DELIVERABLE - SUB ACTION 4.1

LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 Πρωτόκολλο REACH για εκπομπές και σενάρια ατυχημάτων κατά την τροφοδοσία και διακίνηση καυσίμων και πετροχημικών προϊόντων SUB ACTION 4.1 Determination of LCA framework based on the taxonomy in line with UNRTDG hazard classes DELIVERABLE - SUB ACTION 4.1 Report on LCA framework determination based on taxonomy LIFE+ Περιβαλλοντική Πολιτική και Διακυβέρνηση

Table of Contents 1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)... 1 1.1 Introduction... 1 1.2 Stages of LCA... 3 2 Goal of the study... 4 3 LCA framework based on taxonomy... 5 3.1 Life Cycle (LC) stages during the Supply and Transportation phases of widely used Fuels and SelDS ()... 8 3.2 conditions (temperature and pressure) and during transportation, loading/unloading and temporary storage... 9 3.3 LCA categories identified within the proposed LCA framework... 10 3.3.1 Stage 1: Loading / Unloading... 11 3.3.2 Stage 2: Transport... 15 3.3.3 Stage 3: Temporary Storage... 19 3.3.4 Stage 4: Filling Stations... 23 3.3.5 Stage 5: Distribution (Loading from filling stations and distribution to end users)... 25 References (indicative)... 29 PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 i

1 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1.1 Introduction As environmental awareness increases, the environmental performance of products and processes has become a key issue, since every product has a life. The life of a product starts at the design or development of the product and finishes at end-of-life activities (collection or sorting, reuse, recycling, waste disposal) through the described phases that follow [3], which are also shown in figure 1.1: Raw Material Acquisition all activities necessary to extract raw material and energy inputs from the environment, including the transportation prior to processing. Processing and Manufacturing activities needed to convert the raw material and energy inputs into the desired product. In practice this stage is often composed of a series of sub-stages with intermediate products being formed along the processing chain. Distribution and Transportation shipment of the final product to the end user. Use, Reuse, and Maintenance utilization of the finished product over its service life. Recycle begins after the product has served its initial intended function and is subsequently recycled within the same product system (closed-loop recycle) or enters a new product system (open-loop recycle). Waste Management begins after the product has served its intended function and is returned to the environment as waste. Figure 1.1 General Overview of a Life Cycle Assessment of a product [3] All activities or processes, during the lifetime of a product result in environmental impacts due to consumption of resources, emissions of substances into the natural environment, and other environmental exchanges. Figure 1.2 gives an illustration of a life cycle. A more complete version, of a product s life cycle is presented in figure 1.3. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodological framework for estimating and assessing the environmental aspects / impacts associated with a product over its life cycle. Environmental impacts commonly assessed include climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, tropospheric ozone (smog) creation, eutrophication, acidification and many others. The most important applications are [4]: Analysis of the contribution of the life cycle stages to the overall environmental load, usually with the aim of prioritizing improvements on products or processes, Comparison between products for internal or external communication. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 1

Extraction of raw materials Pretreatment Waste management Life Cycle Assessment Production of goods Distribution, Use Figure 1.2 Life Cycle of Product Figure 1.3 Life Cycle of Product [1] The tool of LCA, firstly developed in 1960s, became popular in the early nineties. Consequently, there are no specific procedures to be followed for the completion of an LCA, but a number of different approaches, which depend on the issue that needs to be solved through the LCA. LCA is used to provide a systematic framework that helps to identify, quantify, interpret and evaluate the environmental impacts of a product, function or service in an orderly way. It is a diagnostic tool which can be used to compare existing products or services with each other or with a standard, which may indicate promising areas for improvement in existing products and which may aid in the design of new products. However, LCA cannot be used to judge decisions related to the location of a building or activity or evaluate the environmental impacts of a company or a production location. It cannot evaluate environmental improvements PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 2

related to one single process only, does not provide answers for risk related questions and does not cure environmental problems. Information for the most commonly used materials can be found in existing databases, leading to faster preparation of the LCA. In cases though information for materials or products is not available, investigation may be required on data collection for processes and materials. The types of LCA being developed so far have been distinguished to attributional and consequential, describing the system and assessing the expected consequences respectively. The differences of the two types are particularly important during the modelling of the product system. 1.2 Stages of LCA The main procedure steps [3] for a Life Cycle Assessment are four and are presented in figure 1.4: 1. Definition of the goal and scope of the study, 2. Model preparation of the product life cycle including environmental inflows and outflows. This stage, during which data is collected, is usually referred to as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), 3. The stage at which environmental relevance of all inflows and outflows are understood, is known as Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), and finally 4. Study interpretation. Determination of the scope and depth of the study Inventory of data and information Interpretation of data and information Assessment of environmental impacts Figure 1.4 Schematic Illustration of the LCA procedure steps [2] Step 1 for the specific LCA study (Definition of the goal and scope of the study), is part of the present report (Sub-action 4.1). Step 2 (LCI), Step 3 (LCIA) and Step 4 (Study interpretation) are examined in Sub-actions 4.3, 4.4 and 5.1. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 3

2 Goal of the study The definition of the goal of the LCA study is the first and perhaps the most significant step of the methodology. It affects the depth of the study to be carried out, the type of data that need to be collected and the type of results that need to be obtained. The goal of this study is to develop and implement a Life Cycle Assessment for the Supply and Transportation phases of widely used Fuels and other SelDS (Selected Dangerous Substances in the framework of the project) in Greece, based on the taxonomy of the SelDS in line with UNTRTDG hazard classes, in order to provide a comprehensive and transparent environmental profile of the SelDS (of the targeted hazard classes), on the basis of the environmental impact assessment of the emissions and spills during loading/unloading, transportation and distribution stages. The aim is the utilization of the results of this study by the project beneficiaries (the industrial partners MOH and AVINOIL and the Technical University of Crete) in order to develop recommendations and specifications to improve the system itself in reducing accidental releases and environmental damage during Supply and Transportation phases of widely used Fuels and other SelDS, and to prepare guidelines (Action 5) as input for the Protocol (Action 6). The good-practice Protocol after its development and validation (Action 6) is planned to be disseminated to stakeholders active in this field. The complete definition of the goal and scope of the LCA study includes, among others, the determination of the Boundaries of the System under study and the determination of the Functional Unit, which is the reference unit to which all inputs and outputs of the analysis are related to. These are part of Sub-Action 4.2 results and have been included along with the deliverable of Sub-Action 4.3 (Appendix 15 of the Mid-Term Report). The hazard classes that are subject to this study are: UNRTDG Class Nature of Hazard Class 2: Gases Division 2.1: Flammable Gases Division 2.2 : Non-Flammable, Non-Toxic gases Division 2.3: Toxic Gases Class 3: Flammable s Class 4: Flammable Solids, Pyrophorics, Water Division 4.1: Flammable Solids (not initially foreseen) Class 5: Oxidizing substances and Organic Peroxides Division 5.1: Oxidising substances Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances Division 6.1: Toxic Substances Class 8: Corrosive substances Class 9: Other dangerous substances. These classes include substances that are frequently handled and transported by the target groups of this project, are mostly involved in major accidents and are important in their own class for the consequences they may be linked with after a release. This can be derived from experience of all project partners implementing industrial practices in this field and documented by the results of the work performed within PROTEAS project, e.g. under Actions 2 and 3. The results and conclusions of this study will be communicated, through the dissemination activities of the project, to relevant stakeholders (target groups) involved in the stages of Supply and Transportation of widely used Fuels and other SelDS in Greece and Cyprus. They will also be communicated to the Environment Directorate General of the European Commission, which is financing this project through its Life-Environment programme. Dissemination of the results will be performed through a variety of means such as workshops, events, project s website and e-tools, printed material, etc. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 4

3 LCA framework based on taxonomy The main task of this report is the presentation of the LCA framework of the project LCA study and how this is determined, based on the Hazardous Chemicals taxonomy in line with the UNRTDG hazard classes. To this end, results from Sub-actions 2.4 have been taken into account as foreseen. Based on the list of the SelDS examined in the project, a review has been performed (under Sub-action 2.4) on the existing and potential LC stages, at national and European level, the dangerous substances participate. The review produced the majority of the necessary data for the determination of the different LCA categories comprising the LCA framework, taking into account the data provided by the project s industrial partners. A number of additional dangerous substances (to those examined in Sub-action 2.4) has been further examined so as all hazard classes initially foreseen are taken into account and thus complementing the outcomes of previous actions. The LCA categories identified are based on the results regarding the national situation in Greece for a number of commonly used fuels and other selected s belonging to different UNRTDG hazard classes. It is postulated that the identified LCA categories are also representatives of the situation in Cyprus, since relevant information and data collected from authorities, SMEs and the fuel sites in Cyprus, show a very similar situation compared to that in Greece. In order to examine different substances and products under the same LCA category, a homogeneity factor was assumed based on two principal characteristics : The type of containment and the conditions (temperature and pressure) under which products are transported, loaded/unloaded and handled, and The type of effects to human and the environment following different types of hazardous emissions or releases (toxic, flammable, etc) of dangerous substances to the environment (examined in the relevant classes). It has been assumed that substances and products that exhibit similarities and fall within the individual definitions of the above characteristics can be grouped under the same LCA category for the several LC stages. Similar grouping of substances has been adopted by acknowledged organizations dealing with emergency planning of major accidents. In this study, the term LCA category is regarded as a LCA group, referring to a single LC stage, e.g. Loading/ Unloading in port facilities (Jetties), which consists of one or more s of the same or different hazard classes for which handling during this specific LC stage is held with the same or very similar means and procedures. The study performed under sub-action 4.1, has shown that the homogeneity in the LCA categories is related to the physical (liquid, gas, solid) at which a substance is being handled and transported, strongly linked to the above mentioned characteristics The project examines two physical s for substances and products, namely gases and liquids, and therefore gaseous and liquid releases (and emissions) are examined. The main focus is given to : - the gaseous emissions to air, and - the releases of fluids to the aquatic environment and the soil. Bulk quantities of products and substances that are gases at normal conditions, for reasons of volume conservation, are frequently transported and stored in closed systems as liquefied products (either under pressure or cooling), e.g. propane, chlorine and refrigerated liquid oxygen. Smaller quantities of gases when transported may be kept in gaseous phase under pressure, e.g. compressed oxygen. products, on the other hand, are related to liquid releases but can also produce gas clouds and emissions depending on their volatility and the conditions of the environment of release. If we consider the physical of the substance and products in their containment during transportation, loading/unloading and at storage, four different groups of s can be identified : 1. Gases under pressure, e.g. compressed oxygen, natural gas (NG) in pipelines, 2. Liquefied Gases (under pressure or by cooling) e.g. LPG, LNG, chlorine in cylinders, refrigerated liquid oxygen, 3. Volatile s (with significant gaseous emissions), e.g. Gasoline, Methanol PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 5

4. Non-volatile s (with insignificant gaseous emissions at ambient conditions), e.g. Diesel, Aviation Fuel, Heavy Fuels. In cases where gaseous emissions exhibit similar dispersion mechanisms and hazards, the first two groups, namely gases under pressure and liquefied gases, can be regarded as a single group. In addition, for the development of the LCA framework, the safety critical LC stages and the transportation means per hazard class should be taken into account. To this end, a complementary study on accident analysis was carried out (under Sub-action 2.5) including a detailed analysis of ~ 25000 accidents (of which ~ 900 involving LPG) and a review of past transportation accidents involving dangerous substances. The study on accidents was taken into account in the implementation of Sub-action 4.1. The main results of that study are presented in chapter Δ of Appendix 9 of the Mid-Term Report (MTR). It has been demonstrated that the road transport and the loading/unloading operations have a substantial contribution to accidents with high-impact casualties, and that the products of hazard classes 3 (flammable liquids) and 2 (2.1 flammable and 2.3 toxic gases) are mostly involved in past accidents. Based on human casualties, Gasoline and Diesel among all dangerous products exhibit the highest risk. Concerning environmental effects, it has been realised that relatively small spills of chemicals can produce considerable environmental impact but this is not historically related to petrochemical products. In general, large volume spills of environmentally dangerous substances to the aquatic environment (risk phrases R50, R50/53. R51 and R51/53) occur at relatively lower frequency than the frequency of incidents with human casualties. Risk indices applied to large volume spills with potential environmental impact should rather pay attention to the extent and type of effects than to the frequency of the spills. A useful conclusion of the study on accidents is that the safety critical LC stages and transportation means per substance hazard class can be identified considering the frequency and consequences of transportation incidents. In addition, another outcome of Sub-action 2.4 review taken into account in this study, is the coverage of the life cycle of goods transportation in Greece, from the different means of transportation. In the table 3.1 is presented the coverage of the national market in the year 2000, and it is obvious that road and sea transportation of goods (including non dangerous) tops at 98,4% of the whole cycle, compared to 1,6% of rail transportation. Similar conclusions has been obtained for the different transportation means of s in Greece (~ 3% of s transported by rail), by reviewing the data collected with the survey of sub-action 2.1, and from the project industrial partners and stakeholders in Greece (Action 2). (In Cyprus the rail transportation is not applicable). Table 3.1 Transportation of goods per different means within Greece in the year 2000 Transportation means Coverage in Greece Situation in EU Road 68,8 % ~70% Rail 1,6 % ~10% Sea (Maritime) 29,6 % ~20% (sea and river) (Source: ΕΚPΑΑ: National Centre for the Environment and Sustainable Development, 2003) Following the results of the above mentioned studies, the LCA framework is mainly focused on the involvement of hazard classes 3 and 2.1 in the relevant LC stages. In particular, the products Gasoline, Diesel and LPG as representative products of hazard classes 3 and 2.1 respectively have been examined in detail. Moreover the LC transportation stages mainly focus on road and maritime transport. The proposed LCA framework though, covers all the LC stages and hazard classes that were initially foreseen and involves from the project s list of substances, for all hazard classes examined. The s subject to this LCA study, along with their taxonomy in line with the UNRTDG hazard classes are presented in table 3.2. Table 3.2 presents also the LC stages to which the s participate (per hazard class) according to the national situation in Greece and the number of the LCA categories identified in this study. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 6

Table 3.2 Hazard classes and included along with the LC stages and the number of LCA categories identified Hazard Class 2: Gases s (examined in PROTEAS) 2.1: Flammable - LPG - Propane - Butane - Natural Gas, Liquefied (LNG) - Natural Gas, Compressed 2.2: Non- Flammable, Non-Toxic - Oxygen, Compressed - Oxygen, Refrigerated LC stage involved (national situation) -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage -Stage 4: Filling Stations -Stage 5: Distribution from filling stations -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage 2.3: Toxic - Chlorine -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage 3: Flammable s 4.1: Flammable Solids 5.1: Oxidising substances 6.1: Toxic substances 8: Corrosive substances 9: Other dangerous substances - Gasoline - Diesel Automotive - Diesel Heat - Aviation Fuel - Methanol - Kerosene - Fuel Oil No.3 - Vacuum GasOil (VGO) - Mazut - Mazut Bunker - Naphtha -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage -Stage 4: Filling Stations -Stage 5: Distribution from filling stations - Sulphur (molten) -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage - Oxygen, compressed - Oxygen, Refrigerated - Chlorine - Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) - Acrolein - Sulphuric Acid - Chlorine -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage - Bitumen/ Asphalt -Stage 1: Loading/ Unloading -Stage 2: Transport -Stage 3: Temporary Storage Number of LCΑ categories ( per hazard class) 17 19 9 26 10 19 7 10 9 PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 7

As presented in Table 3.2, the LCA framework proposed in this study includes: Nine different hazard classes and sub-classes (One additional class 4.1 than initially foreseen in the proposal), namely the classes : 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8 and 9 Twenty (21) different s (Oxygen Compressed and Refrigerated liquid Oxygen as well as, Liquefied Natural Gas and Natural Gas Compressed are regarded as a single ), and In total 126 identified LCA categories for all examined hazard classes (Several LCA categories per class) were taken into account. The number of group LCA categories identified is 93 (see section 3.3). 3.1 Life Cycle (LC) stages during the Supply and Transportation phases of widely used Fuels and SelDS () The Life Cycle (LC) stages identified within the project and which consist the base of this study, along with the SelDS and the hazard classes, are the following: Stage 1: Loading / Unloading 1.1 Jetties, port facilities, 1.2 Road- truck loading stations, Tank Truck Loading Racks (TTLR's), 1.3 Rail-truck stations (including Rail tank-trucks), 1.4 Pipeline Stations Stage 2: Transport 2.1 Marine Vessels, 2.2 Road-trucks (including Road tank-trucks), 2.3 Rail-trucks (including Rail tank-trucks), 2.4 Pipelines (e.g. transport of Jet fuels from the Refineries to the El. Venizelos Airport of Athens) Stage 3: Temporary Storage 3.1 Storage Tanks (industry) 3.2 Warehouses/ containers (industry), 3.3 Ports/ Airports, 3.4 Train stations, 3.5 Marshalling yards * (currently not covered by regulations). Stage 4: Filling Stations 4.1 Refueling local storage tanks, 4.2 Motor Vehicle Refueling Stage 5: Distribution (Loading from filling stations and distribution to end users) 5.1 Distribution from filling station (e.g. Heating Oil Resellers), 5.2 Distribution points (e.g. petrol or service stations) 5.3 Ports/ Airports (e.g. stations for the refueling of aircrafts in airports, Hydrant system facilities at the El. Venizelos Airport) 5.4 Pipeline Identification and recording of all principal stages of loading/ unloading, handling and transportation of with different modes such as road, rail, sea and pipelines has been performed under Sub-Action 2.4. As * This stage is not further analysed in the LCA study due to the lack of adequate and reliable data and its assumed minor overall contribution compared to the overall Life Cycle examined in this study. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 8

mentioned above, this has been presented and analyzed in relevant deliverables and the Technical Registration sheets of the project. 3.2 conditions (temperature and pressure) and during transportation, loading/unloading and temporary storage In the table 3.3 are presented the conditions (temperature and pressure) and the physical of the s, during the Transportation, Loading/ Unloading and Temporary Storage stages (also applicable for Filling Stations and Distribution). The four different s identified in this study are: Gases under pressure, which are marked as GAS (gas) in the following tables, Liquefied Gases (under pressure or by cooling) marked as L-GAS (liquefied gas) Volatile s (with significant gaseous emissions) marked as: L-V (liquid volatile) Non-volatile s (with insignificant gaseous emissions at normal temperature) marked as L-NV (liquid non-volatile). The conditions (temperature and pressure) and the physical of the s through the LC stages are very important parameters and are directly relative to the type of containment (e.g. fixed or floating roof tanks, pressure tanks, pressure drums, IBCs, MEGCs: Multiple Element Gas Containers, etc.) under which products are transported, loaded/unloaded and handled and thus strongly linked to the determination of the different LCA categories. The types of containment for each (including handling information where necessary) along with the LCA categories identified, are presented in section 3.3 of this report. Table 3.3 Hazard classes and included along with the LC stages and the number of LCA categories identified Hazard Class s Pressure Temperature atmospheric atmospheric Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric approx.160 C Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS 4-7 bar(g)* atmospheric 5-12 bar(g) atmospheric 1-4 bar(g) atmospheric Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS 1-4 bar(g) -163 to -143 C Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS 200-250 bar(g) atmospheric Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV atmosph. to 2 bar(g) approx.150 C Class 2.3 (and 5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS 4-10 bar(g) atmospheric Class 2.2 (and 5.1) Oxygen, Compressed GAS 150-200 bar(g) atmospheric Class 2.2 (and 5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS 0-5 bar(g) -210 to -165 C PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 9

Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric atmospheric Class 6.1 (and 3) Acrolein L-V atmosph. to 1 bar(g) atmospheric * : bar(g): is zero-referenced to atmospheric pressure. 3.3 LCA categories identified within the proposed LCA framework The different LCA categories identified per LC stage with the relevant hazard classes and s, are presented in the following tables. Along is presented the type of containment and other relevant information (e.g. handling information or provisions where necessary) for each LCA category. The LCA categories identified consist individual groups of the LCA study, each one assigned to a specific LC stage and group of s, based in the handling provisions/conditions/procedures during the supply and transportation phases identified in Greece. In the framework of the LCA study and the implementation of the LCA models in the software (Sub-action 4.3), the LCA categories can be studied individually or they can be assembled to a broader LCA system comprising of more than one LCA category (e.g. a system for Stage 2: Transportation including all the LCA categories identified, or a system for the whole LC under study). This can be decided and modified according to the needs of the study and the desired results and comparisons between the different LC stages, in the framework of the environmental impact assessment of the LCA study. In case new and updated information becomes available in the course of the project, concerning LCA categories in LC stages with important impact, appropriate supplementary analysis will be performed. The codification of the LCA categories in the study is presented along with each LC stage below, e.g. LU.Jetty. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 10

3.3.1 Stage 1: Loading / Unloading Codification: LU Stage 1.1 Jetties (LU.Jetty) LCA Hazard class s category Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV LU.Jetty-1 Class 3 Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO) L-NV LU.Jetty-2 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS LU.Jetty-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV LU.Jetty-4 Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS LU.Jetty-5 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV LU.Jetty-6 LU.Jetty-7 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS LU.Jetty-8 Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Tankers, Bulk Carriers, Cargo Vessels: IBC loading LPG Carriers, Unloading facilities, Transfer pipeline, vapour return, cool-down facilities, Storage, Pump and transfer and Metering station. Specially designed Tanker Vessels Cargo Vessels: cylinders, pressure drums, MEGCs, tanks Tankers, Cargo Vessels: IBC, jerricans, boxes, drums Cargo Vessels 1. Combination packaging: glass inner packaging, metal receptacles and drum/boxes as outer packaging 2. Combination packaging: metal inner packaging and drum/boxes as outer packaging 3. Drums and composite packaging 4. Pressure receptacles Cargo Vessels: Closed cryogenic receptacles LNG Carriers, Unloading facilities, Transfer pipeline, vapour return, cool-down facilities, Storage, Pump and transfer and Metering station. PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 11

Stage 1.2 Road- truck loading stations, Tank Truck Loading Racks - TTLR's (LU.Road) LCA category LU.Road-1 LU.Road-2 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS LU.Road-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV LU.Road-4 Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS LU.Road-5 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV LU.Road-6 LU.Road-7 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Cmpressed GAS Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Tank-trucks, Road-trucks Tank-trucks with built-in heating coils Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, MEGCs etc. Tank-trucks for substances in the liquid (liquids or solids handed over for carriage in the molten ) - Sulphuric Acid: bottom loading - TEL: top loading - Acrolein: top loading Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, MEGCs etc. Tank-trucks for refrigerated liquified gases or MEGCs Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 12

Stage 1.3 Rail-truck stations (LU.Rail) LCA category LU.Rail-1 LU.Rail-2 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Rail tank-cars, Rail trucks: IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums High Pressure Rail Tank-cars LU.Rail-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV LU.Rail-4 Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Specially designed Rail tank cars with heating system Rail tank cars: cylinders, pressure drums, MEGCs 1. Combination packaging: glass inner packaging, metal receptacles and drum/boxes as outer packaging 2. Combination packaging: metal inner packaging and LU.Rail-5 drum/boxes as outer packaging 3. (TEL) Drums and composite packaging (Acrolein) Inner drums and composite packaging, outer steel or plastic drums 4. Pressure receptacles LU.Rail-6 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV IBC's, Jerricans, Boxes, Drums LU.Rail-7 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Specially designed Rail tank cars (Packages may not be carried in small containers (V5)) Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 13

Stage 1.4 Pipeline Stations (LU.Pipe) LCA category Hazard class s LU.Pipe-1 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV LU.Pipe-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV LU.Pipe-3 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Supply or inlet stations, Intermediate stations, Outlet stations or Terminals 10" pipeline, 53 km total length consisting of Supply or inlet station and Outlet station or Terminal NG Supply or inlet stations, Intermediate stations, Outlet stations or Terminals Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 14

3.3.2 Stage 2: Transport Codification: T Stage 2.1 Marine Vessels (T.Mar) LCA category Hazard class s T.Mar-1 T.Mar-2 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Tankers, Bulk Carriers, Cargo Vessels LPG Carriers T.Mar-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Specially designed Tanker Vessels with heating system T.Mar-4 Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Cargo Vessels: cylinders, pressure drums, MEGCs or tanks T.Mar-5 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Tankers, Cargo Vessels T.Mar-6 T.Mar-7 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Cargo Vessels Cargo Vessels: Closed cryogenic receptacles T.Mar-8 Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS LNG Carriers Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 15

Stage 2.2 Road-trucks - Tank-trucks (T.Road) LCA category T.Road-1 T.Road-2 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's etc: FL Vehicles fulfilling all requirements as specified in ADR for the carriage of liquids having a flash-point of not more than 60 C Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums: AT type vehicles, tankcontainers, portable tanks or MEGCs T.Road-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS T.Road-4 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV T.Road-5 Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS T.Road-6 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV T.Road-7 T.Road-8 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: FL Vehicles fulfilling all requirements as specified in ADR Tank-trucks with built-in heating coils: AT type vehicles, tankcontainers, portable tanks or MEGCs Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, MEGCs etc.: AT Vehicles fulfilling all requirements as specified in ADR Tank-trucks for substances in the liquid (liquids or solids handed over for carriage in the molten ): - AT type vehicles for Sulphuric Acid and TEL - FL vehicles for Acrolein Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: IBC's, MEGCs etc.: AT type vehicles, tank-containers, portable tanks or MEGCs Tank-trucks for refrigerated liquified gases or MEGCs: AT type vehicles, tank-containers, portable tanks or MEGCs Packages may not be carried in small containers (V5) Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 16

Stage 2.3 Rail-trucks - Rail tank-trucks (T.Rail) LCA category Hazard class s T.Rail-1 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Rail tank-cars, Rail trucks: IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS T.Rail-2 T.Rail-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS T.Rail-4 T.Rail-5 High Pressure Rail Tank-cars, Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Specially designed Rail tank cars with heating system Rail tank cars, Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders 1. Combination packaging: glass inner packaging, metal receptacles and drum/boxes as outer packaging 2. Combination packaging: metal inner packaging and drum/boxes as outer packaging 3. (TEL) Drums and composite packaging. (Acrolein) Inner drums & composite packaging, outer steel or plastic drums 4. Pressure receptacles T.Rail-6 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV IBC's, Jerricans, Boxes, Drums T.Rail-7 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Specially designed Rail tank cars. Packages may not be carried in small containers (V5) Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 17

Stage 2.4 Pipelines (T.Pipe) LCA category T.Pipe-1 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV T.Pipe-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV T.Pipe-3 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Gathering/ Transportation/ Distribution/ pipelines, Compressor/pump stations, Block valve station, Regulator station 10" pipeline, 53 km total length consisting of Supply or inlet station and Outlet station or Terminal NG Pipelines - Gathering/ Transportation/ pipelines, Compressor/pump stations, Block valve station, Regulator station Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 18

3.3.3 Stage 3: Temporary Storage Codification: TS Stage 3.1 Storage Tanks industry (TS.Tanks) LCA category Hazard class s TS.Tanks-1 TS.Tanks-2 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Internal floating roof tanks(ifr Tanks) Fixed Roof Tanks, Floating Roof Tanks (FR Tanks) TS.Tanks-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS TS.Tanks-4 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV TS.Tanks-5 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Kvaerner-Moss spherical tank, Membrane Containment system, IHI Prismatic, Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Insulated tanks equiped with heating system Closed cryogenic receptacles as applied to Class 2 refrigerated liquefied gases (P203) TS.Tanks-6 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Atmospheric storage tanks TS.Tanks-7 Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS NG tanks Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 19

Stage 3.2 Warehouses / containers - industry (TS.Container) LCA category Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV TS.Container-1 TS.Container-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders TS.Container-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV TS.Container-4 TS.Container-5 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Insulated tanks equipped with heating coils or well insulated containers 1. Combination packaging: glass inner packaging, metal receptacles and drum/boxes as outer packaging 2. Combination packaging: metal inner packaging and drum/boxes as outer packaging 3. (TEL) Drums and composite packaging (Acrolein) Inner drums and composite packaging, outer steel or plastic drums 4. Pressure receptacles Closed cryogenic receptacles as applied to Class 2 refrigerated liquefied gases (P203) Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 20

Stage 3.3 Ports/ Airports (TS.Air/Ports) LCA category Hazard class s TS.Air/Ports-1 TS.Air/Ports-2 TS.Air/Ports-3 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Internal floating roof tanks(ifr Tanks),IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Fixed Roof Tanks, Floating Roof Tanks(FR Tanks),IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums, bundles of cylinders TS.Air/Ports-4 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Insulated tanks equiped with heating coils or well insulated containers TS.Air/Ports-5 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Atmospheric storage tanks TS.Air/Ports-6 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Closed cryogenic receptacles as applied to Class 2 refrigerated liquefied gases (P203) TS.Air/Ports-7 Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS LNG floating tanks Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 21

Stage 3.4 Train stations (TS.Trains) LCA category TS.Trains-1 TS.Trains-2 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Rail tank-cars, Rail trucks: IBC's, Jerricans/ Drums Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders TS.Trains-3 Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV TS.Trains-4 Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV TS.Trains-5 Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Specially designed Rail tank cars with heating system Atmospheric storage tanks. IBC's, Jerricans, Boxes, Drums Closed cryogenic receptacles as applied to Class 2 refrigerated liquefied gases (P203) Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 22

3.3.4 Stage 4: Filling Stations Codification: FS Stage 4.1 Refueling local storage tanks (FS.Tanks) LCA category Hazard class s FS.Tanks-1 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Commercial/ Sole Proprietorship operated Tank-trucks FS.Tanks-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV FS.Tanks-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Commercial/ Sole Proprietorship operated Tank-trucks (BRIDGERS's)/ Pipelines Commercial/ Sole Proprietorship operated Tank-trucks Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1, 8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 23

Stage 4.2 Motor Vehicle Refueling (FS.Vehicles) LCA category Hazard class s FS.Vehicles-1 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV FS.Vehicles-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV FS.Vehicles-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS FS.Vehicles-4 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Underground storage tanks Underground storage tanks (Hydrant System), Tank trucks(refueller's), Jerricans/ Drums Above-ground and Underground storage tanks, Tank trucks, Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Connection with NG pipeline network Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1,8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 24

3.3.5 Stage 5: Distribution (Loading from filling stations and distribution to end users) Codification: D Stage 5.1 Distribution from filling station (D.Stations) LCA category D.Stations-1 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Tank-trucks, Road-trucks D.Stations-2 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS D.Stations-3 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Through NG pipeline connection Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1,8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 25

Stage 5.2 Distribution points (D.Points) LCA category D.Points-1 Hazard class s Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Service Stations D.Points-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV D.Points-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS D.Point-4 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Specialized Filling Stations/ Airports Specialized Outlet Suppliers/ Distributors providing cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Specialized NG Outlet Suppliers/ Distributors providing NG to End User through pipeline network Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1,8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 26

Stage 5.3 Ports/ Airports (D.Air/Ports) LCA category Hazard class s D.Air/Ports-1 Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV D.Air/Ports-2 Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV D.Air/Ports-3 Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Private Filling stations Underground storage tanks (Hydrant System), Tank trucks(refueller's), Jerricans/ Drums Tank-trucks, Road-trucks: Cylinders, tubes, pressure drums and bundles of cylinders Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1,8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Class 2.1 Natural Gas,Compressed GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 27

Stage 5.4 Pipeline (D.Pipe) LCA category Hazard class s D.Pipe-1 Class 2.1 Natural Gas, Compressed GAS Small diameter, low pressure Distribution NG Pipelines from steel, plastic or cast iron Class 3 Diesel Automotive (AGO) L-NV Class 3 Aviation Fuel L-NV Class 2.1 LPG L-GAS Class 4.1 Sulphur (molten ) L-NV Class 2.3 (5.1,8) Chlorine L-GAS Class 2.2 (5.1) Oxygen, Refrigerated L-GAS Class 8 Sulphuric Acid L-NV Class 2.1 LNG L-GAS Currently not applicable in Greece or with no significant participation in LC stages or data not available PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 28

References (indicative) [1] Tan R., Culaba B.A. (2004) Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment: A tool for Public and Corporate Policy Development, De La Salle University, Manila [2] Udo de Haes et al. (2002) The conceptual structure of life-cycle impact assessment, Pensacola, FL, USA: SETAC Press [3] ECOIL (2004-06): Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a Decision Support Tool for the Eco Production of Olive Oil, (LIFE04 ENV/GR/110) [4] PRé Consultants (2010): Introduction to LCA with SimaPro 7, Netherlands, (http://www.presustainability.com/download/manuals/simapro7introductiontolca.pdf) [5] ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework [6] ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines PROTEAS LIFE09 ENV/GR/000291 DELIVERABLE SUB-ACTION 4.1 29