Welsh Organic Producer Survey Nic Lampkin and Stefano Orsini Organic Research Centre, Newbury - a partner in Organic Centre Wales

Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 Nic Lampkin and Stefano Orsini Organic Research Centre, Newbury - a partner in Organic Centre Wales June 2017

Published by Organic Centre Wales c/o IBERS, Stapledon Building, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE E: organic@aber.ac.uk W: http://www.organiccentrewales.org.uk/

Executive summary The 2016 Welsh organic producer survey was undertaken by telephone interview during November 2016. A total of 585 Welsh organic producers were identified, and 454 producers were contacted of whom 421 responded (72%), 34 declined. This resulted in 405 completed interviews as 16 producers had decertified from organic farming or retired during 2016. Comparisons with Defra CB data refer to data collected from control bodies for holdings inspected and certified at any time during 2016. Welsh organic land and livestock Land use data collected through the producer survey and organic control body (CB) data available through Defra are summarised in Table A below. The survey data recorded approximately 57,000 hectares (ha) of land from 405 respondents. Using the overall survey response rate of 72%, the survey figures were then multiplied up to estimate the total land area of the Welsh organic sector. It was estimated that the sector comprised of approximately 79,000 ha in November 2016 (equivalent to a little over 4% of Welsh agricultural land). This estimate, and that for forage area, correspond closely with the Defra CB data for 2016. While the area of land certified organic fell again in 2016, there was an increased interest in conversion as well as an increase in the number of Glastir Organic agreements and applications. Table A Welsh organically managed land areas by enterprise and organic status (hectares) Estimated total from Defra CB data Enterprise Survey responses Nov 2016 survey (2016) All Wales land* Holdings Organic In-conv. Total Organic In-conv. Total Holdings Area Area Organic %** Forage 400 50117 2542 52659 69607 3531 73138 n/a 75697 1663884 4.5% Arable 58 2261 57 2318 3140 79 3219 129 2571 87436 2.9% Hortic 38 84 0 84 121 0 121 141 993*** 1599 n/a*** Other 1729 109 1839 2402 152 2554 n/a 2197 89959 2.4% Total 405 54192 2708 56899 75271 3761 79032 618 81458 1842878 4.4% * Extracted from Welsh Agricultural Statistics 2015 Tables 1.1, 1.4 and 1.5 ** Calculated using Defra 2016 CB data *** Defra 2016 value much higher than previous years and current survey estimates, which may indicate possible overstatement of area The number of Welsh organic livestock was also surveyed (shown in Table B below). As with the land areas, total livestock figures for the Welsh organic sector were also estimated using the overall survey response rate of 72%, as well as by using the individual enterprise response rates (e.g. 64%) for beef cattle. These estimates were then compared to Defra CB data, giving comparable results for breeding sheep and dairy cows. Depending on livestock type, typically 3-4% of Welsh livestock were managed organically in 2016. Table B Welsh organic and in-conversion breeding livestock (head) Total estimated by Total estimated by All Wales livestock* Survey survey sector overall survey Defra CB data (2015) recorded response % response % (2016) Number Organic data (Nov 2016) (Nov 2016) % ** Breeding cattle 5919 64% 9248 8221 n/a 208586 3.9% Breeding sheep 105517 69% 164870 146551 141513 4742901 3.0% Dairy cows 7095 69% 11086 72% 9854 10690 300451 3.6% Laying hens 23968 42% 37450 33289 50505 1553055 3.3% Sows 18 33% 28 25 11 3232 0.3% * Extracted from Welsh Agricultural Statistics 2015 Tables 1.1, 1.4 and 1.5 ** Calculated using Defra 2016 CB data except breeding cattle where total estimated using overall response % used Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 i Organic Centre Wales

Sales Table C presents numbers of organic livestock sold, including survey responses and estimates for the total Welsh organic sector. The results indicate that in 2016 Welsh organic farms produced an estimated 5,800 finished beef, 140,000 finished lambs and more than 59 million litres of milk. The proportion of livestock sold organically was similar between years, with 42% of fully organic finished lambs (58,190 lambs), 38% of store cattle (1,906 head), and 69% of store lambs (20,688) sold into conventional supply chains due to a lack of organic market, low organic price premiums or livestock not meeting organic market requirements. Table C Welsh organically managed livestock sales by enterprise and organic status (survey recorded and total Welsh organic sales estimated from 72% survey response rate) Organic Survey responses Estimated number of livestock sold * Inconv. Nonorganic Total Organic % Nonorganic Inconv Nonorganic Finished cattle 3801 93 267 4161 6% 5279 129 371 5779 Store cattle 1930 298 1372 3600 38% 2681 414 1906 5000 Finished lambs 49560 9301 41897 100758 42% 68833 12918 58190 139942 Store lambs 4590 2012 14895 21497 69% 6375 2794 20688 29857 Milk (thou' litres) 42363 250 300 42913 1% 58838 347 417 59601 Eggs (thou' doz.) 547 0 0 547 0% 760 0 0 760 Pigs (all classes) 120 6 6 132 5% 167 8 8 183 *Estimated total calculated with overall survey response rate of 72% Total Future intentions of producers Figure A shows the level of satisfaction of organic producers with the current prices. The figure indicates that pig producers were the least satisfied with current prices, followed by finished lamb producers. Milk, eggs, horticulture and arable producers as well as producers selling directly to consumers were generally more satisfied. For most sectors, the price perceptions were similar or more positive than the previous year, with only pig and dairy producers responding more negatively. Direct sales Arable cropping Horticulture Pigs Eggs Milk Yes Unsure No Finished lamb Finished cattle 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure A Are current prices high enough to continue organic production? Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 ii Organic Centre Wales

The results in Figure B below show that the majority of 2016 survey respondents indicated their commitment to organic farming for more than 10 years, as in 2015, although there is evidence of increasing uncertainty over longer terms prospects. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% <1yr <2yrs 3-5 yrs 5-10 yrs 10yrs plus 2016 2015 Figure B How long are you intending to continue organic production? Conclusions The 2016 survey continued to receive a good response rate from the telephone-only survey method, even though the response rate decreased from 78% in 2015 to 72% in 2016. The majority of beef, milk and cropping outputs are sold into certified organic markets, although the sheep sector and store beef sales continue to suffer losses to the conventional sector at point of sale. Despite the recent losses within the sector, organic sales remained strong and there was optimism in most sectors, with the exception of the finished lamb and pig sector. The optimism of the surveyed dairy producers in 2015 was confirmed in 2016. The optimism for the future of the overall organic sector has slightly decreased compared to 2015, however still 39% of producers who were surveyed indicated an intention to remain in organic production for 10 years or more and a further 38% for 3-5 years. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 iii Organic Centre Wales

Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the many people who have assisted us in making this report possible, in particular: Welsh Government and European Commission for RDP funding to undertake this survey. Phillipa Nicholas-Davies at the Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University for securing the funding to undertake this work and project co-ordination. All the producers who participated in the survey we are aware how much the organic sector is over-surveyed and therefore we hope that this report, and any actions that stem from it, will go some way to making your time input worthwhile! The Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University staff who helped with the phone interviews and collating the survey responses: Tegid Roberts, Rowland Davies, Nick Reeves, Ian Williams, Huw Williams, Dylan Jones, Eric Jones, Eileen Edwards, Brenda Jones and Nigel Chapman, as well as Tony O Regan for making their input possible. Tony Little for assistance in preparing the database of producer contacts. Suzanne Oliver and Gillian Woodward for administrative assistance. Alan Carter for IT assistance. Defra for providing 2016 control body certification data. Simon Moakes for advice on prior year calculations and approaches and for providing his data extractor. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the results presented in this report, responsibility for any errors rests with the authors and feedback is always welcome. However, the quantification of the scale of the Welsh organic sector is still an imprecise art and there are significant margins for error. This report is necessarily a summary of a large quantity of data. Readers wishing for information behind the tables and figures provided are welcome to contact Nic Lampkin at the Organic Research Centre. Also, readers with suggestions for information which would be useful in future reports should contact us. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 iv Organic Centre Wales

Contents Executive summary... i Welsh organic land and livestock... i Sales... ii Future intentions of producers... ii Acknowledgements... iv 1 Introduction... 1 2 Methods... 1 3 Defra 2016 organic certification statistics... 2 4 Glastir Organic uptake... 3 5 2016 survey results for farms, land use and livestock numbers... 4 5.1 Survey response rates... 4 5.2 Organic and in-conversion farms... 5 5.2.1 Reasons for reversion to non-organic farming in Wales... 5 5.2.2 Glastir Organic... 5 5.3 Organic and in-conversion land area... 5 5.4 Organic and in-conversion livestock... 6 5.5 Farm diversification... 8 6 2016 survey results for organic sales... 9 6.1 Livestock sales... 9 6.1.1 Cattle sales... 10 6.1.2 Sheep sales... 11 6.1.3 Milk sales... 11 6.1.4 Egg sales... 11 6.1.5 Pig sales... 11 6.1.6 Livestock marketing routes... 11 6.1.7 Livestock feed and fodder... 12 6.1.8 Livestock technical issues... 13 6.2 Horticulture and arable cropping... 13 6.2.1 Horticulture... 13 6.2.2 Arable cropping... 14 6.3 Direct sales... 15 7 Future intentions of producers... 16 8 Conclusions... 17 Appendix 1 Defra Certification Body Data... 18 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 v Organic Centre Wales

Figures Figure A Are current prices high enough to continue organic production?... ii Figure B How long are you intending to continue organic production?... iii Figure 1 Finished cattle sales 2016 and 2015... 11 Figure 2 Finished lamb sales 2016 and 2015... 11 Tables Table A Welsh organically managed land areas by enterprise and organic status (hectares)... i Table B Welsh organic and in-conversion breeding livestock (head)... i Table C Welsh organically managed livestock sales by enterprise and organic status... ii Table 1 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion holdings and land use (ha), end 2011 to end 2014... 2 Table 2 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion livestock (head), 2011, 2014 and 2016... 2 Table 3 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion livestock (head), 2011, 2014 and 2016... 3 Table 4 Survey responses... 4 Table 5 Completed survey sections... 4 Table 6 Reasons for reverting to non-organic farming... 5 Table 7 Organic and in-conversion land area (ha) in Wales (actual survey results)... 5 Table 8 Organic and in-conversion land area (ha) in Wales (total estimated areas and CB data)... 6 Table 9 Survey recorded organic/in conversion breeding stock retained in 2016 and 2015... 6 Table 10 Total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock (head), estimated using individual sector response rates... 7 Table 11 Total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock (head), estimated using the 72% overall response rate... 7 Table 12 2016 survey-collected and estimated total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock data... 7 Table 13 Reported level of diversification within Welsh organic and converting farm businesses... 8 Table 14 Reported livestock sales 2016 (with 2015 data for comparison)... 9 Table 15 Reported non-organic livestock sales (excluding in-conversion) and % split, 2015 and 2016... 9 Table 16 Estimated total Welsh produced organic livestock sales (based on sector specific response rates)... 10 Table 17 Estimated total Welsh produced organic livestock sales (overall survey response rate)... 10 Table 18 Marketing route of organically produced finished beef and lamb sales (2011 to 2016)... 12 Table 19 Marketing route of organically produced store cattle and lamb sales (2011 to 2016)... 12 Table 20 Organic livestock concentrate feed use, proportion bought-in, prices and availability... 12 Table 21 Technical issues identified with organic livestock production (2015 and 2016)... 13 Table 22 Horticulture production, prices and market split... 13 Table 23 Percentage of horticultural producers experiencing difficulties with various factors... 14 Table 24 Arable production, prices and marketing route (2016 harvest)... 14 Table 25 Percentage of arable producers experiencing difficulties with various factors... 14 Table 26 Main type of produce sold (listed in order of importance in 2016)... 15 Table 27 Percentage of total business turnover from direct sales... 15 Table 28 Direct sales changes during the previous 12 months... 15 Table 29 Are current (2016) prices for products sufficiently high to continue producing them organically?... 16 Table 30 Length of time producer intends to remain organic... 16 Table 31 Intention to increase, decrease or keep the same level of production in 2017... 17 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 vi Organic Centre Wales

1 Introduction This 2016 report is the continuation of a series of annual surveys of organic production in Wales, made possible this year thanks to RDP funding from the Welsh Government. The report aims to provide the Welsh organic sector with up-to-date annual, comparable statistical information and provide data that are otherwise not available from other sources. The survey also aims to provide a means for producers to relay their views on the current state of organic farming to Organic Centre Wales partners and policy makers. 2 Methods The survey was designed and analysed by the Organic Research Centre based on previous surveys by Organic Centre Wales, with the telephone survey undertaken as previously by specialist farm survey staff within the Farm Business Survey (FBS) unit of IBERS, Aberystwyth University. The survey contact database was formed through a combination of two data sources: organic certified holdings data supplied to Defra by Control Bodies for 2015, and the OCW producer database, resulting in a database of 585 producers. The survey questionnaire was developed during September and October 2016 with minimal changes to allow comparison with previous years, comprising of an opening section to capture producers general views about organic farming, a land area and livestock data section and then sections specific to each enterprise, e.g. beef, sheep etc.. As in recent years, the survey was conducted entirely via telephone, although all producers on the contact list were sent a letter outlining reasons for the survey and the type of questions before the phone calls commenced. The survey was conducted in November 2016. Data collation and analysis was carried out using the same methodology as in previous years, with all survey data extracted to from a database of responses for analysis, and results presented in this report. Where possible, data from the previous year are presented alongside for comparison although, due to slight changes in the survey questions, results may not always be strictly comparable. Survey-collected data are useful, but to fully understand the implications of the data collected, it is valuable to have figures for the whole organic sector in Wales. Therefore to give estimated results at Welsh organic sector level, it is necessary to multiply up the survey-collected figures to attempt to represent a 100% response level. In the past and for this report, the survey response rate is used to scale up data. This is achieved by dividing the actual survey data by the response percentage. The survey response rate for each enterprise was calculated by dividing the number of each enterprise survey responses by the number of enterprises indicated within the Defra certification data (see Appendix 1). The overall survey response rate was also used to calculate data and is shown for comparison. Although this methodology assumes representativeness of the sample, it is subject to error and caution should be used when using the data. For the 2016 report, estimates of the 100% organic sector data are shown using both overall survey response and individual enterprise response rates. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 1 Organic Centre Wales

3 Defra 2016 organic certification statistics Organic Centre Wales receives certification data from Defra on an annual basis (see Appendix 1). These data are collected through annual inspection visits to producers by the organic certification bodies (CBs) and are reported to Defra as required under EU organic legislation. Using this data, we undertook a detailed analysis, providing an estimate of the area of organic and in-conversion land and numbers of livestock within Wales, with results shown in Table 1, below. Based on certification data collected during 2016 and Welsh agricultural data for 2015 published by the Welsh Government, the figures show a 12% decrease in the Welsh organic land area during the last two years, to 81,458ha, equivalent to 4% of Welsh agricultural land. The land for organic cereal and potatoes suffered a decrease by more than 30% each. Table 1 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion holdings and land use (ha), end 2011 to end 2014 (Source: Defra certification data) 2011 2014 2016 14>16 change All Wales 2015 * Org. % of Welsh total Certified organic holdings No. 964 661 618-6.5% 24766 2.5% Total agricultural area Ha 122718 92922 81458-12% 1842878 4.4% Cereals Ha 2863 2292 1492-35% 49763 3.0% Other arable/fodder crops Ha 2638 414 1079 161% 34827 3.1% Potatoes Ha 41 8 6-31% 2846 0.2% Horticulture Ha 271 181 987** n/a 1599 n/a Total tillage area Ha 5854 2895 3564 23% 89035 4.0% Temp grass Ha 9662 8622 8601-0.2% 157501 5.5% Arable land (inc temp grass) Ha 15517 11517 12165 5.6% 246536 4.9% Permanent grass/rough grazing Ha 105517 81399 67096-18% 1506383 4.5% Woodland/other Ha 1684 n/a 2197 n/a 89959 2.4% * Extracted from Welsh Agricultural Statistics 2015 Tables 1.1 and 1.4, no. excludes dormant holdings ** Defra 2016 value much higher than previous years and current survey estimates, which may indicate possible overstatement of area Welsh organic livestock data from control bodies are shown in Table 2, indicating an increase in dairy cows and laying hens (up 53%) since 2014, but a 12% decrease in total cattle numbers, a 23% decrease for breeding ewes and a 35% decrease in sow numbers. Table 2 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion livestock (head), 2011, 2014 and 2016 2011 2014 2016 14>16 change Organic % All Wales 2015 * of Wales total 208586 7% Beef cows 14111 11928 n/a*** -12% Dairy cows 13868 10000** 10690 300451 4% (total cattle) Other cattle 32516 24834 15819*** 609942 3% Ewes 255182 182695 141513-23% 4742901 3% Other sheep 275851 190538 143746-25% 4761076 3% Laying hens 38251 33013 50505 53% 1553055 3% Table birds 104394 137017 139569 2% 1632534 9% Other poultry 9651 38059 38 695 2% 1632534 2% Sows 72 17 11-35% 3232 0% Other pigs 357 177 165-7% 22063 1% Other livestock 3604 2777 187-93% no data * Extracted from Welsh Agricultural Statistics 2014 Tables 2.1, 2.6, 2.10 and 2.11 ** estimate as discrepancy in Defra data supplied. *** cattle for slaughter beef (suckler) cow numbers not available in 2016 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 2 Organic Centre Wales

4 Glastir Organic uptake Despite the decline in the certified land area recorded by Defra, Welsh Government data shows increasing interest in the Glastir Organic scheme, with 567 agreements (covering more than 90% of certified holdings and 85% of certified in-conversion and organic land) operational from January 2017. However, less than a quarter of applicants in the 2016 Glastir Organic window were able to obtain agreements from 2017, and the Welsh Government does not plan, at the time of writing, to reopen the scheme in 2017 for 2018 agreements, unlike the situation in England and Scotland. Table 3 Welsh certified organic and in-conversion livestock (head), 2011, 2014 and 2016 Active Area Rate 1 Rate 2 Contract Organic agreements (ha) (ha) land (capped) Horticulture Enclosed Year status (ha) 2015 498 63,391 2016 537 65,130 2017 567 69,158 Rate 3 Upland/Rough grazing (ha) In Conversion 16.61 6,140.75 2,125.34 Maintenance 331.12 41,137.58 13,639.68 In Conversion 28.77 7,534.04 2,747.40 Maintenance 255.33 40,759.61 13,804.53 In Conversion 21.95 4,634.68 1,692.01 Maintenance 262.15 46,649.27 15,898.31 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 3 Organic Centre Wales

5 2016 survey results for farms, land use and livestock numbers 5.1 Survey response rates Table 4 below indicates that the survey achieved a 72% response rate from 421 out of a possible 585 producers contacted. Of these, the survey team identified 13 producers who had decertified from organic production within the last 12 months and three who had given up farming giving 405 useable responses. The 585 producers contacted were based on a contact list provided by Defra of producers certified at the end of 2015. Taking into account the reversions and retirements (which make up 3.7% of the sample, a substantial reduction on previous years), 96% of the population can be assumed to be still farming organically at November 2016, which is consistent with the data supplied by Defra for holdings certified during 2016. Table 4 Survey responses Number % Organic producer contact list 585 Producers contacted 454 Declines 34 Producers who responded 421 72.0% Reverted to conventional farming* 13 3.1% Given up farming 3 0.7% Survey completed 405 96% Approximately 25% of the 455 producers contacted elected to use the Welsh language as a medium of communication for the survey. The survey comprised of a general section and then various enterprise specific sections e.g. beef, lamb, milk etc. To enable scaling up of survey results to full Welsh organic sector level, survey response rates of different enterprises were calculated. The number of completed enterprise sections is divided by the number of enterprises identified from the Defra data (see Table 1 and Table 2 above). The 2016 survey showed an overall reduction in the number of enterprise sections completed though their percentage completion rates (based upon Defra CB data) showed a similar or increased completion rate. The number of producers completing the direct sales section was similar, despite the reduction in numbers of producers. Table 5 Completed survey sections Enterprise type 2016 survey 2015 survey 2014 survey Defra CB data end Survey completion rate 2016 2014 2013 2016 2015 2014 Beef 219 238 241 339 416 435 65% 57% 55% Sheep 248 266 271 354 460 468 70% 58% 58% Dairy 54 56 55 76 84 86 71% 67% 64% Pigs 6 4 6 15 19 31 40% 21% 19% Eggs 18 18 19 43 50 61 42% 36% 31% Fruit & vegetables 38 34 33 195 122 133 19% 28% 25% Grains & pulses 58 64 69 129 171 185 45% 37% 37% Direct sales 40 41 56 - - - - - - Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 4 Organic Centre Wales

5.2 Organic and in-conversion farms 5.2.1 Reasons for reversion to non-organic farming in Wales During 2013 to 2016, a number of producers de-certfied from organic production although the numbers decertifying are reducing. 150 respondents confirmed their de-certification through the 2013 survey, a further 63 and 54 respondents informed the 2014 and 2015 survey respectively that they had decertified. 13 respondents confirmed that they had reverted to non-organic farming in 2016 (see Table 4). Producers indicating that they had reverted were briefly asked why they had taken this decision, with results presented in Table 6 below. The primary reasons for de-certification were the lack of organic market and the expectation of future OFS to be low, whereas in 2015 respondents indicated lack of organic premium as the main reasons for decertifying (note that producers could give more than one reason hence there are 31 responses from the 13 farmers interviewed who had reverted). Table 6 Reasons for reverting to non-organic farming Responses 31 High feed price 10% Lack of organic premium 13% Lack of organic market 16% Certification costs 10% OFS agreement ending 10% Expect future OFS to be low 16% Technical issues 0% Other 26% 5.2.2 Glastir Organic Of the 405 producers who completed the 2016 survey, 87% were in the Glastir organic scheme, 40% were in Glastir Entry and 43% were in Glastir Advanced. A further 4% of the 405 indicated that they plan to register with Glastir Organic in the future, while 5% indicated they will not. 5.3 Organic and in-conversion land area As indicated in the previous section, the organic certification data supplied to Defra was collected over a 12 month period in 2016; therefore the data are always retrospective. The 2016 producer survey continued to request producers to provide basic information about their land, its use and organic status. The compiled land data shown in Table 7 provides information for both aggregate land types and individual crops in 2015/16. Table 7 Organic and in-conversion land area (ha) in Wales (actual survey results) Crop Type Fully organic In-conversion Share by status Area (ha) Share Area (ha) Share Organic In-conv Grassland (inc. rough grazing) 50117 92.5% 2542 94% 95.2% 4.83% Fodder crops (inc. legumes, roots) 468 0.9% 12 0% 97.5% 2.53% Arable forage 778 1.4% 45 2% 94.6% 5.41% Arable crops (combined) 1015 1.9% 0 0% 100.0% 0.00% Arable (total) 2261 4.2% 57 2% 97.5% 2.46% Potatoes 3 0.0% 0 0% 100.0% 0.00% Horticulture 84 0.2% 0 0% 100.0% 0.00% Other 1729 3.2% 109 4% 94.1% 5.94% Total 54195 100% 2708 100% 95.2% 4.76% Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 5 Organic Centre Wales

The land area data collected through the survey was scaled up to estimate Welsh organic sector totals for the various land categories, based on the overall survey response rate of 72% (see Table 8). The majority of land (ca. 93%) is grassland (temporary, permanent and rough grazing) with the arable area accounting for most of the remainder. The Welsh horticultural area according to the survey results remains very small, although the estimate is affected by the actual low response rate for horticulture. The area of land inconversion was estimated to be 3761 ha (4.8%) with the Defra figures indicating a higher proportion (almost 10%), representing an increase in the land are currently in conversion compared with previous year. When compared with 2014 Defra data Table 8 shows the reduction in organic land area. Table 8 Organic and in-conversion land area (ha) in Wales (total estimated areas and CB data) Estimated total areas Defra 2016 CB data Crop Type (based on survey response rate of 72%) Organic In-conv Total Organic In-conv Total Grassland (inc. rough grazing) 69607 3531 73138 68368 7330 75697 Fodder crops (inc. legumes, roots) 650 17 667 687 195 882 Arable forage 1081 63 1142 - - - Arable crops (combinable) 1410 0 1410 1631 58 1689 Arable (total) 3140 79 3219 2466 932 2571 Potatoes 4 0 4 6 0 6 Horticulture 117 0 117 907* 79 987* Other 2402 152 2554 2075 122 2197 Totals 75271 3761 79032 73674 7784 81458 * Defra 2016 value much higher than previous years and current survey estimates, which may indicate possible overstatement of area 5.4 Organic and in-conversion livestock Respondents were asked to provide details of organic and in-conversion livestock retained on their holdings at 31st October 2016. Responses are shown in Table 9 below. Table 9 Survey recorded organic/in conversion breeding stock retained in 2016 and 2015 Organic 2016 In-conversion 2016 Total 2016 Total 2015 Head Farms Head Farms Head Head Breeding cattle 5919 175 168 7 6087 7298 Growing cattle 11000 202 164 7 11164 11859 Replacement beef heifers 860 108 115 7 975 929 Breeding sheep 105517 225 6714 17 112231 118756 Growing sheep 24107 136 1742 11 25849 22397 Ewe lamb replacements 26453 205 1146 12 27599 29581 Dairy cows 7095 51 80 1 7175 8029 Dairy heifers 4223 51 25 1 4248 4679 Laying hens 23968 18 0 0 23968 25594 Sows 18 4 0 0 18 11 The 2016 data generally shows a slight decrease in livestock numbers recorded through the producer survey. From the survey-collected data, estimated total livestock numbers at Welsh organic sector level were then calculated. For comparison, this calculation was undertaken both by calculating the response rate per individual enterprise, as well as by using the overall survey response rate of 72%. Table 10 (estimates from sector-specific response rates) and Table 11 (estimates from overall survey response rate) indicate the estimated Welsh organic sector stock numbers. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 6 Organic Centre Wales

Table 10 Total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock (head), estimated using individual sector response rates Sector response rate Organic 2016 In-conversion 2016 2016 Total (Rounded) 2015 Total (Rounded) Breeding cattle 9162 168 9300 12800 Growing cattle 65% 17027 164 17200 20700 Replacement beef heifers 1331 115 1450 1600 Breeding sheep 150617 6714 157300 205400 Growing sheep 70% 34411 1742 36200 38700 Ewe lamb replacements 37760 1146 38900 51200 Dairy cows 9986 80 10100 12000 71% Dairy heifers 5943 25 6000 7000 Laying hens 42% 57257 0 57000 71000 Sows 40% 45 0 45 50 2015 estimates were calculated at 2015 sector response rates (see 2015 Producer Survey report) Table 11 Total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock (head), estimated using the 72% overall survey response rate Organic 2016 In-conversion 2016 2016 Total (Rounded) 2015 Total (Rounded) Breeding cattle 8221 233 8500 9400 Growing cattle 15278 228 15500 15200 Replacement beef heifers 1194 160 1350 1200 Breeding sheep 146551 9325 155900 152400 Growing sheep 33482 2419 35900 28800 Ewe lamb replacements 36740 1592 38300 38000 Dairy cows 9854 111 10000 10300 Dairy heifers 5865 35 5900 6000 Laying hens 33289 0 33000 33000 Sows 25 0 25 15 2015 estimates were calculated at 2015 77.9% overall survey response rate Organic and in-conversion livestock numbers, summarised in Table 12, indicate survey collected numbers and estimated Welsh totals, in addition to 2016 certification data from Defra for comparison. For beef, dairy and laying hens the enterprise specific estimates match the Defra CB data more closely. Table 12 2016 survey-collected and estimated total Welsh organic and in-conversion livestock data, with 2016 Defra CB data for comparison Livestock category Actual survey data Total estimated by sector response % Total estimated at overall response % Defra 2016 CB data Breeding cattle 6087 9300 8500 Growing cattle 11164 65% 17200 72% 15500 30532 Replacement beef heifers 975 1450 1350 Breeding sheep 112231 157300 155900 141513 Growing sheep 25849 70% 36200 72% 35900 Ewe lamb replacements 27599 38900 38300 143746 Dairy cows 7175 10100 10000 10690 71% 72% Dairy heifers 4248 6000 5900 - Laying hens 23968 42% 57000 72% 33000 50505 Sows 18 40% 45 72% 25 11 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 7 Organic Centre Wales

5.5 Farm diversification Farm diversification is often a significant source of income for organic farms. Table 13 indicates that in 2016 the number of organic farms surveyed committed to diversification increased for all the diversification activities considered. In particular, diversification into renewable energy has increased in importance in the sector. Table 13 Reported level of diversification within Welsh organic and converting farm businesses 2016 2015 % n % n On farm processing 7% 17 4% 15 On farm retailing 8% 18 3% 14 Educational activities 5% 12 0% 2 Tourism activities (with food) 8% 19 2% 9 Tourism activities (without food) 14% 34 11% 46 Agricultural contracting 11% 25 3% 12 Renewable energy 42% 99 26% 108 Other 5% 13 3% 13 Multiple diversification enterprises - - 9% 38 Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 8 Organic Centre Wales

6 2016 survey results for organic sales Certified organic crops and livestock may be sold to organic outlets or non-organic outlets at conventional prices. This section analyses the quantities and proportions of output marketed as organic. 6.1 Livestock sales Livestock sales recorded through the producer survey are presented in Table 14. Sales were recorded as those sold as certified organic, those sold as in-conversion and those sold conventionally, e.g. due to a lack of organic market. Survey recorded data indicated that reported organic sales were higher in 2016 than 2015 for finished cattle, finished lambs and pigs, but lower for store cattle, store lambs, milk and eggs. The pig numbers should be treated with caution due to the low response rate and small sample size. Inconversion status sales were minimal. Table 14 Reported livestock sales 2016 (with 2015 data for comparison) Organic Non-organic sales Total Responses In-conversion Other reason n Year 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Finished cattle 3578 3801 70 93 212 174 5863 4068 94 105 Store cattle 2688 1930 275 298 1040 1074 3573 3302 167 133 Finished lambs 44366 49560 6880 9301 41249 32596 83433 91457 224 203 Store lambs 5379 4590 2190 2012 13418 12883 19546 19485 105 103 Milk (thou' litres) 43285 42362 0 250 0 52 40742 42664 55 54 Eggs (thou' doz.) 788 547 0 0 20 0 461 547 18 18 Pigs (all classes) 84 120 4 6 0 0 194 126 4 6 Results shown in Table 15 indicate that total non-organic sales as a percentage of total sales were higher in 2016 compared to 2015. When analysing the reasons given for selling non-organically, it can be seen from Table 15 that the majority of non-organic beef and lamb sales in 2016 were partly due to difficulties meeting the organic specification or because the organic premium was minimal, and partly also due to a lack of organic market especially for store cattle and store lamb. Table 15 Reported non-organic livestock sales (excluding in-conversion) and % split, 2015 and 2016 Due to Reported nonorganic sales (excl. in-conv.) Non-org sales as % of total sales finishing spec / high conv. prices Due to lack of organic market Due to other reasons 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Finished cattle 212 174 5% 7% 89% 53% 10% 39% 0% 8% Store cattle 1040 1074 26% 42% 42% 30% 30% 62% 28% 8% Finished lambs 41249 32596 45% 46% 43% 63% 48% 27% 9% 10% Store lambs 13418 12883 64% 76% 55% 34% 29% 39% 16% 27% Milk (thou' litres) 0 52 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% Eggs (thou' doz.) 20 0 3% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% As with the retained livestock data (see Table 9), the actual livestock sales recorded by the survey were scaled up to estimate total sales at Welsh organic sector level, with values calculated by two methods (overall and sector specific response rates). Table 16 shows data multiplied up by the individual sector response rates. Table 17 shows data multiplied up by the overall survey response rate of 72%. Data in Table 16 and Table 17 indicate similar organic sales for the dairy sector in 2016 compared with 2015, but lower organic sales of finished cattle. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 9 Organic Centre Wales

Table 16 Estimated total Welsh produced organic livestock sales (based on sector specific response rates) Sector response rate Organic In conversion Non-organic sales Other non-organic Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 10 Organic Centre Wales Total 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Finished cattle 65% 6300 5500 100 150 400 300 6700 5950 Store cattle 65% 4700 4100 500 450 1800 1650 7000 6200 Finished lambs 70% 77000 63400 12000 13300 71000 46600 160000 123300 Store lambs 70% 9000 7700 4000 2900 23000 18400 36000 29200 Milk (thou' litres) 71% 64900 61000 0 400 0 100 64900 61500 Eggs (thou' doz.) 42% 2200 1900 0 0 100 0 2200 1900 Pigs (all classes) 40% 400 210 0 10 0 0 400 220 * 2015 estimates calculated at 2015 sector specific response rates (see 2015 producer survey report) Table 17 Estimated total Welsh produced organic livestock sales (overall survey response rate) Survey Non-organic sales Organic Total response In conversion Other non-organic rate 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Finished cattle 4600 5300 100 100 300 200 5000 5600 Store cattle 3500 2700 400 400 1300 1500 5100 4600 Finished lambs 57000 69000 9000 13000 53000 45000 119000 127000 Store lambs 72% 7000 6400 3000 2800 17000 17900 27000 27000 Milk (thou' litres) 56000 59000 0 300 0 100 56000 59300 Eggs (thou' doz.) 1000 800 0 0 0 0 1000 800 Pigs (all classes) 100 170 0 0 0 0 100 170 * 2015 estimates based on a 77.9% survey response rate overall 6.1.1 Cattle sales Figure 1 indicates that virtually almost all finished cattle were sold into organic markets in 2016, with about 5500 cattle sold, fewer than in 2015. Store cattle sales were also lower overall and organic sales fell from 67% in 2015 to 58% in 2016. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Organic In-conv Finishing Spec. Figure 1 Finished cattle sales 2016 and 2015 Lack of org. market Other reasons 2015 93% 2% 5% 1% 0% 2016 93% 2% 2% 2% 0%

6.1.2 Sheep sales Depending on the approach taken to estimating total finished lamb sales, numbers sold as organic were in the range of 63-69 thousand. The percentage of total organic finished lambs sold organically was about 45% in 2016. The percentage of non-organic sales (excluding livestock in-conversion) was again 44% as in 2015, with most of this being sold conventionally due to finishing specification or high conventional prices and a minority due to a lack of organic market. Total lamb sales across all categories were estimated at about 150,000, fewer than in 2015. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Organic In-conv Finishing Spec. Figure 3 Finished lamb sales 2016 and 2015 Lack of org. market Other reasons 2015 48% 7% 19% 21% 4% 2016 45% 10% 25% 13% 6% The proportion of store lambs sold non-organically fell from 74% in 2015 to 71% in 2016, although 13% were due to in-conversion status. 6.1.3 Milk sales Milk sales data from the survey indicate that overall organic milk sales were about 60 million litres in 2016. While no non-organic sales were reported in 2015, 300-400 thousand litres of organic milk were sold as conventional in 2016, mostly as in -conversion. Organic milk price data are still not readily available, but surveyed producers in 2016 indicated the average price at 35.3 ppl, the same price indicated by the 2015 survey. 6.1.4 Egg sales Organic egg sales appeared to be slightly reduced in 2016 compared with 2015, although due to the small sample and large scale of some producers the margin of error can be quite large and the two estimation approaches yielded large differences in values ranging from 800 to 1900 thousand dozen. The average price received was higher in 2016 at 3.06 per dozen, compared with 2.79 in 2015 but this varied greatly between producers selling in bulk (typically 1.50/doz.) or direct to the public (e.g. 3 plus/doz.). 6.1.5 Pig sales Organic pig sales appeared to be similar to 2015 sales, however the response rate was very low which affects the robustness of estimates. Both methods resulted in similar estimates close to 200 pigs sold as organic. 6.1.6 Livestock marketing routes Sales from beef and sheep livestock enterprises were recorded by their marketing route, indicating the sales split between different marketing routes for finished stock (Table 18) and store stock (Table 19). The 2016 survey indicates an increase in the percentage of finished stock that was sold direct to an abattoir for finished cattle and for finished lamb, with a corresponding reduction in sales through producer groups. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 11 Organic Centre Wales

Table 18 Marketing route of organically produced finished beef and lamb sales (2011 to 2016) Finished cattle Finished lamb Year 2016 2015 2011 2016 2015 2011 Responses 103 95 150 140 230 372 Direct to Abattoir 77% 73% 69% 86% 61% 57% Producer Group 7% 9% 14% 3% 3% 6% Livestock mart. 5% 4% 7% 11% 30% 34% Direct to public 11% 13% 11% 0% 6% 3% The store marketing routes for cattle and lamb highlight the high reliance upon marketing through livestock markets, and whilst producer groups encourage sales and purchases through their producer linkages these remain minimal in terms of overall numbers. Table 19 Marketing route of organically produced store cattle and lamb sales (2011 to 2016) Store cattle Store lamb Year 2016 2015 2011 2016 2015 2011 Responses 130 160 246 102 94 166 Producer Group 4% 4% 2% 6% 2% 4% Livestock mart. 62% 65% 70% 70% 67% 73% Direct to another producer 34% 31% 28% 24% 31% 22% 6.1.7 Livestock feed and fodder Purchased and home-grown feed usage is shown in Table 20, with most of the beef sector s feed requirements continuing to be sourced as straight cereals with compound feed comprising only 35% of total requirements. Compound feed continued to comprise a much higher percentage of total feed used for sheep production at 74% of the total. The organic dairy sector continued to use large quantities of compound feed, as well as straights, with almost 10,388t of feed recorded through the survey. Based on the overall response rate for the survey (72%), it can be estimated that total organic ruminant concentrate feed requirements for Wales were around 19,000 tonnes, similar to 2015. Feed availability was typically rated as good or sufficient, showing a slight improvement on the previous year. Table 20 Organic livestock concentrate feed use, proportion bought-in, prices and availability Feed used Feed source Feed prices Feed availability* t n Home-grown Bought-in n /t n rating n Cereal 1180 36 89% 11% 36 211 4 1.22 18 Beef Protein 26 7 40% 60% 5 587 5 2 5 Compound 657 89 - - 364 89 1.66 73 Cereal 339.5 27 73% 27% 26 182 8 1.69 13 Sheep Protein 24 7 67% 33% 3 450 5 1.33 6 Compound 1026.125 148 - - 386 142 1.55 110 Cereal 2108 17 88% 12% 17 240 2 1.43 7 Dairy Protein 518 7 40% 60% 5 452 5 2 7 Compound 7762 47 - - 337 47 1.53 40 Cereal 10.4 2 100% 0% 1 508 1 1.5 2 Poultry Protein 0 0 - - 0 - Compound 1096.4 18 - - 423 18 1.43 14 *Feed availability rated from 1=Good, 2=Sufficient, 3=Difficult, 4=Poor, 0=Don t know/no view Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 12 Organic Centre Wales

The proportion of home-grown ruminant feed varied from as high as 89% for cereals fed down to 0% for compound fed to beef cattle and sheep. Compound and cereal prices varied from 182/t for cereal for sheep to 587/t for protein for beef cattle. Due to small sample sizes, estimating the total organic feed requirements for the poultry sector was difficult, but using the overall survey response rate of 72% indicated an estimated total of 1537t. This result must be treated with great care, however, as the sample is quite small. 6.1.8 Livestock technical issues Table 21 highlights the technical issues identified by producers within their organic livestock production system. Forage production remained a concern within the ruminant systems, and health was also a concern in sheep and dairy systems. For beef and sheep producers there was little change in the issues identified compared with 2015, though forage production issues rose in importance for all livestock producers in 2016. Table 21 Technical issues identified with organic livestock production (2015 and 2016) Beef Lamb Milk 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 Responses 55 55 67 65 26 19 Forage 6% 9% 2% 6% 13% 15% Health 4% 4% 10% 10% 14% 9% Concentrate (energy) 3% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% Biosecurity 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% Concentrate (protein) 2% 0% 1% 1% 4% 0% Breeding (choice of breed) 3% 4% 1% 2% 2% 2% Infrastructure 1% 0% 1% 0% 2% 0% Other 5% 4% 6% 3% 9% 6% 6.2 Horticulture and arable cropping 6.2.1 Horticulture Data collection within the horticultural sector has proved difficult due to the small number of producers and the large variety of crops, as well as the varying markets supplied. Table 22 indicates the areas of differing horticultural crop types and the average marketing route for that crop type. It was not possible to quantify output due to the high number of crops and varying scale of operations. Holdings producing mixed market crops were the most prevalent, with a high percentage of produce sold direct to the public although a majority of fruit and potatoes were sold via wholesalers or in bulk. Table 22 Horticulture production, prices and market split Responses Marketing routes Area (ha) Direct to Wholesale Bulk public Mixed market garden 15 28.2 53% 42% 5% Potatoes 2 2.2 33% 33% 33% Field veg 2 2.2 77% 23% 0% Fruit 11 23.2 76% 12% 12% Other crops 5 2.6 67% 33% 0% Total 35 58.4 Table 23 indicates that few responding horticultural growers experienced difficulties in controlling weeds during the 2016 growing season, but climate change was an increasing challenge as was labour. Producers were asked about any marketing difficulties they had experienced: there were 13 responses of which 4 indicated that lack of market was an issue. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 13 Organic Centre Wales

Table 23 Percentage of horticultural producers experiencing difficulties with various factors Year 2016 2015 2011 Responses 17 17 29 Weeds 12% 12% 41% Seeds 0% 9% 14% Disease 6% 3% 3% Labour 18% 3% 3% Climate change 29% 12% 7% Machinery 0% 0% 7% Other 35% 12% 24% 6.2.2 Arable cropping Table 24 indicates that in 2016 the largest arable crop areas continued to be barley, oats and wheat. Due to the very small sample sizes it is difficult to comment on prices. Average prices obtained by producers for oats were higher in 2016 at 213/t compared with 188/t in 2015, however this may be a reflection of the small sample sizes. Table 24 Arable production, prices and marketing route (2016 harvest) Area (ha) Total production (t) Sales volume (t) Price ( /t) 2015 2016 Direct to farmer Marketing routes Direct to processor Bulk buyer n Responses 79 78 14 18 Wheat 188 940 62-280 33% 33% 33% 3 Barley 333 1428 14-207 100% 0% 0% 3 Oats 208 806 330 188 213 67% 22% 11% 9 Triticale 32 120 - - - - - - Peas or beans 25 74 - - - - - - Cereal/legume 130 436 - - - - - - Other crops 12 23 5-625 0% 100% 0% 1 Total/Average 928 3827 411 There was a substantial increase in producers experiencing difficulties in controlling weeds during the 2016 growing season (Table 25), with other factors also affecting some producers, including access to machinery. Unlike the previous year, no challenges from climate change were reported. Table 25 Percentage of arable producers experiencing difficulties with various factors Year 2016 2015 2011 Responses 20 33 47 Weeds 70% 27% 60% Seeds 0% 6% 0% Disease 5% 2% 0% Labour 0% 0% 0% Climate change 0% 9% 6% Machinery 10% 2% 13% Other 15% 6% 21% Producers were asked about any marketing difficulties they had experienced, but few responded, preventing publication of their views. Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 14 Organic Centre Wales

6.3 Direct sales The number of respondents in 2016 indicating direct to public sales was similar to 2015, corresponding to 40%. Table 26 shows that overall this share decreased in recent years, as producers with direct sales represented 52% in 2012. As in previous years, meat continued to be the most widely directly sold product, together with direct vegetable and egg sales. Table 26 Main type of produce sold (listed in order of importance in 2016) % of direct sellers Year 2016 2015 2012 Responses 40 41 52 Meat 58% 51% 48% Vegetables 23% 24% 29% Eggs 13% 12% 8% Mixed Content 0% 7% 4% Fruit 3% 5% 6% Dairy 3% 0% 6% Table 27 indicates the high importance of direct sales to the majority of the producers involved. Whilst around a quarter of producers with direct sales did not heavily rely on these sales, 57% respondents produced more than 60% of their total business turnover this way. However this share decreased slightly compared to the previous years. Table 27 Percentage of total business turnover from direct sales Year 2016 2015 2012 0-20% 17% 16% 23% 20-40% 7% 12% 4% 40-60% 19% 7% 6% 60-80% 12% 14% 13% 80-100% 45% 51% 54% Table 28 indicates a decrease in producers experiencing increased direct sales during the last 12 months; 20% had seen a decrease, against 14% in 2015. Table 28 Direct sales changes during the previous 12 months Year 2016 2015 2011 Responses 41 42 58 Up by 10%+ 12% 21% 12% Up by 1-10% 17% 21% 16% No change 51% 43% 55% Down by 1-10% 15% 7% 6% Down by 10%+ 5% 7% 12% Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 15 Organic Centre Wales

7 Future intentions of producers As part of the survey, producers were also asked for their views on whether the current (2016) prices for products were high enough to continue producing organically (shown in Table 29). Beef producers responses were more positive compared to 2015, with 48% of finished producers considering that current prices were probably or definitely high enough, and 41% of store cattle rearers saying the same. Perceptions among lamb producers were more positive, though still negative overall, in 2016, with only 22% of finished lamb producers and 18% of store lamb producers expressing positive views. 57% of finished lamb producers and 61% of store lamb producers indicated that the current lamb price wasn t high enough to continue organic production. The organic dairy sector was less optimistic in 2016, with 77% of producers positive about current prices compared with 94% in 2015. Egg producers views in 2016 were similar to the previous year, with 73% of the responses indicating a positive opinion of current prices. Horticulture producer views were more positive in 2016 than in 2015, with 63% being happy with current prices. Responses from arable producers in 2016 were similar to 2015, with only 30% being optimistic. Producers undertaking direct organic sales in 2016 were identically positive to 2015, with 66% indicating that prices were high enough to continue operating organically. Table 29 Are current (2016) prices for products sufficiently high to continue producing them organically? Definitely Probably Not Sure Probably Not Definitely not 2015 2016 Year 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016 n n Finished cattle 2% 3% 32% 45% 20% 25% 25% 20% 21% 7% 121 118 Store cattle 3% 1% 37% 40% 15% 20% 22% 26% 23% 13% 150 126 Finished lamb 0% 2% 16% 20% 20% 21% 19% 23% 45% 34% 198 173 Store lamb 0% 1% 9% 17% 21% 21% 21% 20% 49% 41% 117 109 Milk 32% 20% 62% 57% 4% 8% 0% 12% 2% 2% 50 49 Eggs 41% 33% 35% 40% 12% 7% 12% 13% 0% 7% 17 15 Pigs 0% 20% 75% 0% 25% 20% 0% 40% 0% 20% 4 5 Horticulture 6% 14% 42% 49% 32% 22% 16% 8% 3% 8% 31 37 Arable cropping 12% 5% 20% 25% 49% 60% 12% 8% 8% 2% 51 40 Direct sales 21% 15% 45% 51% 21% 21% 11% 8% 3% 5% 38 39 Average (weighted) 6% 11% 28% 34% 20% 23% 18% 18% 28% 14% When asked how long they intend to remain as a certified organic producer, the 2016 results in Table 30 indicate how the sector has changed in recent years. Although the total number of producers has fallen, the percentage of producers committed to farming organically for 5 or more years rose from 30% in 2012 to 89% in 2014 (linked to the introduction of Glastir Organic) but has fallen to 57% in 2016, indicating that Brexit and other issues may be affecting thinking about what will happen when current 5-year Glastir organic agreements come to an end from 2020. Table 30 Length of time producer intends to remain organic Year 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 Responses 375 399 398 444 566 561 <1yr 3% 3% 8% 20% 26% - <2yrs 3% 1% 0% 19% 21% - 3-5 yrs 38% 27% 4% 31% 23% - 5-10 yrs 18% 27% 83% 11% 8% 22% 10yrs plus 39% 42% 6% 19% 22% 36% Welsh Organic Producer Survey 2016 16 Organic Centre Wales