IAPH & Challenges facing World s Ports Kaohsiung, August 2015, Susumu Naruse The International Association of Ports & Harbors s_naruse@iaphworldports.org
About IAPH (1) Foundation Only international association of the world s port authorities and maritime industries. Established in 1955, Headquartered in Tokyo IAPH Vision Statement: The Global Ports Forum for Industry Collaboration and Excellence
About IAPH (2) Mission Statement Missions and Structure of IAPH Promoting the interests of ports worldwide through strong member relationships, collaboration and information-sharing that help resolve common issues, advance sustainable practices and continually improve the way ports serve the maritime industries. Members of IAPH --The major members are port authorities. --Regular members cover nearly 180 ports in some 90 countries, who handle nearly 70% of the world container traffic Regional Principle --Three vice-presidents are elected from 3 regions (Asia/Oceania, Europe/Africa, and Americas), and the president is basically elected in rotation of the 3 regions from among these vice presidents. Consultative Status --IAPH is given a Consultative Status as NGO from the UN organizations such as IMO, UNCTAD, UNEP and ILO.
Activities About IAPH (3) Activities & Publications of IAPH --IAPH holds World Port Conference once every two years. --Over 900 port people gathered together in Hamburg for the 29 th World Ports in June 2015. --The next Conference will meet in Bali, Indonesia in May 2017, and the Mid-term in Panama City, 2016. --Nine (9) technical committees meet at least once a year and periodically publish committee reports. Publications -- Official Magazine, Ports & Harbors, is published once every two months. -- IAPH on-line news is sent to the members once every two weeks. -- IAPH Membership Directory is published once a year. -- Reports of technical Committees are published on an ad hock basis.
World Seaborne Trade (1) World seaborne trade has increased steadily except in year 2009. Dry cargo has shown the strongest growth in these years. Container, in particular, shows a tremendous increase during last 20 years. 12000 International Seaborne Trade (millions of tons loaded), UNCTAD 10000 8000 Container 6000 Other Dry Cargo Five Major Bulks Oil and Gas 4000 2000 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013
World Seaborne Trade (2) Container Throughput by Region/Country Far East Asia accounts for more than 40% of the total throughput in the world. Other Asian regions also a show rapid growth. Developed countries in Europe and North America have decreased their shares. 700,000 Container Throughput by Region (by Drewry) 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 Others Africa Latin America Mid East Souht East Asia Far East West Europe North America 100,000 0 1980 1990 2000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Size of Container Ships (1) Average Container Ship Size Size of container ships has been increasing rapidly. The size of newly built container ships has become larger to reach a level of more than 6,000 TEU since 2011. 7000 Average Size of Container Ships (by Drewry) 6000 5000 4000 3000 Average Size Average Newbuilding 2000 1000 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013
Size of Container Ships (2) Order-book of Container Ships Different sizes of container ships have been ordered depending on their uses. Container ships with a capacity of 12,000TEU and over account for 40% of the total orderbook in terms of their capacity. When these mega container ships are deployed in future, smaller ships in the main sea routes will be cascading to the secondary sea routes, and then to the tertiary route, and so forth. Order-book of Container Ships in TEU Capacity as of July 2013 (by Drewry) -1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-5000 5000-8000 8000-10000 10000-12000 12000+
Size of Container Ships (3) Large Vessels: Triple-E Mærsk line ordered the US$190 million, 400 meter 'Triple-E' class vessels with a capacity of 18,000 TEU containers. Triple-E stands for Economies of Scale, Energy-efficient and Environmentallyimproved. Superior economies of scale will enable the new vessels to surpass the industry record for both fuel efficiency and (20% better) CO2 emissions per container moved. 10 Triple-E ships will go into service between 2013 and 2015.The first ship began to operate last year (2013). Some expect 22,000 TEU ships in 2020. Ports need to invest a lot in infrastructure (length and depth of berths), superstructure (gantry cranes) and overall operational efficiency to accommodate this type of ultra large ship.
Ship Size Growth and Requirements for Ports & Terminals Requirements for Ports and Container Terminals 1. Better infrastructure, e.g., deeper channel, wider terminal 2. Larger and more number of cranes to handle larger peaks of cargo 3. Fragmented terminal capacity is a challenge for ports. 4. Efficient port transaction (EDI, paper-less transaction) 5. Efficient land-side connections (preferably, rail or inland water) 6. Contingency plans for possible accidents of large ships
Expansion of Panama Canal Expansion of Panama Canal is now under way. When completed in 2016, a traditional concept of Panamax will greatly change. Even the largest container vessels except Triple-E can pass through the canal. It will dramatically change container transport between U.S. east coast and Asia. Ports in east USA and Latin American will have great benefits for trades with Asian countries. Locks Panamax New locks New Panamax 1 Length 1,050 ft (320.04 m) 965 ft (294.13 m) 1,400 ft (427 m) 1,200 ft (366 m) Width 110 ft (33.53 m) 106 ft (32.31 m) 180.5 ft (55 m) 160.7 ft (49 m) Depth, draft 2 41.2 ft (12.56 m) 39.5 ft (12.04 m) 60 ft (18.3 m) 49.9 ft (15.2 m) TEU 5,000 12,000
Port Infrastructure Development Large-scale expansion projects to meet increasing cargo demand and ship size investing huge resources seeking deeper draft & wider space overcoming technical challenges considering environmental restrictions
Terminal Automation (1) Container terminal automation stared from 1990 s in Europe. It could improve port efficiency, save labor cost and upgrade the safety level of ports. Yard Stacking Horizontal Transport Type 1990 2000 2010 2020 ASC AGV and Lift-AGV 1-a ECT-DLT HHLA-CTA Euromax MV2-APM MV2-RWG LBCT ASC Man-STR HHLA-CTB DPW(Antwerp)GWT 1-b ASC Man-Shuttle ASC Auto-STR 1-c APMT(Virginia) TTI(Algeciras) BEST BNCT DPW(Brisbane) *DPW(London)GWT TraPac Auto-STR Auto-STR 2 Patric (Bris) Patric (Syd) Auto- OHBC 3 PPT (Ph-1) Cantilever Auto-RMG Auto-RTG AGV 5 Note: Man-Trailer 4 Fully automated system Semi automated system TCB (Nagoya) Hanjin (Pusan) PPT (Ph-4) TPCT (Taipei) HPNT (Pusan) Evergreen (Kaohsiung) HIT (Hong Kong) KMPT(Kaohsiung)
Terminal Automation (2) - Typical automated terminal in Europe, Altenwelder, Hamburg, which began operation in 2002. - State of the art automated Terminal (Rotterdam World Gateway), which was competed this year. Ship-shore gantry cranes do not have any operator cabins (it is guided by remote control).
Transforming Ports into Logistics Hubs Development of Logistics Industrial Zones Integrated logistics services Value-added logistics services IT infrastructure
Port Environments and IAPH (1) Climate Change and IAPH Mitigation Measures -- WPCI (World Ports Climate Initiative) was created under the umbrella of IAPH in 2008. -- Eight (8) projects were set up. -- Air Quality and GHG Tool Box -- Carbon Footprinting for Ports -- On-shore Power Supply -- Intermodal Transport -- Sustainable Lease Agreement Template -- Cargo-handling Equipment -- Environmental Ship Index -- LNG fuelled Vessels and Ports Adaptation Measures -- Seaports and Climate Change - an Analysis of Adaptation Measures -, guidelines for adaptation measures for seaports, was published by IAPH.
Port Environments and IAPH (2) IAPH Tool Box for Port Clean Programs This Tool Box provides information on air and climate issues of port. It has been expanded to include additional tools on greenhouse gases (GHG, typically CO2) mitigation. The users can prepare a clean air plan at their own ports by following the procedures presented in this web-based tool box.
Port Environments and IAPH (3) Carbon Footprinting for Port 1. This document serve as a resource guide for ports wanting to develop or improve their greenhouse gas emissions inventories. 2. It provides several different approaches for developing carbon footprint inventories for port-related activities. 3. The approaches range from a detailed one to a simple one (surrogate approach).
Port Environments and IAPH (4) On Shore Power Supply (1) On-shore power supply is a system to provide electricity from the local grid to ships to meet their power demand. As some ports have already taken this measures (US West Coast and North Europe), interest in the technology is rapidly growing. With the newly revised OPS website, the users can carry out an initial feasibility study to introduce OPS in their own ports.
Port Environments and IAPH (5) On Shore Power Supply (2) 1. There are currently 120 berths fitted with shore power connections in the world : 60 in North America; 50 in Europe; and 10 in the Middle East/Asia-Pacific 2. The new European Union directive, DAFI (development of alternative fuels infrastructure) wants to see shore power throughout ports in Europe by 2025. 3. California demands that 50% of container and cruise fleets must now have shore power connections and must also cut emission by 70% by 2017 and 80% by 2020. 4. In the mainland China, all new container, ro-ro, cruise and bulk terminals must have shore power in their plans. 5. A question is Are they financially feasible? (Some experts say the payback period of OPS is just several years, but some disagree to this.)
Port Environments and IAPH (6) Environmental Ship Index (ESI) (1) The ESI is a measure for the environmental performance of seagoing ships (air emissions), which is operated and managed by IAPH It provides a tool that will assist ports and other parties to promote clean shipping. ESI is composed of credits (0 100) for above-baseline environmental performance regarding NOx, SOx(indirect PM) and CO 2 -- NOx: depending on performance of main- and auxiliary engines -- SOx: depending of the sulphur content of the fuels used -- CO 2 : bonus for monitoring and reporting of CO 2 emissions Ports develop their own incentive schemes based on ESI points and inform the ESI administration
Port Environments and IAPH (7) Environmental Ship Index (ESI) (2) Benefit of each Party
Port Environments and IAPH (8) Environmental Ship Index (ESI) (3) ESI is a system in which we identify ships that perform better than usual ships in reducing gases emissions and ports give some incentives to these environmentally friendly ships. As of July 1 st, 2015, about 3,800 ships and 35 incentive providers including 30 ports (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp, Le Havre, Los Angeles, Busan, Tokyo and others) participate in the system. Some examples of incentives are shown in the table below. Incentive Provider Minimum Requirements Incentives Port of Amsterdam ESI score 20 or more 6% or more reduction on port dues Port of Rotterdam ESI score 30 or more 10% or more reduction on port dues Port of Oslo ESI score 20 or more 30% reduction on port dues (tankers only) Port of Antwerp ESI score 30 or more, or 25 best 10% or more reduction on port dues ships Port of Hamburg ESI score 20 or more 10% or more reduction on port dues Los Angeles ESI score 25 or more Incentive grant ($250 - $1,250)/call based on ESI scores
Port Environments and IAPH (9) LNG fuelled Vessels Since ECA (Emission Control Area) was introduced by IMO, North America and North Europe have been keen to reduce local gases emission such as Sox, Nox and Particulates. However, the prices of high quality oil (sulpher content: less that 0.1%) is quite expensive. LNG (liquefied natural gas) is much a cleaner energy and less expensive source, which can almost eliminate sulpher emissions and particulates, reduce CO2 and Nox by 26% and 80-90% respectively. At the moment some seagoing vessels are already fueled by LNG (22 vessels in North Europe) and new engines are being developed by the manufactures such as Rolls Royce. The challenges are future cost associated with LNG as vessel fuel, safety at ports and bunkering facility at ports. IAPH made public a web-site this July, which is comprised of detailed safety checklists of LNG bunkering at ports (ships to ships, trucks to ships, tanks to ships, and so forth).
Climate Change -Adaptation- 1 Climate Change Impacts on International Seaports 1. Questionnaire survey to IAPH member ports on how they plan to adapt to climate change. The survey was carried out in collaboration with AAPA (American Association of Port Authorities) and Stanford University. 2. Results --they discuss more frequently mitigation than adaptation measures. -- most ports prepare port planning on a 5-10 year horizon. -- design standards of most ports cover 50 year or more historic flood (or storm) events (but not climate change). -- about a half ports do not address the climate change issue at this time. -- Sea Level Rise is the chief concern among ports, which is followed by storm impacts. -- 38% predicts SLR of 0.5-1.0 m by 2100 and 15% 1.0m or more. -- 39% feel that 0.5-1.0 m would be a problem and 58% that 1.0-2.0 m would be a problem. -- ports should be better informed of local SLR and other climate events.
Climate Change -Adaptation- 2 Seaports and Climate Change - An Analysis of Adaptation Measures- -- Possible climate change impacts on different types of port facility are addressed. -- those types are: 1. access channel, vessel mooring area, breakwaters, shore-protection works and hinterland connections as basic infrastructure; 2. inner channel, revetments, quay walls, mooring buoys as operational infrastructure; 3. stacking yard, warehouses, silos, and offices as port superstructure; 4. ship and cargo handling equipment as port equipment -- opportunities and risks caused by possible climate change impacts such as sea level rise and weather intensification are addressed for each type of facility. -- a good guidelines for adaptation measures in ports but lacks best practices.