Overview of environmental aspects of cogeneration 2004 Cogeneration Week in Thailand 23-25 March 2004 Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, Bangkok Thomas Hernoe Environmental Expert
Environmental impacts All combustion processes causes various environmental impacts CO 2, CH 4 & N 2 O CO, NO X & NMVOC NO X and SO X CO Particulates Direct Greenhouse Gas Effect Indirect Greenhouse Gas Effect Acid rain Public health Public health
Emissions & reduction possibilities
Impact of local environment Emission of particles Waste water discharge Ash disposal Fuel transport Noise Impact is dependent on fuels & technology
Acid rain Rain becomes acidic because of NO x and SO 2 dissolve in the rain water to form acids SO 2 emissions are responsible for 60-70 % of the global acid deposition Acid rain causes damage to lakes and rivers, trees, people & buildings Acid rain travels over long distances in clouds Solution: fuel switching, SO 2 scrubbers
Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration Green House Gas effect (1) Earth is kept warm by its atmosphere Without atmosphere average surface temperature would be -18 deg. C Heat from sun passes through atmosphere, warming it up, and most of it warms surface of earth As earth warms up it emits heat as infra-red radiation. Some heat is trapped by atmosphere Green House Gases make the atmosphere trap more of radiation, so it gradually warms earth up more
Green House Gas effect (2) Consequences: Sea level rise and flooding in coastal areas Climate extremes and disaster Human health problems
CO 2 equivalent emission Green Houses Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Methane CH 4 Nitrous Oxide N 2 O Carbon Dioxide equivalent emission = Carbon Dioxide + Methane Carbon Dioxide eq. + Nitrous Oxide Carbon Dioxide eq.
GWP & CO 2 equivalent emission Gas Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide GWP (1996) 1 21 310 Carbon Dioxide equivalent emission= 1 x Carbon Dioxide emission + 21 x Methane emission + 310 x Nitrous Oxide emission
Emissions for fuels Emission = Emission factor (kg / TJ) x Energy input (TJ) Usually the fuel amount is known in weight unit: Energy input (TJ) = Fuel amount ( 000 tonnes) x Heating value (TJ / ( 000 tonnes) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) provides emission factors Biomass emissions: CO 2 emission by definition = 0
Change of emission Change in emission = Emission cogeneration supply of electricity & thermal energy Emission baseline supply of electricity & thermal energy
Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration OGEN 3 Technical - Financial Analysis model Green House Gas calculations
TFA model principles Emission Emission Cogeneration Boiler
Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration ANGE IN GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION BY IMPLEMENTING COGENERATION PROJECT ge in Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 eq.) emission per year compared to baseline 21,461.331 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 20,110.25 Ton Methane (CH 4) 60.81 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.24 Ton Global Warming Potential 1 Global Warming Potential 21 Global Warming Potential 310 GENERATION PROJECT en: Generation electricity & thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 559.800 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 5.40 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.44 Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Emission factor 0.00002 Ton/GJ Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ and technology 1 name Rice husk: Boiler Energy contents 100,000.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ 360,000.00 GJ Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GJ Used in calculations 0.00002 Ton/GJ Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GJ eneration: Greenhouse Gas Emissions emission from cogeneration project Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 559.800 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 5.40 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.44 Ton n fuels, suppl. electricity purchase and suppl. thermal energy fuels) SELINE / CURRENT SITUATION line: Purchase electricity grid & other sources tricity purchase from grid baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 6,930.984 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 6,910.25 Ton Methane (CH 4) 0.32 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.05 Ton Emission factor 691.02520 Ton/GWh Emission factor 0.03214 Ton/GWh Emission factor 0.00451 Ton/GW ricity purchase name Grid electricity Thailand Electricity purchase 10,000.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GW 10.00 GWh Used in calculations 691.02520 Ton/GWh Used in calculations 0.03214 Ton/GWh Used in calculations 0.00451 Ton/GW tricity purchase/generation from other sources baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 0.000 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 0.00 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GW ricity purchase name No selection Electricity purchase 0.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GW 0.00 GWh Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GWh Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GWh Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GW line: Generation thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 13,200.756 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 13,200.00 Ton Methane (CH 4 ) 0.04 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor 0.07333 Ton/GJ Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ and technology 1 name Diesel oil: Boiler Energy contents 50,000.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/GJ 180,000.00 GJ Used in calculations 0.07333 Ton/GJ Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GJ Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/GJ line: Dumping of biomass ass 1 dumped or open burned baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 1,889.391 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4 ) 65.85 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 1.63 Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Emission factor 0.00238 Ton/Ton Emission factor 0.00006 Ton/To ass 1 name Open burning, all biomass Amount 27,692.31 Ton Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/To Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/Ton Used in calculations 0.00238 Ton/Ton Used in calculations 0.00006 Ton/To ass 2 dumped or open burned baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 0.000 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/To ass 2 name No selection Amount 0.00 No selectionalt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/To Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/Ton Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/Ton Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/To line: Greenhouse Gas Emissions emission from baseline / current situation Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 22,021.131 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 20,110.25 Ton Methane (CH 4) 66.21 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.68 Ton tricity purchase, thermal energy fuels & dumping of biomass)
SELINE / CURRENT SITUATION line: Purchase electricity grid & other sources tricity purchase from grid baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 6,930.984 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 6,910.25 Ton Emission factor 691.02520 Ton/G ricity purchase name Grid electricity Thailand Electricity purchase 10,000.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/G 10.00 GWh Used in calculations 691.02520 Ton/G tricity purchase/generation from other sources baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 0.000 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 0.00 Ton Emission factor 0.00000 Ton/G ricity purchase name No selection Electricity purchase 0.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/G 0.00 GWh Used in calculations 0.00000 Ton/G line: Generation thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 13,200.756 Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 13,200.00 Ton Emission factor 0.07333 Ton/G and technology 1 name Diesel oil: Boiler Energy contents 50,000.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor 0.00000 Ton/G 180,000.00 GJ Used in calculations 0.07333 Ton/G
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