No-Tillage worldwide Gottlieb Basch
Conservation Tillage What is it and what it is not? Conservation Tillage Tillage System Crop Residue Management (CRM) Traditional/Conventional Tillage? Reduced Tillage > 15% - < 30% Strip Tillage Ridge Tillage Mulch Tillage > 30% ou > 1120 kg/ha No-tillage Minimum Tillage? (- 40% fuel) (y. 2000) (According Mitchell et al., 2009)
No-Tillage overseas
Extent of no-till adoption in the USA 25.3 Million ha
Extent of no-till adoption in Brazil BRASIL - EXPANSÃO DA ÁREA CULTIVADA EM PLANTIO DIRETO SAFRA VERÃO/SAFRINHA/INVERNO Milhões de hectares 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990-1 Million ha 72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 BRASIL 0,00 0,00 0,01 0,03 0,06 0,06 0,05 0,13 0,21 0,23 0,26 0,38 0,50 0,58 0,65 0,73 0,80 0,90 1,00 1,35 2,03 3,00 3,80 5,50 8,85 11,33 13,37 14,97 17,36 fonte: EMATER RS, EPAGRI-SC, EMATER-PR, CATI-SP, FUNDAÇÃO MS, APDC(CERRADO) (FEBRAPDP,2002)
14 12 10 8 Extent of no-till adoption in Argentina 1977 2002 (million ha) 11.7 9.3 7.3 14.5 6 4 2 0 0.5 0.9 1.8 2.4 2.9 3.9 5 2001 2002 ( AAPRESID, 2003)
Adoption of no-tillage in W. Australia (%) 9 million ha under no-tillage in Australia 90 80 70 Estimated farmer adoption of no-till in WA 82% adoption Adoption (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 (Bill Crabtree, 2004)
Extent of no-till adoption in Paraguay 2000 1000 ha Paraguay 1.7 Mil. ha 1500 1992-2005 1000 500 0 1992 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Source: Programa de Manejo, Recuperación y Conservación de Suelos, DEAG - MAG (Derpsch, 2005)
Area under no-tillage (million ha) World total = 95 Million ha Canada 12 USA 25 Rest of the world 3.7 Europe Asia Africa Brazil 23 Paraguay 1.7 Argentina 18 Australia 9 (Derpsch, 2005)
Percentage of no-till Adoption in the World 47.0% South America USA & Canada 39.6% Rest of the World Australia 9.4% 3.9% (Derpsch, 2004)
Percentage of no-till adoption in relation to total cultivated area 23.0% 60.0% (Derpsch, 2004) USA 77.0% NT Conventional 60.0% Argentina 40.0% Brazil 40.0% 65.0% Paraguay 35.0%
While only 10% - 12% of the area under no-tillage in USA is permanently not being tilled, more than 90% of the area under no-tillage in South America is permanently not being tilled Bolivia Brazil Paraguay Argentina (Derpsch, 2004)
Effects on productivity
Grain production and area planted in Brazil (COOPLANTIO/CONAB, 2005)
Grain production and area planted in Argentina ARGENTINA Area Cultivada y Produccion Total 80 70 60 Total Production Total Cropped Area MIIL HA.-TN. 50 40 30 Poly. (Total Production) 20 10 0 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 YEARS (Peiretti, 2002)
Impact of long term no-tillage in Brazil Kg/ha #! #! #! #! #! Corn #! ## # ##!!!!! #! #! #! #! #! 30% less fertilizer #! #! # # #!!! $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ $$$ $$ $ $ $ $ " " " $ " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " Soya $ " 50% less fertilizer Year (Dijkstra, 1998)
Recent evolution of NT uptake
Recent changes in uptake of NT (main countries) Country Year Area (1000 ha) Year Area (1000 ha) % increase USA 2000 21.100 2007 26.500 26 Canada 2000 8.800 2006 13.480 53 Brazil 2000 14.300 2006 25.500 78 Argentina 2000 9.250 2006 19.720 113 Paraguay 2000 950 2008 2.400 153 Bolivia 2000 240 2007 706 194 Uruguay 2001 119 2007 672 465 Australia 1999 1.000 2007 12.000 1100
THE BIG ONES Evolution of NT areas over the last 12 years 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 USA Brazil Argentina 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
No-tillage areas Top 20 Country Area NT (2006/07/08) Country Area NT (2006/07/08) USA 26.593.000 South Africa 368.000 Brazil 25.502.000 Venezuela 300.000 Argentina 19.719.000 France 200.000 Canada 13.481.000 Finland 200.000 Australia 12.000.000 Chile 180.000 Paraguay 2.400.000 New Zealand 162.000 China 1.330.000 Colombia 100.000 Kazakhstan 1.200.000 Ukraine 100.000 Bolivia 706.000 Russia??? Uruguay 672.000 Others 1.000.000 Spain 650.000 Total 106.863.000 (Derpsch & Friedrich, 2009)
120 Adoption of Conservation Agriculture - Worldwide 100 95 98 101 105 88 Area - Million Hectares 80 60 40 25 29 33 38 46 53 55 60 64 71 80 20 8 10 13 18 0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Derpsch(2009)
What about Europe (the developing continent?)
Situation of CA in Europe Country Minimum tillage (1000 ha) No-till (1000 ha) Cover crops in perennial woody crops (1000 ha) Total surface CA (1000 ha) % NT/arable land % CA/arable land Belgium 140 n.d. n.d. 140 17.2 Denmark 230 n.d. n.d. 230 10.1 Finland 550 200 n.d. 750 9.1 34.1 France 3750 150 n.d. 3900 0.8 21.1 Germany 2300 200 n.d. 2500 1.7 21.2 Greece 230 100 n.d. 430 3.7 15.8 Ireland 10 n.d. n.d. 10 0.9 Italy 480 80 n.d. 560 1.0 6.8 Hungary 490 10 n.d. 500 0.2 10.8 Portugal 300 80 30 410 4.0 20.6 Russia 15000 500 n.d. 15500 0.4 12.6 Slovak Republic 320 130 7 457 9.1 31.9 Spain 1500 700 850 3050 5.1 22.2 Switzerland 80 12 10 102 2.9 24.9 United Kingdom 2500 180 n.d. 2680 3.1 46.6 Total 27880 2342 31220 1.2 15.7 (data ECAF 2006/07)
What is necessary?
Have in mind what CAP is looking for? Protection of soil, water, air, biodiversity, etc. Reasonable farm income Landscape management Globalization of agricultural markets
What is CAP looking for? Competitiveness of European agriculture Reduction of subsidies High quality products at acceptable prices Bio-energy crops
Maybe something like this?
Soil Soil conservation &Sustainability management
Crop Yields, Profitability & Competitiveness Biodiversity & Beautiful landscape Conservation Agriculture Soil Fertility & Carbon sequestration Less surface runoff & Floods Less soil erosion & Soil Compaction