Advancing forest-based bioproducts capacity in Canada Warren Mabee Department of Geography and Planning, Queen s University warren.mabee@queensu.ca International Forest Biorefinery Conference, Thunder Bay, Canada 10 May 2017
An opportunity 200 180 Softwood AAC Million m 3 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Softwood Harvest 5-year average: 63.7 Mm 3 /year Hardwood AAC 5-year average: 32.3 Mm 3 /year Hardwood Harvest 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 National Forestry Database 2016; FAOStat 2016 2
An opportunity 1800 1600 96 million barrels 563 PJ Million barrels/year 1400 1200 1000 800 600 7% 400 200 = 1 million barrels equivalent from softwoods = 1 million barrels equivalent from hardwoods 0 Wood potential Eastern oil Western oil National Energy Board 2016 3
A challenge Waste 3% Construction 3% Coal 1% Agriculture 10% Oil & Gas + Fugitive emissions 26% Total emissions: 732 Mt CO 2 -e (2014) Light duty transport 15% Other industry 10% Buildings 12% Electricity production 11% Heavy duty transport 8% Other transport 1% 4
A challenge Waste 3% Construction 3% Coal 1% Agriculture 10% Oil & Gas + Fugitive emissions 26% 17.3% Total emissions: 732 Mt CO 2 -e (2014) Light duty transport 15% 8.6% 18.4% Other industry 10% 11.6% Buildings 12% Electricity production 11% Heavy duty transport 8% 12.0% Other transport 1% 12.9% 33.0% 5
Unlocking potential Forests Harvest residues Sawmilling Processing residues Lumber, panels Lignocellulose Processing residues Pulping Traditional paper Physico-Chemical Treatment Pulp Cellulose Hydrolysis Crystalline Cellulose, C6 Sonication/ Recovery Cellulose filaments, NCC 6
Cellulosic filaments Isolated components of wood structure exhibit high strength and unique surface qualities, serves as a building block Prime example: nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) CelluForce (Canada); Melodea (EU); Zelpho (EU) Building block for: carbon nanotubes; can be used in place of metals such as aluminum, synthetic fibres Most applicable to: Transport, Buildings, Electrical generation Public domain by Innventia 7
Unlocking potential Pyrolysis/ Gasification Catalysis Lignin Lignin-based bioproducts Forests Harvest residues Sawmilling Processing residues Lumber, panels Lignocellulose Processing residues Pulping Traditional paper Spent pulping liquor Physico-Chemical Treatment Lignin intermediates Pulp Cellulose Hydrolysis Crystalline Cellulose, C6 Sonication/ Recovery Cellulose filaments, NCC 8
Lignin-based bioproducts Isolated components of wood structure phenolic compounds recovered directly from wood or from spent pulping liquors Prime examples: arboform, LignoForce Fibria Innovations-Canada, FPInnovations-Canada, Tecnaro-Germany Building block for: resins, dispersants, carbon fibre, aerogels Most applicable to: Buildings, Transport Some rights reserved by Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Centre 9
Unlocking potential Pyrolysis/ Gasification Catalysis Lignin Lignin-based bioproducts Forests Harvest residues Sawmilling Processing residues Lumber, panels Lignocellulose Processing residues Pulping Traditional paper Pulp Spent pulping liquor Physico-Chemical Treatment Cellulose Hemicellulose Hydrolysis C5 Crystalline Cellulose, C6 Sonication/ Recovery Novel Fermentation Lignin intermediates Cellulose filaments, NCC Biopolymers 10
Biopolymers Reconstituted wood chemicals via various pathways (e.g. anaerobic fermentation to succinic acid, aerobic fermentation to 3- Hydroxypropionic acid) Prime examples: succinic acid, ingeo fibre, sorona fibre BioAmber (Canada); NatureWorks (USA) Building block for: synthetic textile products, packaging Most applicable to: Oil and gas sector (substitution) Some rights reserved by Dan Clark 11
Unlocking potential Pyrolysis/ Gasification Catalysis Bio-oil Bioheat, bioelectricity Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Fischer-Tropsch fuels Lignin Lignin-based bioproducts Forests Harvest residues Sawmilling Pulping Processing residues Pulp Lumber, panels Traditional paper Lignocellulose Spent pulping liquor Processing residues Physico-Chemical Treatment Cellulose Hemicellulose Mechanical Treatment Hydrolysis C5 C5 C6 Torrefaction C6 Crystalline Cellulose, C6 Combustion Cracking Conventional Fermentation Sonication/ Recovery Novel Fermentation Pellets Briquettes Torrefied Pellets Torrefied Briquettes Bioheat, bioelectricity Lignin intermediates Green fuels Cellulosic ethanol Cellulose filaments, NCC Biopolymers 12
Bioenergy and biofuels Direct combustion of wood or conversion to solid, liquid, or gaseous products Prime examples: cellulosic ethanol, bio-oil, wood pellets Enerkem (Canada); Ensyn (Canada); Fibria Innovations (Canada/Brazil); Raizen (Brazil) Substitutes for: petroleum fuels (gasoline and diesel), coal, natural gas Most applicable to: Oil and gas sector (substitution) Some rights reserved by Steve Jurvetson 13
Unlocking potential Pyrolysis/ Gasification Catalysis Bio-oil Bioheat, bioelectricity Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Fischer-Tropsch fuels Lignin Lignin-based bioproducts Forests Harvest residues Sawmilling Pulping Processing residues Pulp Lumber, panels Traditional paper Lignocellulose Spent pulping liquor Processing residues Physico-Chemical Treatment Cellulose Hemicellulose Mechanical Treatment Hydrolysis C5 C5 C6 Torrefaction C6 Crystalline Cellulose, C6 Combustion Cracking Conventional Fermentation Sonication/ Recovery Novel Fermentation Pellets Briquettes Torrefied Pellets Torrefied Briquettes Bioheat, bioelectricity Lignin intermediates Green fuels Cellulosic ethanol Cellulose filaments, NCC Biopolymers 14
Advanced biomaterials Combining different bio-based polymers to create unique products Prime example: composite bioplastic/wood products compostable coffee cups and K-cups BASF (EU); NatureWorks (USA) Applications in: SIP products; furniture; automotive parts Some rights reserved by BASF 15
Greatest opportunities for GHG reductions Buildings: ~30 Mt CO 2 -e/year by 2050 (better insulation) (new homes only; could double with retrofits) Transport: 34-68 Mt CO 2 -e/year by 2050 (lighter vehicles) ~36 Mt CO 2 -e/year by 2050 (30% biofuels) Electricity: 7 Mt CO 2 -e/year by 2050 (10% bio-based electricity) Oil and gas: 10-19 Mt CO 2 -e/year by 2050 (10% bioproducts substitution) 16
Summary Impact of biomaterials is potentially considerably higher than that of bioenergy to meet Canada s climate goals Challenge is uptake: biocomposites to enable net-zero homes are possible but at TRL 3-4; similar products for vehicles are at TRL 7 or so, but not available at a cost-effective rate A GHG agenda is likely to be very effective at advancing forest bioproducts, but there needs to be a coordinated effort to bring these products to market 17
Team and partners DR Massimo Collotta DR Saeed Ghafghazi DR Jamie Stephen DR Linghong Zhang Jean Blair PHD FFABnet Functionalized Fibre and Biochemicals Network Jordan Carlson PHD Sinead Earley PHD Nathan Manion PHD Peter Milley PHD Ricardo Smalling PHD Emma Webb MSC Contact us at warren.mabee@queensu.ca 18