER PRODUCTION INCREASE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS INCREASE PLANTING OF TREES IMPLEMENT SWC BUILD A WATER HARVESTING SCHEME PLANT TREES CHANGE CROP VARIETY CHANGE ANIMAL BREEDS SUPPLEMENT LIVESTOCK FEEDS CHANGE CROP TYPE CHANGE FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS 0 2 2 3 3 4 5 11 12 11 12 9 9 8 7 6 9 11 6 17 16 19 19 22 26 36 Spouses Household heads
13/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
14/25 Respecting what is inspected Intention in Climate Change responses Monitoring & Evaluation Project planning Engaging all stakeholders Same for private and public sectors Improved opportunity for synergy from coordination
15/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
Farmers, Industry, Financiers and Government 16/25 Risk management strategies linked to market fences Seeking a return on investment (ROI) that covers current costs and build assets to continue growing the business The better and more timely the information the sharper the decision-making
17/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
18/25 Climate Change, Rural areas, Women Rural areas in emerging market, frontier, and developing economies are dominated by smallholder farmers mostly women, with youth supplementing labor needs at planting and harvesting times Historically men in these regions are the first to migrate to urban and peri-urban areas valued as income earners (typically generated from employment in service industry, extractive industry, or large scale farming of cash crops)
19/25 Climate Change, Rural areas, Women Knowledge of women, smallholder farmers Include farming practices and systems that have been handed down through generations that can be the cornerstone of Climate Change adaptation innovation Underscores reasoning to focus on strengthening rural economies because we are relying heavily on this group of citizens to be stewards of water systems, soil quality, vegetation for carbon sequestration Consistent supply source for increasing food demand - - globally
20/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
Inclusive markets and Climate Change 21/25 Means making it less costly for informal market participants to join formal markets Requires moving to building on groups + finance, such as Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (RuSACCOs) Trade facilitation that acknowledges low volume, seasonal, high volume border trade Capacity building of leadership by women in finance, industry, parliament, judiciary, head of state Focus on applied sciences, entrepreneurship from innovation as anchors of quality education
22/25 OUTLINE A. Accountability B. Investment decision-making C. Prioritizing rural areas D. Women in markets E. Conclusion
23/25 Collaboration, Coordination, Governance 1. Pressing levers simultaneously, in several markets local knowledge, innovation, credit, weather and extension services information, trade targeting women, is pivotal to transformative, adaptative responses to Climate Change. 2. Data collection disaggregated by gender, supporting investing that strengthens rural economies is a critical step in addressing gender in Climate Change investing.
Collaboration, Coordination, Governance 24/25 3. Prioritizing Integrated Reporting (combined financial and sustainability reporting) is an essential building block in going beyond the quantity of investment.to valuing how investments support dampening the impact of Climate Change by rewarding a longer-term focus and valuing communities.
Joyce Cacho Principal, Adinura Advisory, LLC joyce@joycecacho.com kea leboga Murakoze on jaaraama Рахмет! Siyabonga Okuhepa tangi N'itumezi merci አመሰግናለሁ nagode may-dah-say Thank you! ngiyabonga شكرا gracias! oh-yeh-rah-don Jai-rruh-jef asante oṣeun na-ekeleunu eio ndatenda dankie Natotela oh-yeh-rah-don Enkosi kea leboha mahadsanid sağolun ধনয ব দ obrigado Zikomo naagoodee