Bird species diversity in seven northern Michigan plant communities. Lauren Westerman Mentor: Dr. Ken Petersen

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Bird species diversity in seven northern Michigan plant communities Lauren Westerman Mentor: Dr. Ken Petersen

BACKGROUND: Habitat Terrain Landscape Substrate Vegetation composition and structure Vegetation distribution

BACKGROUND: Plant Community Structure Plant species composition Horizontal component of habitat diversity Foliage height profile Vertical component of habitat diversity Foliage height diversity Percent canopy cover

BACKGROUND: Foliage Height Diversity Describes the vegetation complexity in the habitat through the comparisons of vertical vegetation distribution An increase in vegetation layers produces greater complexity of plant community structure thus greater bird species diversity

BACKGROUND: Percent Canopy Cover An estimation of canopy cover

BACKGROUND: Bird Species Diversity Simplest measure: species richness More thorough measure: richness and abundance

OBJECTIVES Assess relationship between bird species diversity and Foliage height diversity Percent canopy cover Divide bird species into guilds of migrants and residents

PREDICTIONS Bird communities will be richer and more diverse in habitats with Greater foliage height diversity Greater percent canopy cover

STUDY SITES Hardwood-conifer swamp (Site 1) Mesic northern forest (Site 2) Bog (Site 3) Dry-mesic northern forest (Site 4) Dry northern forest (Site 5) Pine barrens savanna (Site 6) Poor conifer swamp (Site 7)

HARDWOOD- CONIFER SWAMP MESIC NORTHERN FOREST

BOG DRY-MESIC NORTHERN FOREST

PINE BARRENS SAVANNA DRY NORTHERN FOREST

POOR CONFIR SWAMP

METHODS: Bird Surveys 11 June 2010-24 June 2010 10-min point-counts between 6 AM and 9 AM Seven visits to each site Order of visits changed daily

METHODS: Vegetation Sampling Percent canopy cover Foliage height profile Twenty sample points

METHODS: Percent Canopy Cover

METHODS: Foliage Height Profile Ground cover layer: 0-0.6 m Shrub layer: 0.6-6.1 m Canopy: > 6.1 m

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Shannon and Weaver s diversity index Bird species diversity Foliage height diversity Regression analysis (simple linear regression) Correlation analysis

RESULTS Fifty-one species!!!!

Number of individuals RESULTS Total number of individual birds found at each site 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hardwood-conifer swamp Mesic northern forest Bog Dry mesic northern forest Dry northern forest Pine barrens savanna Poor conifer swamp Habitat

Number of species RESULTS Bird species richness at each site 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mesic northern forest Hardwood-conifer swamp Bog Dry mesic northern forest Dry northern forest Pine barrens savanna Habitat Poor conifer swamp

Bird species diversity RESULTS Bird species diversity in relation to foliage height diversity 3.5 3 y = 2.0435x + 0.5176 r=0.83623 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Foliage height diversity

Bird species diversity Bird species diversity in relation to RESULTS percent canopy cover 3.5 3 2.5 2 y = 0.0162x + 1.7717 r=0.78976 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80 Percent canopy cover

RESULTS: Migrant and Resident Species 20% Migrants Year-round residents Forty-one migrant species Ten resident species 80%

Migratory bird species diversity Migratory bird species diversity RESULTS: Migrant Species 3 2.5 y = 2.0059x + 0.3206 r=0.90145 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 3 2.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Foliage height diversity 2 y = 0.0165x + 1.5217 r=0.80885 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent canopy cover

Year-round resident bird species diversity Year-round resident bird species diversity RESULTS: Resident Species 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.6 1.4 1.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 1.2 Foliage height diversity 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Percent canopy cover

DISCUSSION: Previous Work Bird species diversity and foliage height diversity 1.75 (MacArthur 1964) 1.678 (Karr 1968) 1.9666 (Karr and Roth 1971) 2.0436 (Westerman 2010) Bird species diversity and percent canopy cover Percent vegetation cover vs. percent canopy cover James and Wamer, 1982

DISCUSSION: Guilds Migrants Residents Sample size

DISCUSSION: What now? Future studies Long-term study Different aspects of the habitats Successional relationships

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS K. L. Petersen, research mentor S. K. Riffell and G. E. Crow, research instructors D. Mahan, site and field identifications H. M. Kress, dedicated body guard T. C. McElrath, J. R. Snyder, D. B. Sponsler, M. L. Stitzel, M. A. Tomitz, C. J. Whitsett, S. J. Wunder, T. M. Yoder, field work assistants; D. Warners, plant identification

LITERATURE CITED Anderson, S. H., and H. H. Shugart, Jr. 1974. Habitat selection of breeding birds in an east Tennessee deciduous forest. Ecology 55:828-837. Beals, E. 1960. Forest bird communities in the Apostle Islands of Wisconsin. The Wilson Bulletin 72:156-181. Beissinger, S. R., and D. R. Osborne. 1982. Effects of urbanization on avian community organization. Condor 84:75-83. Brewer, R., G. A. McPeek, and R. J. Adams, Jr. 1991. The atlas of breeding birds of Michigan. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Buskirk, W. H., and J. L. McDonald. 1995. Comparison of point count sampling regimes for monitoring forest birds. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149. Buzas, M. A. 1972. Patterns of species diversity and their explanation. Taxon 21:275-286. Dunn, J. L., and J. Alderfer, editors. 2006. National Geographic field guide to the birds of North America. Washington, D.C., USA. Cottam, G., and J. T. Curtis. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling. Ecology 37:451-460. James, F. C., and N. O. Wamer. 1982. Relationships between temperate forest bird communities and vegetation structure. Ecology 63:159-171. Karr, J. R. 1968. Habitat and avian diversity on strip-mined land in east-central Illinois. Condor 70:348-357. Karr, J. R., and R. R. Roth. 1971. Vegetation structure and avian diversity in several New World areas. American Naturalist 105:423-435. Kost, M. A., D. A. Albert, J. G. Cohen, B. S. Slaughter, R. K. Schillo, C. R. Weber, and K. A. Chapman. 2007. Natural communities of Michigan: classification and description. Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, Michigan, USA. MacArthur, R. H. 1964. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. The American Naturalist 98:387-397. MacArthur, R. H., and J. W. MacArthur. 1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42:594-598. Moss, D. 1978. Diversity of woodland song-bird populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 47:521-527. Pielou, E. C. 1966. Shannon s formula as a measure of specific diversity: its use and misuse. American Naturalist 100:463-465. Ralph, J. C., S. Droege, and J. R. Sauer. 1995. Managing and monitoring birds using point counts: standards and applications. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149. Recher, H. F. 1969. Bird species diversity and habitat diversity in Australia and North America. American Naturalist 103:75-80. Roth, R. R. 1976. Spatial heterogeneity and bird species diversity. Ecology 57:773-782. Wiens, J. A. 1969. An approach to the study of ecological relationships among grassland birds. Ornithological Monographs 8:1-93. Wilson, M. F. 1974. Avian community organization and habitat structure. Ecology 55:1017-1029.

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