Environmental Engineering and Management Journal January/February 009, Vol.8, No.1, 107-11 http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/eemj/ Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of asi, Romania ENVRONMENTAL MPACT ASSESSMENT NDUCED BY AN NDUSTRAL UNT OF BASC CHEMCAL ORGANC COMPOUNDS SYNTHESS USNG THE ALTERNATVE METHOD OF GLOBAL POLLUTON NDEX Carmen Zaharia 1, lie Murăraşu 1 Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of aşi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environment Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, 71A Mangeron Bvd, 700050 - aşi, Romania SC AROMA RSE SA Company, 1 ndustriilor Street, Oneşti, Romania Abstract The technological process of basic chemical organic compounds synthesis is included among the economic activities that can affect the environment quality. The environmental impact of chemical organic synthesis is evaluated using the alternative method of global pollution index that considers the concentric circles graphical methodology proposing a scale of the arithmetic mean values for the evaluation scores of each environmental components (e.g. water resources, gaseous emission, soil and subsoil etc.), correlated with the global state of the environment. The environmental components evaluated into this impact study were the final effluent into emissary (i.e. surface water) as a type of water resource water component, and respectively the gaseous emission into air around the company, considered as the air component. Applying this assessment methodology, the evaluation score for water component is of 4.96, and respectively 5.0 for air. The value of global pollution index ( = 3.869) corresponds to the GP situation of an environment modified by industrial activities generating distress to life forms. Key words: alternative methodology, global pollution index, environment impact assessment (EA), environment quality, chemical organic synthesis 1. ntroduction After 1990, an increasing concern of the environmental central authority to formulate and maintain environment quality standards in agreement with international or European requirements and methodologies of was evidenced. This attitude has been primarily due to the understanding of the importance concerning the environmental quality as a part of life quality by the municipalities and each citizen, and recognition of the necessity for environmental legislative acts and representations (Zaharia, 005). Nowadays, the engineering community has some positive inputs into the environmental protection and engineering. Requirements set by local environmental authorities are taken into account for the best environmental management of each company. The monitoring of environment quality within the economic companies or social/educational/health institutes, together with the environmental impact assessment generated by all economic activities had became one of the most important objective of the Romanian environmental policy and strategy. This paper describes the environmental impact assessment procedure using the alternative method of global pollution index. This method takes into consideration the proposed method of global pollution index introduced by Rojanschi (1991) but improved by Popa et al. (005) (as alternative method of global pollution index). The first assessment method of Rojanschi can be applied for a minimum three Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: czah@ch.tuiasi.ro
Zaharia and Murăşanu /Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 8 (009), 1, 107-11 environmental components (e.g., water resources such as ground water, surface water, final effluent discharged directly into different emissary, air, soil etc.). The alternative method of global pollution index can be applied in a manner that permit the evaluation of environment global pollution level considering only one or two environment components instead of minimum three as the method mentioned above requests (Popa et al., 005; Rojanschi, 1991; Rojanschi et al., 1997). The case studies of some small or medium productive companies that polluted the environment only in the case of one or two environment components (e.g., only air component by its gaseous emissions dispersed into air or water component by the final effluent discharged directly into an emissary such as surface water) or have only one type of emissions into environment (e.g., different sources of emissions into air and no final effluent into emissary and no emissions into soil/subsoil, or only a final effluent into emissary and no emissions in the air or into soil/subsoil) can be assessed also by the global pollution index. Some researches and environmental requirements impose the same quality into the discharging points into the environment (e.g., air, water resources or soil/subsoil) as the quality into the non-polluted environment without consideration of the dilution or self-depollution possibility for any emissions or loads. This paper proposes a case study of environmental impact assessment applied for a private company, SC AROMA RSE SA that produces basic chemical organic products using the alternative method of global pollution index. This study considers the gaseous emissions from the building of production sector into air (e.g., different sources at the outside production building with continuous or discontinuous gaseous emissions), the final effluent discharged directly into a river, as the most important emissions into environment and no emissions on soil/subsoil.. Experimental.1. Site characterization and location The investigated site is a private company, SC AROMA RSE SA, that produces basic chemical products such as: C14-C16 aldehydes, γ and ω lactones, cyclic cetones, esters, glycolates, intermediate fractions from petroleum raw materials (national economic activity code - CAEN is 414), and has 50 employees (Murarasu, 006). The company emplacement is onto the industrial zone of Onesti town, km far from town, with highway and road facilities (e.g., Adjud-Ciceu highway or NR11 Bacau-Brasov and NR11A Adjud-Onesti-Ghimes routes). The total surface is of 1.84 ha (construction surface of 0.47 ha, green surface of 0.84 ha and the rest are communication and inside access routes) (Zaharia and Murarasu, 007a; Zaharia and Murarasu, 007b;, 004). The industrial site is enriched with an important hydrographic basin, the principal collector being Trotus River. All the necessary industrial waters for the industrial platform of Onesti town is enssured by the Trotus River and ground waters from some individual drillings... Sampling and analyses The magnitude of the potential pollution generated by the private company was established based on the physicochemical analysis (Murarasu, 006) concerning: i) specific air pollutants (e.g., NMVOC, SO, NO x, CO, solid particles, having significant impact on air quality around the thermal plant and dispersion chimneys); ii) specific water pollutants (e.g., suspended solids, extractible substances into organic solvent, organic matters as COD and BOD 5, sulphides and H S, total iron, total residues) having significant impact on surface water quality around the discharging point of final combined effluent (a combination of treated industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater) into Trotus River. All specific pollutants have been analyzed by standardized methods, according to the national regulations (Zaharia, 005)..3. Environmental impact assessment The environmental impact assessment at SC AROMA RSE SA Company is assessed by the global pollution index, which takes into account the ideal and real state of environment pollution considering some quality indicators that are representative for environment into the investigated industrial site. The assessment method consists of synthetic appreciations, based on quality indicators for each environmental component (e.g. air component, water resource, soil etc.), and their correlation using a graphical representation (Macoveanu, 005; Rojanschi, 1991). The assessment of the environment quality for the industrial site is performed for the quality of air and water resource components. Thus, there were appreciated some specific quality indicators of each component and after that, correlations were established based on a graphical representation that allows the calculation of global pollution index as a ratio of ideal surface and real surface. For each environment component it is proposed an evaluation score that quantifies the pollution of the component expressed by an evaluation scale (Macoveanu, 005; Rojanschi et al., 1997; Robu et al., 005). The evaluation scale consists into different variation intervals for the evaluation score that correspond to specific pollution situation. The minimum and maximum value for the evaluation score is 1, representing an irreversible and major degradation of the studied environmental components and respectively 10, which means a non affected natural state of environment (Macoveanu, 005; 108
Environmental impact assessment induced by an industrial unit Zaharia and Surpateanu, 005a; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 005b; Zaharia et al., 007). t must be underlined the fact that this method is mainly based on subjective appreciations and the experience of evaluators is very important. The calculation of global pollution index ( GP ) is done as in Eq. (1) (Macoveanu, 005; Rojanschi et al., 1997; Rojanschi, 1991; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 005; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 006b; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 007): Each evaluation score for an environmental component (b i ) corresponds to the arithmetic mean of the values attributed to each analyzed quality indicator in accordance with the evaluation scale. 100 GP = () b GP = S S i r (1) where: S i geometrical surface corresponding to the non-affected natural state (ideal state of environment) and S r geometrical surface corresponding to the real state of environment. This surface can be of a triangle in the case of three environment components (e.g., surface water, air and soil components), a square in the case of four environment components (e.g., surface water, ground water, air and soil components) (Zaharia and Surpateanu, 005; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 006b; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 007). The authors of the alternative method of global pollution index follow the concentric circles graphical methodology, proposing a scale of the arithmetic mean values for the evaluation scores, correlated with the global state of the environment (Table 1). Thus, the global pollution index represents the ratio between the geometric surface (S i, ideal state of environment) of a circle with the ray of 10 (maximum evaluation score, non-polluted global state) and the real geometric surface (S r, real state of environment) of a circle with the ray equal with the value of the real evaluation score of the investigated site. n this context, the global environmental state can be assessed using the value of global pollution index calculated with Esq.(), where ( b ) is the arithmetic mean of the square of the evaluation scores for each investigated environment component (b i ), where i can be the water resource, air component or soil component) (Popa et al., 005; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 006b). Fig.1. Graphical representation of the concentric circles graphical methodology corresponding to ideal state (circle with the ray of 10) and real situation (circle with the ray equal with the value of ( b ) 1/ ) This alternative method is easier to be applied than Rojanschi method, but is considered as an alternative to assess the global pollution state of a site when information exists concerning the quality of a single or two environment components. 3. Results and discussion The results of the analyzed physicochemical indicators for quality of each environment component on the industrial investigated site are presented in Table for air component (i.e. gaseous emissions into different opened dispersion points of the building - production sector), and in Table 4 for water resource component (i.e. final industrial effluent discharged into emissary corresponding to a combined final effluent with industrial and domestic wastewaters) (Murarasu, 006; Zaharia and Murarasu, 007b). Table 1. Correlation between arithmetic mean of evaluation degrees and global state of environment (Popa et al., 005) Values of ( b ) 1/ Values of 10 GP = 1 9.999-7.07 7.071-5.774 5.773-5.001 1 < < 3 < GP GP < GP < 3 GP < 4 5.0-4.083 4 < GP < 6 < 4.08 GP 6 Class A Effects / real situation Natural environment, not affected by industrial/human activities B Environment modified by industrial/economic activities within admissible limits C Environment modified by industrial/economic activities generating discomfort effects D Environment modified by industrial/economic activities generating distress to life forms E Environment modified by industrial/economic activities, dangerous for life forms F Degraded environment, not proper for life forms 109
Zaharia and Murăşanu /Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 8 (009), 1, 107-11 Taking into account the evaluation scale (Table 3) (Macoveanu, 005; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 005a,b; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 006a,b; Zaharia and Murarasu, 007b; Zaharia et al., 006; Zaharia and Surpateanu, 007) it can be considered that the evaluation scores for each analyzed quality indicator corresponding to a specific pollutant from air component are: SO - ; NO - 6; CO 6, suspended solids 3, and NMVOC 9 (NMVOC expressing the non-methane volatile organic compounds). The evaluation score for air component is 5.. t can be observed that an important pollutant into the gaseous emissions that must be periodically monitorized is SO, and also must be analyzed the concentrations of suspended solids, CO, NO and NMVOC which seriously can affect the quality of air. The evaluation score for final effluent directly discharged into permanent surface water (i.e. Trotus River) was performed considering the following quality indicators: suspended solids, COD Cr, BOD, sulphide and H S, extractible compounds and sulphate. Considering the evaluation scale for the water resource (Table 5), the evaluation scores for each quality indicator from the final industrial wastewater effluent are: suspended solids - 9, COD -, BOD - 3, sulphide and H S - 3, extractible compounds - 1, total iron - 5, and total residues - 8. Location of some point or/and diffuse pollution sources (PPS or DPS) Thermal Plant (PPS) Central site of production sector building, outsite opening at H= 1.5 m (DPS) Table. The values of quality indicators into different gaseous emissions (air component) Quality indicator Concentration (mg/nm 3 ) 10.0.006.0.006 P 1 P P 3 P 1 P P 3 Maximum admissible values, NO 35.3 38.8 48.7 43.9 54.1 50. 350 SO abs. abs. abs. abs. abs. abs. 35 SO from SO 4-8.9 11. 8.0 1.6 3.9.0 35 CO 41.1 5.3 0.7 0.7 10.6 1.7 100 Solid particles 1.7 1.36 0.5 0.64 0.5 0.70 5 COV 11.39 9.89 11.39 11.66 9.88 11.4 150 South site of production COV 6.1 10.74 16.49 16.94 10.78 16.45 150 sector building, outside opening at H= 4.5 m (DPS) North site of production sector building, outsite opening at H= 4.5 m (DPS) COV 43.8 47.43 66.69 49.45 47.98 6.69 150 Maximum Admissible Concentration according to Government Order no. 46/1993 (quality of gaseous emissions from burning unit using gaseous fuel) or Maximum Admissible Concentration according to Government Order no. 499/003 (for NMVOC concentration in gaseous industrial emissions). Evaluation scale Table 3. Evaluation scale for air component: gaseous emissions into air Air quality situation N x O yx, expressed as NO Solid particles CO NMVOC SO x (g/m 3 ) CH 4 10 Air natural quality 0-0.00 0 < 3 0-0 0 0 9 Clean Air 1 st level 0.00-0.150 0.0-0.04 3-4 0-50 0.0-0.0 0-0. 8 Clean Air nd level 0.150-0.750 0.04-0.06 4-6 50-150 0.0-0.05 0.-0.5 7 Affected Air 1 st level 0.750-7 0.06-0.08 6-10 150-300 0.05-0. 0.5-1 6 Affected Air nd level 7-75 0.08-0.1 10-15 300-700 0.-0.4 1-5 5 Polluted Air 1 st level 75-350 0.1 0.16 15-0 700-1000 0.4-0.8 5-10 4 Polluted Air nd level 350-550 0.16 0.5 0-50 1000-3000 0.8-1.5 10-15 3 Degraded Air 1 st level 550-700 0.5 0.8 50-75 3000-5000 1.5-4 15-0 Degraded Air nd level 700-750 0.8.0 75-100 5000-10000 4-8 0-50 1 Unbreatheble Air >750 >.0 > 100 >10000 > 8 > 50 110
Effluent ndustrial effluent with annual flow of 1.655.990 m 3 /year Domestic effluent, annual flow of 5.330 m 3 /year Eval. scale Environmental impact assessment induced by an industrial unit Table 4. The values of quality indicators for water resource component: industrial and domestic effluent Physicochemical indicators Measured values (mg/dm 3 ) Maximum admissible values Maximum admissible values ph 6.7 6.5 8.5 6.5 9.5 Suspended solids 6 350-43.1 BOD 5 64 300 5 106 COD Cr 317.5 500 5 55.8 Sulphide and H S 1.56 1.0 Abs..6 Extractible compounds 160.5 30 100 65.8 Cooper ions (Cu + ) 1.30 0. 0. ron ion (Fe + ).36-0.1 3.9 Total residues 496-500 81.4 Toluene 14.6 - - 4. Poly aromatic compounds (PAH) UDL - - - ph 7.3 6.5 8.5 6.5 9.5 - Suspended solids 80 350-0.43 BOD 5 68 300 5 0.36 COD-Cr 7.64 500 5 0.38 Sulphide and H S 1.91 1.0 Abs. 0.01 Extractible compounds 5.0 30 100 0.03 Total residues 41-500. Quantity (Kg/year) Maximum Admissible Concentration according to Government Order no. 35/005 (Technical Norms of Treated Wastewaters discharged directly into emissary as a surface water, TNTW 001). Maximum Admissible Concentration according to Government Order no. 1146/00 (Quality of surface water, category of nd quality). Observation: nto the evaluation score for water resource component it was considered the Maximum Admissible Concentration according with Government Order no. 35/005 Table 5. Evaluation scale for water resource component: final effluent discharging into a surface water Water category COD-Cr BOD 5 Sulphides and H S N total Suspen. solids Total residues Extracti ble comp. Toluene Fe total Cu total 10 Drinkable < 5 < 3 < 0.1 < 4 < 10 fond < 1 fond fond fond water 9 Category 5 3 0.1-0.3 4 10-35 < 00 1-3 < 1 fond fond 8 Category 5-10 3-5 0.3-0.5 4-13 35-70 00-500 3-5 1-0 < 0.1 < 0 7 Category 10-0 5-10 0.5-0.75 13-6 70-150 500-1000 5-10 0-50 0.1-0.3 0.1-40 6 Category V 0-50 10-5 0.75-1.0 6-66 150-350 1000-1300 10-15 50-100 0.31-1.0 40.1-100 5 Category V 50-100 5-30 1.0-1.5 66-75 350-500 1300-1500 15-0 100-500 1.1-.5 100.1-300 4 Degradation 100-150 30-50 1.5-1.5 75-85 500-700 1500-1700 0-5 500-1000.51-300.1-500 1st phase 3.75 3 Degradation nd phase 150-300 50-100 1.5-1.75 85-95 700-850 1700-1800 5-30 1000-3000 3.76-4.5 500.1-700 Wastewater 1st 300-400 100-500 1.75-.0 95-100 850-1000 1800-000 30-35 3000-4.51-700.1-1000 level 5000 5.0 1 Wastewater nd level > 400 > 500 >.0 > 100 >1000 > 000 >35 > 5000 > 5 > 1000 The evaluation score for water resource component in the case of final industrial effluent dischared directly into emissary is of 4.43. The most important quality indicators are extractible compounds, and also BOD, sulphide and H S. For final domestic effluent discharged directly into emissary, the evaluation scores are: suspended solids - 7, COD - 5, BOD - 3, sulphide and H S -, extractible compounds 8, and total residues - 8. The evaluation score for direct domestic effluent evacuation into a water resource (surface water) is of 5.5. The most important quality indicators are extractible compounds, sulphide and H S, BOD and COD. n the case of a combined final effluent discharged directly into the surface water (Trotus river) representing a real combination of final industrial effluent and domestic effluent), the ecological impact can be expressed by an evaluation score expressed as the arithmetic mean of the evaluation scores for final industrial effluent and final domestic effluent discharged directly into emissary. This mediation of evaluation score is possible taking into account the homogenization and dilution of all types of water resources before and after the 111
Zaharia and Murăşanu /Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 8 (009), 1, 107-11 discharged into river. n this context, the evaluation score is of 4.965. According to the proposed evaluation scale (Tables 3 and 5) for gaseous emissions and final effluent discharged into a surface water, the quality of environment can be appreciated through the following evaluation scores: air component (gaseous emission) 5. and water resource (combined final effluent) 4.965. Appling the alternative method of global pollution index, it is calculated the arithmetic mean of evaluation degrees ( b ) 1/. The value of this parameter is 4.807 ( b = 5.85), and GP is 3.869, corresponding to the situation of an environment modified by industrial/economic activities generating distress to life form. 4. Conclusions A private company producing basic chemical organic compounds was assessed in term of environmental impact using the alternative method of global pollution index, proposed by Popa et al. (005). The evaluation scores for the gaseous emissions (air component) and combined final effluent discharged into a surface water (water resource) were calculated considering some specific quality indicators having the values of 5.0 and 4.965 respectively. The maximum evaluation score indicating non-polluted environment or natural state is considered to be 10, and the real evaluation scores for the investigated industrial site were found to be more than twice fold lower (real state of local environment pollution). The GP value is of 3.869 and corresponds to the situation of an environment modified by industrial/economic activities generating distress to life form. This fact requires remediation actions and pollution control for minimization of all emissions into Environment. References Macoveanu M., (005), Methods and Techniques of Ecological mpact Assessment (in Romanian), nd Edition, Ecozone Publishing House, aşi, Romania. 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