Buildings & Services Department Energy Report 28 1
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Buildings Energy Unit 2.1 Energy Procurement 2.2 e³ Energy Bureau 2.3 Emissions Trading 2.4 Awareness/Training 2.5 Building Management System 2.6 Utility Charge-Out 3. Total Energy Consumption 4. Total Energy Costs 5. Electricity Consumption and Cost 5.1 Belfield 5.2 Blackrock Campus 5.3 Earlsfort Tce /Newman Hse 5.4 Belfield CHP 6. Gas/Heat Consumption & Cost 6.1 Belfield Gas 6.2 Blackrock Campus 6.3 Earlsfort Tce/Newman Hse 6.4 Gas Price 6.5 Biomass Boiler 7. Energy Performance & CO2 Emissions 7.1 Combustion Emissions 7.2 Emissions due to Electricity Appendices A.1 Monthly Electrical Load Profiles (27 vs 28) 2
1. Introduction This is the fifth annual report of the UCD Buildings Energy Unit and covers the College financial year from Oct. 7 to Sept. 8 inclusive. If wholesale oil price is an indicator of stability in energy markets, the period covered by this report would have to be described as highly volatile. Crude oil prices started at $8 a barrel, peaked at $144 in early July 8 before falling back to $ 93 by end of September (and continuing to fall) Wholesale gas prices increased in line with oil but did not fall back to the same extent, Oct 8 prices remaining 4% above Sept. 7 levels. For UCD this price volatility was mainly reflected in increases for both import and CHP electricity. Gas prices were largely unaffected due to longer term supply contracts entered into as part of the e3 Energy Bureau. Energy procurement and costs are, however, just one element of the broader sustainable campus agenda as set out in the Campus Development Plan 25-21-215. Energy sustainability is at the heart of the sustainable campus model and embraces efficient building design and operation, user awareness and use of renewables. In 28 the Governing Authority approved a new Energy Policy and Strategy which sets out key energy performance targets up to 212 and provides a framework for energy within the overall sustainable campus development plan. The management of energy demand in a modern, vibrant university with expanding research facilities presents a significant challenge but the strategic approach adopted by UCD Buildings & Estates has proved effective, with overall energy consumption falling by 8% over the past three years. Perhaps more importantly, demand-side management coupled with renewable electricity and heat generation has resulted in a 5% drop in overall CO 2 emissions for Belfield, moving us closer to the sustainable, healthy, living campus goal. 3
2. Buildings Energy Unit: The following is a brief summary of the highlights of the Energy Unit activities in 27/8. 2.1 Energy Procurement Procurement of electricity and gas was carried out jointly with the e3 partners. In Nov. 7 a total of 32 electricity supply points with a combined total annual consumption of 8 GWh were tendered to the five main suppliers in the market. Offers were received by only two suppliers, Energia and Airtricity. All of the eight Medium Voltage sites, including Belfield, stayed with Airtricity. They were either the lowest cost option or within 1% of the lowest cost option and were the incumbent supplier and, importantly, offering renewable power. Eleven Low Voltage MD sites reverted to the ESB PES tariff as the lowest cost option, as did a number of smaller UCD sites. The e3 gas supply contract with VAYU was a three year contract running until March 8. This contract was very beneficial when supply problems in the UK caused prices to double for a period in winter 25/6. It was decided that, since prices had stabilised in 27, the Colleges should try to secure a contract for post March 8. A strategy was agreed to tender for a 3 year contract, with fourth and fifth year options and to fix the price for approx 8% of gas requirements, buying the balance at short-term day ahead rates. Prices were obtained from VAYU and Energia and a contract was placed with VAYU at future prices pertaining in November 7. UCD opted for a 5-year contract to March 213. Wholesale gas prices increased in line with oil in the first half of 28, peaking at more than double the UCD contract rate. Although prices have since fallen they remain higher than the new contract rate see chart below. Future Gas Prices vs UCD Contract Rates (p/therm) 9 8 7 6 5 4 e3 Contract 21 Oct '8 3 2 1 Q4 8 Q1 9 Apr- 9 Ma y- 9 Q4 9 Q1 1 Apr- 1 Ma y- 1 Q4 1 Q1 11 Apr- 11 Ma y- 11 Q4 11 Q1 12 Apr- 12 Ma y- 12 Q4 12 Q1 13 4
2.1 Energy Bureau Phase 2 of the e3 Bureau commenced in March 7 and covers a total of 6 buildings across UCD, TCD, DIT and DCU sites. To date a 4.2% reduction in primary energy consumption has been achieved in the UCD Phase 2 buildings while Phase 1 buildings have been maintained at 1% below baseline. The target level of saving for Phase 2 is 1% by March 21, leaving a considerable amount of ground to be made up. The main difficulty has been the Vet College electricity consumption, which increased by 16% relative to baseline, offsetting savings achieved in Health Sciences, Newman and Sports Centre. The increase is due to new diagnostic equipment and additional research activity. Consumption in Science West also increased, driven by increased activity, while the Tierney building was affected by commissioning problems arising from the Corporate Research extension. Some investment may be necessary to improve the performance of these buildings. Individual building trends are shown below for detailed information refer to e3 Annual Report 5
2.3 Emissions Trading: In the pre-kyoto phase of the emissions trading scheme, which ran from Jan. 5 to Dec 7, UCD was required to submit an independently verified Annual Combustion Emissions Report for Belfield to the Environmental Protection Agency. The 27 report was submitted to the EPA before the March 31 st 8 deadline with a verified combustion emissions of 9353 tonnes CO 2. The 27 annual allocation was 1745 tonnes, so Belfield was 13% below its allowable CO 2 emissions, a similar level to 25 and 26. The criteria for inclusion in the emissions trading scheme were revised for the Kyoto phase of the scheme (28-212) and, under the new rules, UCD and other third level Colleges were excluded. However it is UCD policy to continue to report on annual emissions for both combustion and import electricity and to have this emissions data independently verified. 2.4 Awareness/Training To help raise awareness of energy saving in individual buildings an energy champions scheme was launched early in 28. These are volunteers who have agreed to promote good housekeeping practices in their particular areas of work and to influence the behavior of others. Two lunchtime briefing sessions were held and twenty people have agreed to take up this role. They will be included on the circulation list for monthly reports for their buildings and updated on general energy related issues. Other training/ awareness initiatives included Sustainable Campus presentation to Governing Authority Feb 8 Energy Management module included in Services trainee programme New e3 posters design Website update 2.5 Utility Chargeout: Monthly electricity statements were issued to approx 1 academic, research and support units in 27/8, accounting for over 7% of the College s total annual electricity consumption. With utility costs increasing annually, the allocation of charges to the appropriate cost centres is seen as an important step in the move towards devolved budgeting, particularly in the case of electricity, where control largely rests with the end-user. Commercial outlets such as shops, restaurants, banks etc were billed for electricity, gas and water on a quarterly basis as in previous years. The combined income to Buildings & Services from electricity cost recovery and from commercial billing for the 28 financial year is 3 million approx. 6
2.6 Building Management System The operation and continuous development of the Cylon Building Management System is a core function of the Energy Unit. In 28 the new fibre communications ring was completed and the phased transfer from the Unitron system to the new UC32 controllers continued. The system was expanded to take in the Science A1 and Health Sciences Ph3 capital projects, as well as a number of smaller refurbishment projects such as the biomass boiler in the Energy Centre and the HEA research enhancement schemes. 2.7 Capital Projects Design input to new capital projects is an important element of the overall energy policy, as decisions taken at the early stages of design can have major implications in terms of energy performance and costs. The briefs for a number of recent capital projects included energy performance and renewable energy targets consistent with DLRCC Energy Policy ET7 requirements, and the Energy Unit was involved in the design development to ensure these were met. In the case of the proposed new Roebuck residences the design intent is to approach passive house standards and to aim for an overall BREEAM rating of excellent. 7
3. Total Energy Consumption UCD s total energy consumption in the period from October 7 to September 8 inclusive was 62 GWh, a reduction of 4% relative to the previous year. The chart below shows a 3 yr comparison of total energy usage. Note that, as in the previous year, the 28 reduction was entirely due to gas savings and that electricity consumption increased by 1.5%. Additional electrical loads in the growth rooms in Thornfield Horticulture, the Daedalus data centre and the Medical Bureau of Road Safety (MBRS) contributed to the increase in electricity usage while there were decreases in consumption in some targeted high users such as Conway Institute and e3 Bureau buildings see Appendix 1 for details of individual building consumption trends. Energy Consum ption Trends (GWh) 8 7 6 5 4 Gas/Oil Electricity 3 2 1 26 27 28 Gas/Oil 37.17 32.9 28.7 Electricity 3.5 32.54 33 Notes: The above figures do not include CHP heat, as this energy is not purchased by UCD, although it does contribute to the building heat requirements. Gas is used mainly for heating and consumption is influenced by the severity of the weather. Taking 26 as a baseline, the average winter outside temperatures for 27 and 28 were 16% and 1% higher respectively, so reductions in gas usage would be expected. However, comparing 28 with 27, it can be seen that consumption fell despite lower average temperatures and the addition of the MBRS heating load. 8
4. Total Energy Cost Total expenditure on energy in 28 was 6.18million, an increase of just over 15% relative to 27. Energy Costs ( m illion euro) 7 6 5 4 3 Gas/Oil Electricity 2 1 26 27 28 Gas/Oil 1.72 1.39 1.32 Electricity 3.55 3.97 4.82 Electricity costs increased by 2% relative to 27, while gas costs decreased marginally. The electricity cost increase was mainly due to a 25% increase in import electricity price which took effect from January 8. Gas prices remained stable as a result of a 3yr contract entered into in April 25 as part of the e3 Bureau. 5. Electricity Consumption and Cost The chart below shows a breakdown of total electricity consumption in 28. Breakdown of Total Electricity Usag 1% 2% 1% 25% 5% 66% Belfield Import Belfield CHP Blackrock E.Tce/Newman Hse Lyons Estate Other 9
Belfield accounts for 91% of total usage, with Blackrock campus at just under 5%, Lyons Estate 2% and miscellaneous accounts making up the balance. The final withdrawal from Earlsfort Terrace took place in March 8, the Medical Bureau of Road Safety having moved to Belfield towards the end of 27. The following tables show electricity consumption and cost trends for each of the main UCD centres for the past three years Note: AUP = Average Unit Price 5.1 Belfield Campus Electricity Over a three year period consumption increased by 9% as a result of additional loads and the average unit rate increased by 28%, leading to a cumulative increase of 38% in total electricity spend. Year Consumption (GWh) Cost ( * 1) AUP (c/kwh) 26 27.2 316 11.42 27 28.95 3514 12.14 28 29.7 4294 14.5 5.2 Blackrock Campus Electricity Table 5.1 Table 5.2. shows electricity consumption, cost and Average Unit price (AUP) for the Blackrock campus from 26 to 28. Year Consumption (GWh) Cost ( ) AUP ( c/kwh) 26 1.38 183445 13. 27 1.42 199573 14.1 28 1.47 229476 15.6 Table 5.2 Consumption increased by 6% between 26 and 28 while expenditure increased by 25% in line with general electricity price increases. 1
5.3 Earlsfort Tce Electricity Electricity usage in Earlsfort Tce fell significantly in the lead up to the final vacating of the buildings by UCD in March 28 Year Consumption(kWh) Cost ( ) AUP (c/kwh) 26 111 149731 13.4 27 758 113231 14.9 28 169 29688 17.6 5.4 Lyons Estate Electricity Table 5.3 Year Consumption(kWh) Cost ( ) AUP (c/kwh) 26 499712 6954 13.9 27 542995 81449 15. 28 645648 97325 15.1 5.5 Belfield CHP Table 5.4 There are two main electricity supply sources for Belfield import electricity from the national grid and on-site electricity generation from the Belfield CHP plant. The Belfield CHP plant is owned and operated by Dalkia. The plant operates on the basis of an energy supply agreement whereby electrical power is supplied to UCD at a rate linked to natural gas prices and heat is supplied at no charge. The CHP plant is rated at 2MW electrical output and operates from 8 a.m to 11 p.m from Mon to Saturday and at a reduced output of 1MW on Sundays. In this mode CHP electricity replaces more expensive day-rate electricity imports see typical winter week-day load profile (3 th Jan 8) below. Typical Daily Elec. Load Profile, Belfield 6 5 4 kw 3 2 Import CHP 1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Time 11
The chart below shows a comparison of average cost per kwh (average unit price, AUP) for CHP and import electricity for Belfield in 28. Comparison of Elec Unit Rates 28 (inc VAT) 25. 2. 15. 1. c/kwh 5.. Summer Day Summer Week- Summer Night Winter Weekday Winter Winter Weekday Weekend Winter Night CHP c/kwh 16.2 12.8 9.5 16.4 22.2 15.2 11.2 15.3 Winter: Nov to Feb. inclusive ; Day Rate: 8a.m to 11 p.m ; Winter Peak:5p.m to 7 p.m, Mon to Fri Note that the cost of electricity generated on-site by the Belfield CHP plant is lower than summer and winter day rates. The CHP plant does not operate at night, and so is cheaper than week-day import rates, even without taking the value of the heat produced by the CHP engines. The value of the CHP heat is approx 5.6 cent/kwh based on the average gas price of 4.5 cent/kwh for Belfield and assuming a heat generation efficiency of 8%. 12
6. Gas / Heat Consumption and Cost Total expenditure on gas for 28 was 1.32 million, a reduction of 2.5% on the previous year. 6.1 Belfield Gas Gas consumption in the main Energy Centre at Belfield fell by 9% relative to 27 while gas consumed in stand-alone boilers fell by 8%. These reductions in gas consumption were despite the fact that average winter outside temperatures were lower in the 27/8 heating season as against the previous year Fig 6 below shows comparative heating degree day figures for Belfield for the past 3 years. Also the addition of the Medical Bureau of Road Safety represented an additional heating load in 28. Heating Season Degree Days (15.5 base) 2 15 1 Heating DD 5 25/6 26/7 27/8 Heating DD 1627 1363 1479 Fig 6 The CHP engines produced approx 8 GWh of heat in 28. It is difficult to quantify the exact amount of CHP heat usefully employed in buildings but a reasonable estimate would be 75% or 6 GWh. For 28 the savings in gas usage as a result of usable CHP heat was 33, ( based on average gas price of 4.5 cent/kwh and a heat generation efficiency of 8%) 6.2 Blackrock Gas Consumption The table below shows consumption, cost and average unit price for gas used at the Blackrock campus in 28 vs 27. Consumption fell by 2 % in 28 relative to the previous year. 28 27 % Change Consumption (kwh) 3584473 366662-2.2 Cost 16929 154672 +4 AUP (c/kwh) 4.5 4.2 +7 13
6.3 Earlsfort Tce & Newman House As with electricity, gas usage at Earlsfort Tce fell sharply due to the move to Belfield which was finalized in March 8 28 27 % Change Consumption (kwh) 13885 248834-47 Cost ( ) 7313 113796-37 AUP (c/kwh) 55 4.6 +2. 6.4 Gas Price As mentioned earlier, the period from Oct.7 to Sept 8 saw huge volatility in wholesale gas prices, driven by oil price fluctuations. The graph below shows wholesale price for gas foe delivery in winter 9 over the period this is effectively the price applicable to gas supplies from the UK to Ireland. UCD, in conjunction with e3 partners, entered a 5 yr contract for winter gas supply in Nov. 7 at a rate of 55p/therm for winter 9. As can be seen from the graph this price subsequently rose to 11p/therm before falling back to 65 p/therm. Similar fluctuations took place all along the future s curve. The gas price at the point of usage is determined by the wholesale price and the cost of transportation, the latter being made up of various Use of System (UoS) charges, mostly determined by the Energy Regulator. While the average gas price for Belfield is 4.5 c/kwh there are very significant differences in price between the Energy centre gas and the general gas used elsewhere on the campus. Because the Energy Centre is supplied from a distribution main it incurs additional UoS charges not applicable to Belfield General gas (UCD 2 supply), the latter being supplied at transmission pressure. 14
Also the Energy Centre gas load (UCD 1) is more seasonal than UCD 2 due to the fact that CHP heat contribution to the total load, and this means that standing charges are higher. see chart below which illustrates this point. Gas Average Unit Proces for Belfield (c/kwh).7.6.5.4.3.2.1. UCD1. UCD2 Bel.FVT Bel Med Bus Bel Small Bus Series1.58.32.5.49.52 A project is currently under way which will allow the Energy Centre gas and the Dalkia CHP gas to transfer onto the lower cost Transmission main ( currently UCD 2 account). This will rationalize the gas system and bring the benefits of lower cost gas to the Energy Centre and the CHP engines. 6.5 Biomass Boiler A new 95kW wood-pellet boiler in the Energy Centre at Belfield was commissioned in April/May 8. The boiler had minimal impact on the Energy Centre gas consumption in the 27/8 heating season but will be in full operation for 28/9. The cost for heat is 4.4 cent per kwh, which is mid-way between the Energy Centre and Belfield general gas costs shown in the chart above, so the biomass heat should remain competitive even after the gas rationalization project is completed. 15
7. CO 2 Emissions For Belfield the CO 2 emissions associated with electricity use were reduced substantially with the move to Airtricity as import electricity supplier in Jan. 26. The CO 2 emissions for electricity from Airtricity is quoted as 7.4 g/kwh as against an average 549g/kWh for average electricity generation in Ireland ( CER figures for 26, the latest year for which data is available). Total CO 2 emissions for Belfield for 28 may be summarized as follows: Source GWh Factor Eq. Tonnes CO 2 Import Electricity 21.46 7.4g/kWh 152 CHP 8.23 544 g/kwh 448 Boilers 23.75 185 g/kwh 4395 Total 1377 Belfield Emissions by Source Total CO 2 emissions for UCD, calculated on the basis of the CER figure for non- Airtricity supplies quoted above, are Source GWh Factor Eq.Tonnes Belfield See table above 1377 Non-Belfield Elec 2.8 549 1537 Non-Belfield Gas 5. 185 925 Total 12839 16
8. Key Performance Indicators Figures below are based on a UCD total gross floor area of 33834 m2 and a Belfield gross floor area of 265843m2 ( excl student residences). Source is April 8 RAM space survey. The charts show UCD performance benchmarked against an estates performance review carried out by IPD Occupiers, comparing performance in a number of key areas with data for a sample of 159 UK thirdlevel Colleges. Note UK cost data refers to the 26/7 financial year and is based on an exchange rate of 66.78pence sterling to the euro. 8.1 Cost ( /m2): Energy Cost[!/m2] 25 2 15 1 5 Belfield All UCD UK Lr Quartile Energy Cost[!/m2] 2.4 2.3 22.75 UK Median UK Upr Quartile Note: IPD cost data not available for median and upper quartile. 8.2 Energy (kwh/m2) Energy [kwh/m2] 4 3 2 1 Belfield All UCD UK Lr Quartile UK Median UK Upr Quartile Energy [kwh/m2] 222 24 214 25 313 17
8.3 Emissions [kg CO 2 /m2] CO2 [kg/m2] 1 8 6 4 2 Belfield All UCD UK Lr Quartile UK Median UK Upr Quartile CO2 [kg/m2] 34.8 42.2 57.7 67.7 85.5 UCD low emissions index is mainly due to use of renewable electricity. The effect of the Belfield CHP plant is to increase CO2 emissions locally, even though it reduces overall emissions nationally. 18
Appendix 1 A1.Major Electrical Users The chart below shows the top twenty electricity users for Belfield. Together these account for just over 8% of total consumption Top Twenty Electricity Users Thornfield Restaurant New stead Student Sports Quinn Science H Daedalus Science N Science S CSCB kwh/annum Science W Computer A griculture New man Engineering Health Sc Library V eterinary Conw ay 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 19
A.2 Individual Building Monthly Electricity Use The following charts show monthly trends for the main electricity users at Belfield buildings not shown here may be viewed on http://energy32.ucd.ie under live data tab. Conway Institute Consumption down 3 % relative to 27 35 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 3 25 27 kwh 2 15 28 1 5 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 29351 277549 33765 287737 299543 284117 2937 295255 284833 3162 29236 29533 28 295571 28288 28114 283922 272269 27193 29216 29177 275364 Daedalus Data Centre Consumption increasing steadily up by more than 3% from July 8 12 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 1 8 27 kwh 6 28 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 14294 13631 1567 17795 2276 23426 27759 32118 31586 35477 35367 41493 28 43728 4491 5618 61152 7242 66857 1368 19498 17312 2
Daedalus Chiller Consumption increasing in line with data centre load. Note apparent absence of free cooling in winter 4 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 35 3 25 27 kwh 2 15 28 1 5 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 1356 11723 13272 11775 1332 12572 1243 1287 12923 148 15673 18192 28 178 17986 2419 21199 2457 19561 367 3236 33856. Science West Consumption increase due to research activity 1 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 9 8 7 27 kwh 6 5 4 28 3 2 1 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 79555 78838 8229 8783 79815 75456 7876 78567 78714 86523 8489 76855 28 8233 8684 84215 84348 8427 815 83795 86399 9538 21
Veterinary School Consumption increased in first half of year but savings being made due to efforts of e3 25 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 2 27 15 kwh 28 1 5 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 168799 16274 17654 166665 17238 16342 18157 17181 175592 191415 19423 19611 28 2157 188225 18112 193696 216 165763 18614 1895 173429 Thornfield Horticulture Large load increase associated with research project (growth chambers) 7 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 6 5 27 kwh 4 3 28 2 1 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 43 6329 5454 7274 2437 2958 28 32869 51692 5129 3786 3763 5157 58248 57172 51235 22
Library Performance varies but overall consumption down relative to e3 phase 1 benchmark 25 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 2 27 15 kwh 28 1 5 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 177766 18628 19543 186545 212458 165549 167192 16934 179884 24982 27271 162264 28 18167 193439 18733 24122 24766 144921 171673 1681 19287 Health Sciences Ph1 Good savings since June 8 as a result of e3 initiatives 12 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 1 8 27 kwh 6 28 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 9676 96816 12139 88737 89835 85162 79327 8298 92639 1387 98799 91547 28 98767 95638 935 96142 89282 61646 6439 52828 6296 23
Health Sciences Ph2 Similar to Ph 1- also due to e3 bureau measures 12 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 1 8 27 kwh 6 28 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 12167 99727 113548 1574 13417 83383 74466 7974 91143 113321 16772 9983 28 11858 95157 89372 998 88828 74154 77276 75771 79139 Newman Building Also included in e3 Bureau ph2 16 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 14 12 27 1 kwh 8 28 6 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 131192 141188 134454 12133 11938 13328 11974 99577 117161 131399 131945 18882 28 12615 133714 119578 128949 114286 9993 12111 87194 114274 24
Agriculture/Food Science Some data missing but trend generally downwards 14 Comparison of Monthly Profiles 12 1 27 kwh 8 6 28 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 11688 117899 126794 121158 124559 112723 119886 893 26656 28 16258 115747 11625 117633 117647 1547 18931 11185 14634 Engineering & Materials Science Significant savings made in Ph1 of the Bureau phase 2 holding overall. Comparison of Monthly Profiles 16 14 12 27 1 kwh 8 28 6 4 2 January February M arch April M ay June July August September October November December 27 129737 139254 143998 132443 13547 118211 11681 116554 121329 144619 14492 12928 28 129684 141486 13978 139666 13342 112673 117978 112146 124852 25