02.03.01 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD 02.03_PH-SUMMER SCHOOL THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Composition: Ernst HEIDUK Language support: William GALLAGHER, Rob McLEOD, Michael WILLIAMS Date: 2009-07-11 This presentation is being used for non-commercial purposes. 1
02.03.02 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD What is the Passivhouse - standard? Which buildings can be Passivhouses? Where can Passivhouses be built? What is important for the design? What is important for the construction? 2
02.03.03 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA? 3
02.03.04 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The objectives are: optimal thermal comfort and hygienic required air change with highest energy efficiency and greatest economy 4
02.03.05 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD 1 st main strategy Deficit competition Deficit minimizing nach H. Krapmeier 5
02.03.06 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Deficit - minimizing of the transmission heat loses (heat loses through the outer shell of the building) of the ventilation heat loses (heat loses through ventilation leakages) 6
02.03.07 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Deficit - minimizing instead of deficit - competition! Winter Summer => Energy efficiency! 7
02.03.08 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD 2 nd main strategy active passive (Solar) Energy use PH Institut Darmstadt 8
02.03.09 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The passive house principle is: 1. 2. Avoiding heat losses and optimising the free heat gains! 9
02.03.10 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The heat balance calculation losses transmission losses ventilation losses summary losses gains passive solar gains Q trans + Q vent = Q loses Q solar internal gains + Q internal summary gains x degree of efficiency useable gains heating load summary losses = Q gains x η = Q use. gains Q loses useable gains - Q use. gainsd = Q heat. 10
02.03.11 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The most substantial criterion of the planning is: Bring heat losses and optimized free heat gains in a balance! Ernst Heiduk 11
02.03.12 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PH - is low tech No Solar machines are necessary http://www.agsn.de/kerto/index.html 12
02.03.13 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Origins of the Passive House Standard Idea: Prof. Bo Adamson, co-originator of the concept, Lund University, Sweden Prof. Wolfgang Feist, co-originator of the concept and founder of the Passivhaus Institut Darmstadt Innsbruck University, Austria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/passive_house 13
02.03.14 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The calculation to derive the Condition for Passive Houses" is From experience (and DIN 1946) we know, that 30 m³/h is a minimum air rate per person to maintain a reasonable indoor air quality Air has a specific heat capacity of 0.33Wh/(m³K) (at 21 C). It is allowed to increase the fresh air temperature by 30 K (50-20 C), not more, to avoid pyrolysis of dust. You get: 30m³/h/Pers*0,33Wh/(m³K)*30K = 300W/Pers www.passivhaustagung.de/passive_house_e/passivehouse_definition.html 14
02.03.15 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The calculation to derive the Condition for Passive Houses" is That shows: 300 Watts per person can be delivered by a fresh air heating system. If you have e.g. 30 m² living space per person, you get 10 W per m² living space. 300W/Pers. / 30m² living space /Person = 10W /m² living space www.passivhaustagung.de/passive_house_e/passivehouse_definition.html 15
02.03.16 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD This value (10W /m² living space )is independent of the climate. So far all values are peak load values, that is the maximum heat capacity needed at design conditions. Depending on the external climate, Passive Houses will have to be insulated at different levels: More insulation in Stockholm, less in Rome. www.passivhaustagung.de/passive_house_e/passivehouse_definition.html 16
02.03.17 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PH-criteria No. 1 A comfortable interior climate can be maintained without active heating and cooling systems! The necessity of the annual heating requirement (in central Europe) is less than 15 kwh/(m²a) (calculated with PHPP) PH Institute - Darmstadt 17
02.03.18 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PH-criteria No. 2 The criteria of thermal comfort must be fulfilled in each room for summer and winter. This gives the following requirements: PH Institute - Darmstadt 18
02.03.19 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimised heat insulation means: u-value < 0.15 W/m²K for floor, wall and roof and a heat bridge free construction with Ψ < 0.01 W/m2K. This is a heat insulation from 15(new) to 40 cm in thickness! PH Institute - Darmstadt 19
02.03.20 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD That means for the windows: a 3-layer low - E glazing with uw-value < 0.8 W/m²K for glass and frame with a g-value > 50 % solar heat-gain coefficient PH Institute - Darmstadt 20
02.03.21 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD That means for the air-tightness: Air leakage through unsealed joints must be less than n50 < 0.6 house volume/h Blower door test with a +/- pressure of 50 Pascal. PH Institute - Darmstadt 21
02.03.22 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD The comfort ventilation system effects: 1. A good indoor air quality 2. Energy -saving > 75% heat recovery rate Most of the perceptible heat in the exhaust air is transferred to the incoming fresh air PH Institute - Darmstadt 22
02.03.23 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD A passive warming of fresh air makes sense: Fresh air may be brought into the house through underground ducts that exchange heat with the soil. This preheats fresh air to a temperature above 5 C even on cold winter days. PH Institute - Darmstadt 23
02.03.24 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PH-criteria No. 3 The specific primary energy use for all household applications (heating, warm water and household electricity) together must not be higher than 120 kwh/(m²a). (for a central European energy mix) PH Institute - Darmstadt 24
02.03.25 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD That guarantees a maximum of thermal comfort and air hygiene with high economic efficiency and less energy consumption. Comparison of Energy Ratings of Homes WSchVO = German Heat Protection Regulation SBN = Swedish Construction Standard PH Institute - Darmstadt 25
02.03.26 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD And the final target must be: Zero emission of carbon dioxide + = 0 Renewable energy PH Institute / Darmstadt + additions 26
02.03.27 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD What is the Passive House - standard? Which buildings can be Passive Houses? Where can Passive Houses be built? What is important for the design? What is important for the construction? 27
02.03.28 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of typology The larger the volume and the bigger the internal heat gains are, the more easily the PH-concept can work in the cold regions. The larger the volume and the smaller the internal heat gains are, the more easily the PH-concept can work in the hot regions. 28
02.03.29 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of typology The easiest typology: a restaurant with a kitchen Less easy: Office buildings and big apartment buildings Difficult: Very small houses The most difficult typology: a Kindergarten 29
02.03.30 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD What is the Passive Houses standard? Which buildings can be Passive Houses? Where can Passive Houses be built? What is important for the design? What is important for the construction? 30
02.03.31 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of location In principle a Passive House can be built everywhere IPCC, www.wetterzentrale.de 31
02.03.32 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of location It is important to distinguish heat load values (power in W (Watts)) from annual consumption values (heat or energy in kwh). In a Central European climate we know from experience and simulation that typical heating energy consumption of Passive Houses is some 15 kwh/(m²a) - but these are only approximate figures. In Stockholm it could be up to 20, in Rome more like 10 kwh/(m²a). www.passivhaustagung.de/passive_house_e/passivehouse_definition.html 32
02.03.33 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of location In the cold, northern regions (Scandinavia ) there is not enough sun for needed solar gains in the winter time. The criteria 10 W/m² heating load requires more heat insulation. But there will still be a higher specific heating demand. There must be a higher input of renewable energy. 33
02.03.34 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of location This figure of the PHI- Darmstadt shows the situation of Bergen in Norway. The outcome of larger south facing windows is a higher required heat load and a higher heat demand. A south facing window in northern regions has a negative energy balance - too few solar gains!!! http://erg.ucd.ie/pep/images/4_1_3_b.jpg 34
02.03.35 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of location In these regions a better thermal quality of the windows is very important. A double window can give better values. V.Ö.Z. Broschüre Zweischalen-Mauerwerk für Niedrigenergie- und Passivhäuser 35
02.03.36 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD What is the Passive House - standard? Which buildings can be Passive Houses? Where can Passive Houses be built? What is important for the design? What is important for the construction? 36
02.03.37 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Design and planning a good and functional building is not only a question of art. It also requires knowledge and expertise in construction knowledge and expertise in physical criteria and long-term (future) prospects! 37
02.03.38 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Ranking of the priorities of buildings Procedural options / Cost options (, $, ) Lecture, Sir Norman Foster Quelle: Norman Foster 38
02.03.39 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Ranking of the priorities of energy efficiency http://www.rockwool.com/energy+efficiency/the+role+of+insulation 39
02.03.40 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Priorities of the design The Surface / Volume value Clear warm and cold zones Warm box High quality envelope and air-tightness Free of or reduced thermal bridges Windows for optimizing the solar gains in the winter Solar protection for the glazing in the summer 40
02.03.41 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design -Compact building -Surface / Volume-Value -Total size http://home.arcor.de/gosol/grundl.htm#kenngr%f6%dfen%20der%20heizw%e4rmebilanz 41
02.03.42 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design The Surface / Volume Value The Worst Case is the Single Family House 42
02.03.43 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Influence of the envelope enlargement at the same area to required heat insulation Basic size Enlargement 10 % = Heat insulation + 2 cm Enlargement 20 % = Heat insulation + 4 cm R. Borsch-Laaks 43
02.03.44 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Optimized building envelope (compact) building volume (Thermal) optimized building envelope Air tightness Solar optimized building envelope Orientation, size of windows, angle Light optimized glazing Energy optimized glazing Energy optimized shading Solar active surfaces Attention to the Priorities!! Efficient energy technique Controlled ventilation and heat recovery Efficient small heat + warm water production Optimized regulation / hydraulics / storage Efficient lighting systems Solar electricity Thermal solar collectors (Solar cooling) Ernst Heiduk 44
02.03.45 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Ranking of the priorities 1. External envelope 2. Load carrying structure (Form follows function!!!) 45
02.03.46 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Clear decisions between warm and cold zones!!! warm box PH Institute - Darmstadt 46
02.03.47 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design warm box PH - Neuhofen (A) 12,6 kwh/m²a Architect Heinz Plöderl Warm box Architekt Heinz Plöderl 47
02.03.48 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Take for your design sketches an outside wall with 50 cm thickness - It's not possible to make a good and economic wall construction with 30 cm 48
02.03.49 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Constructions free of or with reduced thermal bridges Arch. Michael Tribus 49
02.03.50 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Air tightness for the warm box Air tight layer PH Institute - Darmstadt 50
02.03.51 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Orientation to the sun http://home.arcor.de/gosol/grundl.htm#kenngr%f6%dfen%20der%20heizw%e4rmebilanz 51
02.03.52 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Solar radiation shading of horizon http://www.stadtklima-stuttgart.de/index.php?klima_sonnenstand 52
02.03.53 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Sun protection for the glazing in the summer or the building gets ill and gets spots For good summer comfort you need shading elements for the windows in our climate airconditioning is not necessary and a sign of a building with bad summer conditions Ernst Heiduk 53
02.03.54 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design On the south side a permanent shade is useful Prof. Heid, Unversity of Siegen 54
02.03.55 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design On the other sides a movable shade is useful Lohbach West/Tirol Bild: E. Schwarzmüller Baumschlager & Eberle 55
02.03.56 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design On the top sides a movable shade is important shade 56
02.03.57 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of design Size of the windows: This is a balance between Daylight Passive solar gains in the winter Energy loss in the winter Sun protection in summer and the architectural intention 57
02.03.58 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD What is the Passive House - standard? Which buildings can be Passive Houses? Where can Passive Houses be built? What is important for the design? What is important for the construction? 58
02.03.59 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of construction U-value < 0.15 W/m²K for floor, wall and roof and a thermal-bridge free construction with Ψ < 0,01 W/m2K. This is a heat insulation from 15(new) 40 cm! PH Institute - Darmstadt 59
02.03.60 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimized building envelope for a passive house heat insulation windows and connections PH Institute - Darmstadt 60
02.03.61 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimized building envelope surface temperatures The first base must be the thermal comfort and the relevant temperature boundaries Optimized building envelope surface temperatures Surface temperature [ C] still comfortable uncomfortable cold comfortable uncomfortable warm Surface - temperature:? Airtemperature:? Air temperature [ C] 61
02.03.62 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimized building envelope surface temperatures For winter time comfort: Surface temperature [ C] still comfortable uncomfortable cold comfortable uncomfortable warm Surface - temperature: >18 C Airtemperature: >20 C Air temperature [ C] 62
02.03.63 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimized building envelope surface temperatures For summer time comfort: Surface temperature [ C] still comfortable uncomfortable cold comfortable uncomforta ble warm Surface - temperature: <26 C Airtemperature: <25 C(night) < 27 C (day) Air temperature [ C] 63
02.03.64 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Optimized building envelope surface temperatures The window of optimal comfort: Surface temperature [ C] still comfortable uncomfortable cold co mfortable Uncomforta ble warm Surface - temperature: 18-26 C Airtemperature: 20-26 C Air temperature [ C] 64
02.03.65 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Opaque elements - Wall constructions 65
02.03.66 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of the building envelope An optimised wall construction holds the temperature of the internal wall surface in the area of optimal comfort all the year (U = 0,13 W/m2K) outside inside xxx 66
02.03.67 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of the building envelope Optimised building envelope outside cold inside warm IR- inside view of outside wall and window Kassel Marbachhöhe / Fotos PHI Wolfgang Feist PH Institut Darmstadt 67
02.03.68 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Opaque elements - Thermal or Heat bridges 68
02.03.69 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of thermal bridges Heat insulation and thermal bridges of a bird 69
02.03.70 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of thermal bridges Thermal bridge free constructions all around All around good connections in detail Günter Lang, Lang consulting 70
02.03.71 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of thermal bridges Aspects of heat bridges Thermal bridge free constructions all around Extruded polystyrene http://www.austrotherm.com/imperia/md/content/baumitat2/deutsch/ratundtatgeber/neh_folder.pdf 71
02.03.72 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of thermal bridges Thermal bridge reduction of metal connections with decoupling elements Fischer Systems www2.basf.de/basf2/html/plastics/images/presse/06_356_2_gross.jpg 72
02.03.73 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of glazing PH Values for the transparent parts of the envelope: a 3-layer low - E glazing with Uw-value < 0.8 W/m²K for glass and frame with a g-value > 50 % solar heat-gain coefficient PH Institut Darmstadt 73
02.03.74 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of glazing Transmission Influence of Low-E - coating low emissivity Convection Radiation Transmission Convection Radiation Low-E - coating http://www.satw.ch/d/v4_jk05_troesch.pdf 74
02.03.75 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of glazing a i a i a i Ug > 1,2 W/m²K Gas: -Air -Argon Ug: >1,0 W/m²K Gas: -Argon -Krypton Ug: > 0,4 W/m²K Gas: -Argon -Krypton -Xenon nach A. Greml FH Kufstein 75
02.03.76 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of glazing Coating for glazing www.satw.ch/d/v4_jk05_troesch.pdf 76
02.03.77 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air tightness Air leakage through unsealed joints must be less than n50 < 0.6 house volume/h Blower door test with a +/- pressure of 50 Pascal. PH Institut Darmstadt 77
02.03.78 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air tightness The air-tight layer contains the complete heated volume. PH Institut Darmstadt 78
02.03.79 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air tightness Humidity transport through a vapour barrier: 0.5 g/m2 x 24h through 1 mm gap: 800 g/m2 x 24h Rising factor: 1,600 www.proclima.de/htmlpc_d_2_0_warum-luftdichtung.html 79
02.03.80 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air tightness Infiltration of hot summer air into the inside rooms www.proclima.de/germany/04/04-4/04-4.htm 80
02.03.81 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD PH Values for the ventilation: Aspects of air ventilation For the design: Give enough space for the domestic engineering (ventilation pipes /ducts) PH Institut Darmstadt 81
02.03.82 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation What does that mean for the ventilation element window? un-tight windows - draught phenomena uncomfortable temperatures high heating need dust and noise + good air quality good humidity exhaust tight windows + no draught phenomena comfortable temperatures less heating need - bad air quality high humidity mould danger 82
02.03.83 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation The solution to this problem - Controlled / mechanical ventilation with heat exchange 83
02.03.84 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation Controlled or mechanical ventilation with heat exchange ( heat recovery) = Comfort ventilation Cross flowheat exchanger Cross flow heat exchanger Cross counter flowheat exchanger Cross counterflow heat exchanger Counter flowheat exchanger Counter-flow heat exchanger Rotationheat exchanger 84
02.03.85 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation Schematic plate heat exchanger with an incoming temperature degree of efficiency of 85 % preheated (?) fresh air outgoing exhaust air exhaust air incoming fresh air temperature - degree of efficiency 85
02.03.86 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation Heat exchanger thermography PHI, B. Schulze-Darup 86
02.03.87 THE PASSIVE HOUSE STANDARD Aspects of air ventilation Heat exchanger E. Heiduk 87