Productive Sanitation in Burkina Faso and Niger going beyond projects? World Dry Toilet Conference Tampere, Finland 2015-08-21 Linus Dagerskog Stockhom Environment Institute Karim Savadogo CEFAME Kailou Hamadou Ministry of Hydraulics and Environment, Niger Anselme Vodounhessi African Union/GIZ
Presentation outline Background info Projects in Burkina Faso Projects in Niger Beyond projects? Role of policy and regulations Enabling environment in Burkina and Niger Discussion
Background info Burkina Faso and Niger Niger Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Niger Population 16.9 million 17.8 million Rural pop. 72% 82% Workforce engaged in agriculture, 2014 4 92% 83% Access to improved sanitation, 2012 2 19% 9% Rural OD 2012 2 75% 89% Pop below poverty line (< 1.25$/day PPP) 1 45% (2009) 41% (2011) Stunted children under five 3 35% (2010) 55% (2006) Population undernourished, 2012-2014 3 21% 11% Fertilizer application to arable land, 2012 4 14 kg/ha 1.4 kg/ha Potential quantity of plant nutrients in human excreta available per ha. of arable land 5 15 kg/ha/yr 6 kg/ha/yr Annual state subsidies for agricultural inputs 6 8.8 million n.a. Total investment in rural sanitation, 2014 7 5.6 million n.a. Productive sanitation responds to two key priorities sanitation and agricultural production!
Sourou (Project: 4) Boulkiemdé (Project: 5, 8, 10) Oubritenga (Project: 10) Kourittenga (Project: 7, 9) Productive Sanitation in Burkina Faso 2002-2015 Ouagadougou Boulgou (Project: 8) Kadiogo (Project: 1, 2, 6, 11) Comoé (Project: 3) Project Year Toilets 1. Ecosan Sabtenga 2002-2008 100 2. EcoSan Saaba 2003-2006 50 3. EcoSan Tougan 2006-2008 50 + 5 public + 2 blocks of urinals 4. EcoSan Poa 2006-2007 40 5. EcoSan Banfora 2006-2010 155 6. EcoSan_EU 2006-2009 989 + 8 public 7. EcoSan_EU 2 2008-2011 1350 8. EcoSan_EU 3 2010-2011 1648 9. EcoSan_EU 4 2011-2014 1000 10. Household sanitation for 2010-2013 5012 sustainable development 11. Support to EcoSan in Ouagadougou 2013-2016 850 Total 11 projects ~ 11000 UDDT ~10 million Euro
Burkina Faso rural project example EcoSan EU_2 (EU food security funds) Double vault UDDT and urinals with focus on reuse (30 villages/1350 toilets) OM 10,5kg OM with urine 17,5 kg Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi
Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi EcoSan EU_2: Stakeholder involvement Political leaders Heads of administration Traditional leaders Training of agriculture and health technical staff Village meetings and theatre
EcoSan EU_2: Stakeholder involvement Toilet models Jars with dried sanitized feces Demonstration toilets and urinals Reuse training and demonstration fields Commented field visits Photo: Dr Moussa Bonzi
Productive Sanitation in Niger 2005-2015 Project Year Toilets 1. Basic Community Services 2005-2010 100 in Torodi 2. PS-Aguié 2008-2009 210 + 1100 urinals 3. PGIRE Tarka 2009-2012 55 4. Food Security Arziki 2010-2014 105 5. WASH Maradi 2011 200 6. MDG Kantché 2011-2014 50 7. PEAFEC WASH and 2011-2015 1000 Ecological Fertilization 8. PASEHA II 2012-2016 1000 9. Sanitation and Hygiene Guidan Iddar 2014-2017 200 Total: 9 projects ~ 2900 UDDT
Niger rural project example: PS-Aguié IFAD finance (rural development) 8 villages, 210 toilets + 1100 urinals Fossa alterna with UD + urinals with focus on reuse PPILDA Composting UD toilet (anal wash water go into pit together with organic material) Farmer field school - participative testing of urine Many study visits organized to Aguié for other projects in Niger Evaluation 5 years post project ongoing now Organic matter Organic matter + urine Blind tests on dishes made from crops fertilized with urine and urea Photo: Linus Dagerskog
Beyond projects? Role of policies/regulations
Beyond projects? Role of policies/regulations Sector WASH Agriculture Aspects of concern in relation to productive sanitation Construction of appropriate toilets and their sustainable use Keeping nutrients in the productive systems Possible enabling policy/regulatory interventions related to excreta recycling - Systems approach (full sanitation chain) including relevant treatment and handling of sanitation products - Technology-neutral recommendations, focusing on the function of the system to stimulate innovation - Soil fertility strategies and fertilizer regulations include sanitation fertilizers - Provide guidelines on practical aspects of sanitation fertilization - Research on reuse of sanitation fertilizers Health Environment Minimizing risks to human health Protection of water bodies Reducing need to exploit non-renewable resources - Advice on treatment and protection measures along sanitation chain from toilet to field - Adaptation of WHO guidelines to national context - Regulations that emphasize minimal environmental impact from sanitation systems as well as encouraging resource conservation
Enabling environment in Burkina Faso Questionnaire with key informants at ministeries Sector Importance of EcoSan? Regulations of concern for recycling? How to go forward? WASH Agriculture Health Environment - It is a good option considering the recycling possibility - It is a tested technology with concrete results in the field and well adapted to the rural environment. - The Ministry is not against it, but there needs to be assurance that the products are used in a safe manner - We encourage waste recycling and the avoidance of environmental pollution - UD dry toilets included in rural sanitation strategy - No specific regulations concerning recycling exists. - Sludge management strategy under way - Possibly ECOWAS framework and a law from 2007 on fertilizer quality - WHO guidelines have not yet been adopted to national context - Decree 2001/185 regulates discharge to soil/water/air, but not explicit with excreta - Sensitization on benefits and how to handle risks - All links from toilet to field need to function - Evaluate current fertilizer regulations and see how recycling of sanitation fertilizers best fit in - Overcome prejudice and find ways to monitor recycling activities - Strong involvement of Min. of Agriculture - More emphasis on monitoring and follow up - Involvement of all actors - Lack of national expertise proposed regulations need to be of general order guiding towards desired outcomes
Enabling environment in Burkina Faso and Niger Questionnaire with national productive sanitation experts Burkina Faso (3 experts) Niger (2 experts) Most relevant change needed in policy/regulatory framework to enable ecological sanitation? - Guidelines by Ministry of Agriculture on reuse needed - National sanitation program should privilege ecosan in rural areas - Budget line in the national sanitation program for further research and promotion of productive sanitation systems. - Ground water protection can be strengthened through the IWRM platform and ecosan would be part of the solution. - Municipalities should include ecosan in their WASH plans How could such change be induced? - Take stock of experiences and learnings to date, evaluate sustainability of previous projects and share lessons with stakeholders across sectors. - A national ecosan committee could be formed to facilitate learning and sharing. - Ensure that the link between sanitation and crop production is clearly understood by all stakeholders - Better knowledge on the state of groundwater and the risk with pit-latrines. - Refine the arguments for productive sanitation both as water protection and increased household resilience (improved local resource management). - Demand should come from the regional and municipal level.
Attempts to engage national stakeholders across sectors Burkina Faso: - Multi-stakeholder workshop organized by EcoSan_EU 1 project in 2009. - 21 key actions on operational, strategic and political levels identified to enable large scale adoption of dry toilets with reuse in rural and urban areas. - With no further funding and lack of leadership, the strategy is dormant Niger: - Cross-sectoral working group on productive sanitation hosted by Ministry of Agriculture as spin-off from a project in 2012. - Useful information sharing and sensitization but not formally turned into a task force the ministerial decree not signed due to lack of long-term funding
Discussion/recommendations Productive sanitation has great potential for the rural smallholder farmers in both Burkina Faso and Niger. The challenge remains on how to take the step from individual projects to mainstream and scale, as pilots never fail but also never scale (Gebauer, 2014). Still limited traction in policy/regulations/programmes in spite of good project examples Lack of recycling leadership - the agriculture sector would ideally take on this key role as acceptance and demand for various sanitation fertilizers could pull the rest of the sanitation chain along and improve sustainability Sustainability evaluation post projects needed. The inventory has not revealed the actual outcomes on the ground necessary to go back and identify key success factors In depth policy/regulatory analysis in key sectors needed. Useful to identify gaps or barriers and make relevant recommendations for change. Prospects for increased government engagement in Burkina Faso with a recent mandate from the African Union to provide regional leadership on productive sanitation
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