A Model of Management System on Land Slide Disaster to Alleviate Transportation Problems in West Sumatra Purnawan, PhD Departement of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering Andalas University, Padang Indonesia 1. Introduction Land slide disasters are the most common cases occur in West Sumatra. This is because a lot of area in West Sumatra created from volcanic tuff. These materials are weak and brittle. The bank that created from this material could be found beside a long the road in part of West Sumatra Area (see Figure 1). Therefore, land slide disasters are often occur in these areas. These land slide disasters could occur in various level impacts. The impacts of land slide disaster are often ignored by local community and government because these cases occur on relatively small areas. In some cases, the worst conditions of land slide disaster could occur, it produce severe social and economical impact to the society. In this paper the focus of discussion is the impact of land slide disaster to transportation problem in the site. From collected data, land slide disaster always occur in the rainy season in spot area of road link between Padang Bukittinggi, Bukittingi - Solok, Padang Solok and Padang Painan. These road links connected West Sumatra Province with other province with relatively high traffic volume. The factors that support causing land slide disaster are the type of soil, frequency and intensity of the rain, slope of the hill and vegetation in the hill. Other factors could contribute the land slide disaster are the load on the hill, height of the hill and availability of slope protection. Most of the hills in West Sumatra are vegetation of bush or forest. At present condition, there is no special unit to cope land slide disaster in the site. The effect of land slide disaster always create problem in the site, it because of land slide debris destroying public facility. In most cases, land slide debris were usually removed by local people or local contractor or local government official and sometimes coordinating by local people. Figure 1 : West Sumatra Area The problems of land slide disaster on transportation aspect are traffic bottleneck, uncontrolled vehicle queue, limited road wide for vehicle movement and uncertain delay. These problems produce derived impact on social and economic of community. Based on this condition, it needs to create land slide management system in West Sumatra.
2. Impact of Land Sslide in the Ssite In the case of land slide disaster, various impact level of disaster to the environment depending on the circumstance and the land slide conditions. For the case on transportation activities, some land slide disasters could block the traffic flow for several days. The other cases could occur just for hours. Because the locations of potential land slide areas are relatively far from community and no information who responsible for removing land slide debris, it often create a problem on the site. If the land slides disaster is quite small, the local people usually working together for removing debris using simple equipments. However, if land slides disaster have large debris, heavy equipments are required for removing debris. In these cases, people in the site were waiting for helping from special unit for removing debris. Several impact of land slides disaster could be explained as below : Communication impact : Lost communication because of separation on land slide disaster could produce indirect impact to social and economical activities. This lost communication occurs because people could not reach other location because of land slide. The debris of land slide could separate Desa or Nagari because of closing the road by debris or destroy the road. This case could be seen in Figure 2. If this condition occurs in the remote areas, people should wait for a long time. They have no technology and equipment to cope with the impact of this disaster. They usually have no contact number to government official to alleviate this problem. Therefore the situation in the site becomes worst by following the day. Figure 2 : Separation of community because of land slide Social impact : Other impact that could arise when the land slide occur is social impact. This impact could occur directly or as derived impact. It is depending on the condition of circumstance and the level of land slide disaster. When the big land slide disaster occurs, then people are difficult to conduct social activities. This condition will reduce the level of interaction between people in the community and creating social problems. The example of these conditions was shown when public facilities were destroyed by land slide disaster, i.e. road, bridge, market, school and mosque (see Figure 3). Economical impact : The important impact of land slide disaster to community is economic impact. This impact usually occur when the important public facilities was destroyed by land slide, such as bridge or dam. If this facility was destroyed, the people could not transport the product or plant the vegetable. So, the economic activity can not be conducted. The example of this problem can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 3 : Destroyed public facility Figure 4 : Stopped transport activity Environmental impact : Other impact of land slide disaster that usually ignored by community and government is environmental impact. This impact could affect the environment directly or arise after long period. The environmental impact usually occur because of large area was sweep or vanished by land slide disaster. Therefore, important fauna or flora were vanished or killed. Transportation impact : If the land slides occur beside the road, the traffic at this road could be blocked for two directions. This is the most common occur in West Sumatra. The queuing vehicles could reach several kilometers because of waiting for debris removal. The difficulties on traffic control will be raising when the accumulation of vehicle trying to reach the first location for first leaving from the land slide location. This could produce difficulties for removal land slide debris in the locations. If the cases occur in the night, usually unskilled local people control the traffic and asking for fee. Although, it is not a problem for the drivers in the site, but it could produce inconvenience during waiting leaving from the disaster location. 3. A Conceptual Model of Disaster Management System In order to reduce and alleviate the problems that could arise during land disaster, a conceptual model of land slide disaster management system was developed. The main components of land slide disaster management system are disaster emergency unit and disaster management system. The disaster emergency unit includes the office, people, equipment for land clearing, and control system. For management systems, it includes official management system and site management system. The detail conditions and qualifications of disaster management unit and management system are described as follow. 3.1. Disaster emergency unit : to alleviate the land slide in the site, the government should set up the disaster emergency unit. This unit is set up in every Kabupaten between the potential land slide areas. The emergency unit should have personal that enough to cover the job in the site. The suitable equipment for clearing the land slide debris should included in this unit. All equipment should always be prepared for tackling the disaster when the rainy season coming. The equipments should have capability to tackle different land slide conditions.
a. Office : The disaster emergency unit should has a office in suitable location that could cover the problem effective and efficiently. The office of disaster emergency unit should be located between the potential land slide areas. The most appropriate department that relate to disaster emergency unit activities is Departemen Kimpraswil or Dinas Prasarana Jalan. It is better if disaster emergency unit is managed by Departemen Kimpraswil or Dinas Prasarana Jalan. This office should have complete facility to cope the land slide in the office and in the site. b. Trained people : To alleviate the land slide disaster efficiently in the site and office, it needs trained people that have skill suitable dealing with the land slide disaster. The trained people could be achieved by training on evacuation process, traffic control and method of removing debris. c. Equipment : For removing the land slide debris, evacuate the victim and controlling the traffic. It needs several kind of equipment that suitable for different kind of the job. For removing small land slide debris, it need few and simple equipment such as excavator or backhoe and supported by manual work for clearing the site. However for removing large land slide, it needs several heavy equipments, such as truck, loader, excavator and backhoe. For evacuation of victim, it needs ambulance included with evacuation aid. The equipments that should be prepared for controlling traffic flow in the site, such as portable traffic light, portable kerb and portable traffic sign. 3.2 Management system : To support the evacuation process, traffic control and removal activity, it needs management system in the office and site. Although, it is not complicated management system, but need to prepare and coordinate properly. Management land slide disaster in the site should be conducted by one or more people for controlling and managing the activities. The activities in the site include removing debris that blocked the road, controlling the traffic flow and evacuate the victim. For management system in the office, it includes how to manage the disaster information, people and equipment during the disaster. There are several components that should be set up for running disaster management system, these include : a. Management in the office : To run the disaster emergency unit effectively, the office should have system control the activity. There are component that should be managed in the office such as information management, equipment management and personal management. The information of land slide occurrence that should be recorded and managed, such as time of occurrence, location, type of land slide, the level of land slide, victim and impact on the site. From the information of land slide occurrence, the equipment that is suitable for working in the site can be prepared. Then number and qualification of people in the site can be determined. b. Management in the site : During managing land slide disaster in the site, there are three types of work that should be controlled. First, managing the evacuation process of the victim, this is important task that should be carried out. During or after the victims have been evacuated, the land slide debris must be removed and traffic flow should be controlled. It is better if all the tasks are carried out together. During process of evacuation, removing debris and controlling traffic, communication between the people in the office and in the site are carried out to control the process that be conducted.
4. Socialization of Disaster Management Program The purpose of socialization program is to introduce people who live in the potential area of land slide, drivers who always drive the cars around the land slide area, government official who work that has relationship with disaster emergency unit. The main points that should be known by them are the availability disaster emergency unit. Then, introduce the office location of disaster emergency unit and their job. The other important factor is to familiar the hotline number of disaster emergency unit, so the people are easy to contact the office for tackling the effect of disaster in the site. a. Socialization to people : The disaster emergency unit should be socialized to the people that possible become victim or affected by land slide disaster. This socialization program is conducted in order to inform the availability of disaster emergency unit. The people that should be informed, such as driver who always drives the car along the potential land slide area, the community who live along the road that potential to become victim of land slide disaster and the people who work related with land slide disaster unit. b. Location of socialization : The socialization should be conducted in the areas that potential become victim of land slide disaster and in the area around the office of disaster emergency unit. c. Method of socialization : Socialization program can be conducted in several ways, first launching can be informed using TV, newspaper and radio. Other socialization method that can be conducted is direct meeting with driver, community and government official. The use of sticker, leaflet and poster to inform the people could be more effective. 5. Concluding Remarks The land slide disasters are routine problem of community in West Sumatra. In order to copes with these problems, the government should set up a land slide disaster management system. This land slide management system includes disaster emergency unit that works with special program called disaster management system. It is a organization that has office, people, equipment and manage with special method. In order this unit could work efficiently, this unit must be informed to people that potential become victim of land slide or the people that work related with disaster emergency unit. 6. References [1] Glanville, H.E. and Seymer, N. (1971). Basic Geometry and Other Considerations in The Location and Design of Parking Facilities. Padang Ekspres, 27-29 Jan 1971. London. pp.49-51. [2] Ludvigsen, H.S. (1979). Traffic Conflicts Experience in Denmark. Proceeding 2 nd International Workshop on Traffic Conflict Techniques, Transport and Road Research Laboratory., SR 557, edt Older and Shippey, Berkshire, England, pp.107-114. [3] Purnawan. (2000). Observation of Gap Acceptance at On-street Parking Operations. Proceeding of the 32 nd UTSG Conference Volume 2, Liverpool.
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