Primary goal: SUSTAINABILITY (responsibility toward future generations) Personal approach: ECOFOOTPRINT (acting within limits) System approach: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY (imitation of nature) Imitation of ecosystem: ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARKS (closing material loops, energy efficiency) In addition: GREEN TECHNOLOGIES (pollution avoidance rather than pollution treatment) DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT (green design) LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS (get the numbers) DEMATERALIZATION (doing with less) DESIGN FOR RECYCLING (to promote material loops) 1
The various elements of DESIGN DfM Design for Manufacturability So that the product can be made easily and at reasonable cost DfL Design for Logistics So that all production activities are well orchestrated DfT Design for Testability So that the quality of the product may be conveniently checked DfP Design for Pricing So that the product will sell DfSL Design for Safety & Liability So that the product is safe to use and the company is not held liable DfR Design for Reliability So that the product works well DfS Design for Serviceability So that service after sale can be offered at a reasonable cost to the company etc. etc. Now to be added: DfE Design for Environment To reduce or eliminate environmental impacts from cradle to grave The various sub-levels of DESIGN for ENVIRONMENT: DfMa Design for Manufacturability To enable pollution prevention during manufacturing For less material For fewer different materials For safer materials and processes DfEE Design for Energy Efficiency For reduced energy consumption during production For reduced energy demand during use For flexible energy use DfSe Design for Serviceability For ease of repairs longer life For recapture of used/broken DfMo Design for Modularity To ease upgrading Delay replacement To ease serviceability DfD Design for Disassembly To promote re-use of components For quicker, cheaper and more complete disassembly DfR Design for Recycling For greater materials recovery For easier materials identification For safer disposal of non-recyclables DfER Design for Energy Recovery For composting of organic residues For safe incineration of residues DfC Design for Compliance To meet regulations more easily To prepare for future regulations 2
Design for Environment Process changes Product changes Improved operating Practices Better maintenance Efficient management Stream segregation Material handling Inventory control Employee training Changes in materials Material purification Less material variety Avoidance of toxics Generation of more benign by-products Assembly Design for service Design for disassembly Technology changes Layout changes Increased automation Improved equipment Energy-efficient machinery Amount of material Consolidate Smaller size From product to service Sales service Toward complete dematerialization Example of Design for Environment applied to a manufacturing process Advantages: - Less air to be dust-free and less chance of dust intrusion - In the absence of personnel inside the controlled volume, one can also take advantage of an oxygen-free (pure nitrogen) atmosphere to reduce oxidation or other undesirable side effect. Disadvantages: - Major R&D cost and time delay - Huge capital cost - Need for technicians trained differently. 3
British example of a product designed for the environment XEROX: Parts Reuse and Equipment Remanufacturing Reuse/Recycle Process raw materials suppliers fabrication Xerox finished new products Document Centre 220 newly manufactured Document Centre 220 remanufactured made with recycled materials strip, repair, & reuse equipment conversion equipment remanufactured recycling center Waste to landfill GOAL = 0% Document Centre 440 Conversion Factory Produced New Model Goal: optimize financial and environmental benefits... 4
The story of Ray Anderson and Interface, Inc. Company founded in 1973 Aims to become a sustainable corporation by 2020 Carpet by the square LEVELS OF DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT Toward shallow redesign From tinkering at the margin to the social revolution! Example: Automobile 1. Re-design of : Aluminum or plastic radiator cap Longer-lasting tires and batteries Aluminum or steel engines 2. Re-design of assembly: Eco-friendly painting Facilitating disassembly Recycling of plastics 3. Re-design of automobile itself: Alternative fuels (ex. ethanol, methanol) Alternative powertrains (ex. hybrids, electric, fuel cells) Automatic piloting cars 4. Re-design of transportation systems: Bike lanes Public transportation 5. Re-thinking the need for mobility: Virtual office (telecommuting) Toward deep ecology Community layout 5