Analyser
On-line analysers series 1000 and UVpcx Measuring principle l(in) l(out) Measurement Photodetector Acrolein 3 Benzene 5 Chlorobenzene 5 Dimethyldisulfide 3.5 Hydrogen peroxide 1.5 Nitro benzene 0.15 Phenol 5 Styrene 0.25 Tetrachloroethylene 0.5 Toluene 5 Triethylamine 1 Xylene 7 UV lamp Flow cell The measuring principle is based on the UV light absorption by unsaturated organic molecules at 254nm according to the Beer-Lambert law: [C]= k log (Iin/Iout) Reference photodetector With [C]: sample concentration k: absorption coefficient (specific to each molecule) Iin: light intensity at the input of the sample Iout: light intensity at the output of the sample Turbidity, suspended solid or dirty on the flow cell is automatically compensated by a differential measurement with a second detector at a reference wavelength. The approximate ratio /UV (ppm.abs - 1.m) is given bellow for a few chemicals: Automatic cleaning system One time a day, a low cost cleaning solution (5% sulphuric acid) is automatically injected into the flow cell to clean it. An auto-zero is performed at the same time. Generally, the sample is a mixture of many different molecules giving an average absorption coefficient. That means that the instrument must be calibrated according to a laboratory measurement before using. Also, the ratio of the different molecules must remains approximately constant to assume a good correlation with laboratory. The UV absorption can be considered as an alternative method for (Chemical Oxygen Demand) when fast, reliable and inexpensive measurements with very low maintenance are required. The correlation for industrial wastewater may need an experimentation to be validated while results are guaranteed on river water or urban wastewater. This method is in accordance with DIN38404-C3 standard and can be considerate as an alternative method referring to AFNOR XPT90-210 standard. Diaphragm pump Quartz flow cell The autonomy is about 2 weeks with the built-in 2-litres tank. An alarm is generated if the cleaning solution tank is empty. H 2 SO 4 5% Cleaning solution 3-ways electric valve
On-line analysers series 1000 and UVpcx Ranges and calibration Two ranges are available on the UVpcx according to the flow cell: - Low range with 10 mm flow cell for drinking or river water: 0 100 mg/l KMnO4 - High range with 1 mm flow cell for effluents: 0 20,000 mg/l (depends of the effluent) Operating cost The operating cost is limited to the refilling of the 2-litres tank of cleaning solution every 2 weeks with 5% sulphuric acid on distilled water. Application on river water Many studies have been conducted on river water to demonstrate the relation between UV absorption and such as: The instrument is pre-calibrated for river water on the low range and for urban wastewater on the high range. For a specific effluent, the ratio /UV can be entered in the instrument according to laboratory measurements. For effluent measurements, tap water instead of distilled water can be tolerated after checking. It can be estimated to about US$ 100 per year including labour. Successful and cost-efficient applications are also reported on automatic coagulant dozing. The graph below shows a typical relation between UV absorption and on river water. American Public Health Association- Standards methods for the determination of water and Wastewater UV Absorbing organic constituents, p5-60, 1995. J.C. ROSTANG, C.MOUVET- Contribution of UV spectrometry and dissolved organic matter to the studies of the functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Science de l Eau, 5(1986) 9-28. mg/l (KMnO 4 method) 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Comparison UV/ on river water UV/2.0 1Jan 2Jan 3Jan 4Jan 5Jan 6Jan 7Jan 8Jan 9Jan 10Jan 11Jan 12Jan V.LEMAUVIEL- Utilisation de la spectrometrie U.V. dans l analyse des eaux naturelles. Rapport DIREN-SEMA Basse Normandie, 1994. UV (abs/m) 40 35 30 25 20 15 Ratio UV/ on river water The applications concern mainly river monitoring for environmental studies and drinking water treatment plants. Application on wastewater The of the final effluent is a critical parameter for environmental requirements on many chemical and food industries. A fast and reliable on-line measuring system is needed. 10 5 0 y = 1.94 x +0.20 R 2 =0.98 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 If the correlation with is assumed, UV absorption appears to be the most adapted and cost-effective method (no filtering, no reagents, no consumable, no dilution).
On-line analysers series 1000 and UVpcx The graph below shows a typical comparison between UV absorption and on wastewater. The UVpcx can drive a sampler using the high alarm relay if a standard method is required to meet the regulations. The samples are taken only above a critical value to limit the number of laboratory analysis. mg/l 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Comparison UV/ on waste water UV/8.0 1Mar 2Mar 3Mar 4Mar 5Mar 6Mar 7Mar 8Mar 9Mar 10Mar 11Mar 12Mar Comparative table for METHOD UV absorption (UVpcx) Measuring time < 10 seconds Correlation with on river water Correlation with on industrial effluent Detection of unsaturated organic molecules Detection of alcohol and linear hydrocarbons Automated laboratory by ozone or OH electrode TOC with UV oxidation TOC with high temperature oxidation 2 hours tens of minutes tens of minutes tens of minutes very good very good very good very good very good variable very good good variable variable yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes no yes Reagents no yes, pollutant yes yes yes Consumable, gas no no yes yes yes cartridge Distilled water for no yes yes, no no dilution >10litres/day Periodic change of no yes yes yes yes electrode or lamp or parts Maintenance very low high high high high + waiting time Filtering no need inevitable inevitable inevitable inevitable Operating cost low high high high high Size compact big big big big Weight 14 kg > 30 kg >30 kg > 30 kg > 40 kg approx. Transportable by yes no no no no car or passenger plane Installation time few minutes hours hours hours hours
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