High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 (2.25%Cr-1Mo) Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications

High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 (2.25%Cr-1Mo) Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications voestalpine in Oil & Gas: High Performance Steel Solutions for Harsh Environments Singapore November 30, 2017 www.voestalpine.com

Agenda 1.) Buderus Edelstahl GmbH Who we are and what we do 2.) Production Process for Open- and Closed Die Forgings 3.) DNVGL-RP-0034 - A new Standard for Subsea Steel Forgings 4.) Non-Metallic Inclusions and the Importance of Microscopic Cleanliness 5.) F22 Forgings for Subsea Applications with large Cross-Sections 6.) Requirements for High Yield Strength & NACE compliant Hardness 7.) F22 Forgings 90 ksi SMYS for Barstock for Subsea Requirements 8.) F22 Forgings 95 ksi SMYS incl. NACE TM0177 Sour-Service Qualification 9.) F22 Forgings 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives 2

Buderus Edelstahl GmbH Who we are and what we do Founded in 1731, Buderus Edelstahl GmbH is a fully integrated steel mill located in Wetzlar, Germany (40 miles North of Frankfurt) With it s more than 1,350 employees, Buderus produced 345,000 metric tons of raw-steel in FY 2016/2017 thereby generating a revenue of 355 million From melting through to the rough- or finish machined product, the whole production takes place within the company Steel Mill (exclusively producing bottom poured ingots) Open-Die Forging Shop Rolling Mills for Billets and Hot- & Cold-Rolled Strip Closed-Die Forging Shop Heat Treatment Shops Machine Shops fully accredited laboratories We are delivering high-quality steel products to a variety of industry sectors like: Automotive and Drive Technology Power Generation and Mechanical Engineering Tool- and Mold Making Oil & Gas High-Pressure / Defense as a company, we are dedicated to producing products which not only fulfill the most demanding requirements of our customers, but increase the service life, safety & performance of the finished components. In addition, we are continuously reviewing our work areas, equipment and methods to further improve the health and safety of our employees & contractors and to reduce our environmental footprint 3

Production Process for Open- and Closed-Die Forgings Closed Die Open Die 4

Melting, Ladle Refining and Ingot Casting 100t Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Furnace Vacuum Degassing Ingot Casting Advanced Teeming System: melting decarburization dephosphorization deoxidation, alloying temperature adjustment degassing desulfurization alloying and deoxidation in ladle furnace (fully Si/Al-killed or VCD steels) Vacuum Degassing (VD) is standard for all carbon and low-alloyed steel grades bottom poured ingots from 2.8 to 190 metric tons argon shielding of pouring stream Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD) for low carbon stainless steel grades (Super13Cr, F6NM etc.) inclusion shape modification (controlled calcium treatment) to enhance transverse ductility and toughness for low-alloyed steel grades in pressure vessel quality extremely low content of non-metallic inclusions sulfur contents of less than 0.002% and tight control of residuals and impurities (Sn, Sb, As, etc.) use of microalloying elements (V, Nb, Ti, etc.) for certain applications teeming of double melt ingots ( 130 metric tons) from two separate ladles semi-automatic advanced teeming system for ingots up to 10 metric tons 5

Open- and Closed Die Forging 6

DNVGL-RP-0034: A new Standard for Subsea Steel Forgings DNVGL-RP-0034 specifies chemical composition limits (especially impurities like Antimony, Tin, etc. are tightly controlled) heat treatment acc. API RP6HT (use of contact thermocouples mandatory, max. 90 sec. transfer time from furnace to quenching tank, etc.) mechanical testing at T/4 and T/2 as well as in both longitudinal AND transverse orientation acceptance criteria for Elongation, Reduction of Area and Absorbed Energy in Charpy V-Notch testing microscopic cleanliness requirements for SFC3 additional NDT requirements etc. subsea wellhead and tree equipment as per ISO 13628-4 / API 17D completion/workover riser systems as per ISO 13628-7 / API 17G subsea structures and manifolds as per ISO 13628-15 / API 17P flexible pipe as per ISO 13628-11 / API 17B drill-through equipment as per ISO 13533 / API 16A SFC 1 is intended for less critical components, e.g. components that are not subjected to continuous exposure to flowing hydrocarbons or components with simple shapes SFC 2 is intended for pressure containing and/or load bearing components that are of significant enough size and complexity to warrant additional mechanical testing and surveillance SFC 3 is intended for fatigue sensitive pressure containing- and/or load bearing components. 7 09/28/2016 voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications

Non-Metallic Inclusions - Micro- and Macroscopic Cleanliness melt Oxygen Argon ladle runner system non-metallic inclusions Classification ingot prevention of reoxidation during ingot casting requires an effective Argon shrouding of the pouring stream Macroscopic Cleanliness (exogeneous inclusions) Microscopic Cleanliness (endogeneous inclusions) entrapped mould- & top flux refractory erosion clogging etc. non-metallic particles resulting from: deoxidation (i.e. Silicon- and Aluminum Oxides that weren t absorbed by the slag) Reoxidation 8

Non-Metallic Inclusions - Micro- and Macroscopic Cleanliness Macroscopic Cleanliness Examination by Ultrasonic Immersion Testing Microscopic Cleanliness Examination by manual- or automated microscope inspection non-metallic inclusions Classification Macroscopic Cleanliness (exogeneous inclusions) Microscopic Cleanliness (endogeneous inclusions) entrapped mould- & top flux refractory erosion clogging etc. non-metallic particles resulting from: deoxidation (i.e. Silicon- and Aluminum Oxides that weren t absorbed by the slag) Reoxidation 9

Non-Metallic Inclusions - Micro- and Macroscopic Cleanliness size, shape and amount of oxidic- and sulfidic non-metallic inclusions can be controlled by using modified slag compositions, calcium treatment, extremely low sulfur contents and other secondary metallurgy processes Detrimental elongated and clustered inclusions lead to anisotropic mechanical properties forging direction (longitudinal axis) Transverse Charpy V-notch specimen: crack propagation primary crack initiation secondary crack initiation Manganese-Sulfides (MnS) Metallurgical Engineering OK (if limited in occurrence and size ) material with small, isolated globular oxidic inclusions will still show isotropic mechanical properties Laboratory Steel Mill 10

Non-Metallic Inclusions - Micro- and Macroscopic Cleanliness with ultra-low Sulphur contents (max. 0.003%) and optimized refining processes, Buderus ASTM A182 F22 material for Oil & Gas Applications is virtually free from elongated sulfide- and oxide inclusions 11

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections 12 Typical Production Process: 1 st Melting (EAF), Ladle Refining (LF), Vacuum Degassing (VD) and bottom pouring of ingots 2 nd Open Die Forging (depending on size and shape: bar forgings, stepped forgings, combined forgings, hollow forgings, etc.) 3 rd Preliminary Heat Treatment + Normalizing (standard) 4 th Internal Quality Inspection (preliminary US-, Visual- and Dimensional Inspection) 5 th Rough-Machining and Gun Drilling (if applicable) for Quality Heat Treatment to account for the F22 s limited through-hardenability, combined forgings are cut prior to QHT to keep the maximum heat treated section size as small as possible in order to achieve the required mechanical properties 6 th Quality Heat Treatment in batch-type furnaces or continuous furnaces 7 th Examination of Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, Cleanliness and Ultrasonic Inspection 8 th Final Machining (if applicable) 9 th Visual-, Dimensional- and Magnetic Particle Inspection (if applicable) 10 th Delivery AISI ASTM API DIN / EN C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni F22 ASTM A182 RP 934-A 1.7380 10 CrMo 9-10 0.05 max. 0.30 2.00 0.87 max. 0.15 0.50 0.60 2.50 1.13 0.50

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections ASTM C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni ASTM A182 F22 0.05-0.15 max. 0.50 0.30-0.60 2.00-2.50 0.87-1.13 max. 0.50 Heat Treatment: Quench + Temper max. heat treated section thickness T/2 T/4 13 Water Quenching (immersion)

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections ASTM C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni ASTM A182 F22 0.05-0.15 max. 0.50 0.30-0.60 2.00-2.50 0.87-1.13 max. 0.50 Heat Treatment: Quench + Temper Composition [wt-%] C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo Buderus ASTM A182 F22 0.14 0.19 0.55 0.007 0.001 2.40 0.21 1.09 max. heat treated section thickness T/2 T/4 Water Quenching (immersion) 14

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections 15 Elongation, Reduction of Area and Absorbed Energy as a function of Yield Strength and Microstructure for a low-alloyed steel with 0.40% Carbon, Grain Size 6-7 acc. ASTM E112 and in longitudinal orientation

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature (F.A.T.T.) 100% shear 50% shear 100% shear 50% shear 90 ksi Yield Strength Forging 16

Protection against Brittle Fracture. 17 Non-Metallic Inclusions leak before burst!!! at all operating conditions and temperatures

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections ASTM C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni ASTM A182 F22 0.05-0.15 max. 0.50 0.30-0.60 2.00-2.50 0.87-1.13 max. 0.50 Composition [wt-%] C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo Buderus ASTM A182 F22 0.14 0.19 0.55 0.007 0.001 2.40 0.21 1.09 chemical composition optimized for good through-hardenability a rich chemical composition has several advantages more flexibility for Barstock reduced risk of quench cracking no need for complex (i.e. near-net-shape) heat treatment geometries no need for aggressive quenching strategies 18

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections heat treated section thickness: 15.75 in. ( 400mm) 200x 200x T/4 T/2 19

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Reduction of Area good homogeneity of tensile test properties between T/4 and T/2 Elongation 20

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections larger scatter band for transverse Charpy V-notch specimens 21

F22 for Subsea Forgings with large Cross-Sections good homogeneity of hardness throughout the cross section 11/30/2017 High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 22 voestalpine Oil & Gas

Requirements for High Yield Strength & NACE compliant Hardness Hardness Yield Strength HRC, max. 22 ksi (MPa) QTC 1.25" 4130 / 4140 8630M ASTM A182 F22 T/4 T/2 QTC 1.25" T/4 T/2 QTC 1.25" T/4 T/2 75 (517) 80 (552) 85 (586) 90 (621) = Pipe, Closed Die Forgings and rolled dimensions, extensively modified chemical compostitions for Open Die Forgings = Open Die Forgings with imited Heat Treated Section Thickness = Open Die Forgings with Heat Treated Section Thickness in excess of 200mm (8'') Challenges for 90 KSI SMYS Forgings with Material Requirements acc. DNVGL-RP-0034 intended for Sour Service achieving 90 KSI Yield Strength at the deep seated T/2 test locations while staying below the maximum permissible surface hardness of 22 HRC for H 2 S-service as given by NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156-2 by using an optimized chemistry for good through-hardenability (as described in previous slides) in combination with proper heat treatment cycles and equipment, the required ductility- and toughness properties are relatively easy to achieve in typical Barstock dimensions with grades like ASTM A182 F22 23

Requirements for High Yield Strength & NACE compliant Hardness Effect of Microstructure on YS/TS-Ratio: Martensite lower Bainite YS/TS-Ratio upper Bainite Ferrite / Perlite YS/TS-Ratio is also affected by: Grain Size + Tempering Temperature due to it s microstructural composition, ASTM A182 F22 has a significantly higher YS/TS-Ratio at moderate strength levels compared to AISI 4140M or AISI 8630M also used and specified for similar Oil & Gas Applications 24

Requirements for High Yield Strength & NACE compliant Hardness Effect of Microstructure on YS/TS-Ratio: Martensite lower Bainite YS/TS-Ratio upper Bainite Ferrite / Perlite YS/TS-Ratio is also affected by: Grain Size + Tempering Temperature the YS/TS-Ratio can be used as a measure of the material s strain-hardening potential during plastic deformation by the Brinell or Rockwell indenter. Materials with a low YS/TS-ratio will exhibit a high strain-hardening potential, i.e. for a given strength AISI 4140M-type steels will show a higher hardness reading than steels with a high YS/TS-ratio like ASTM A182 F22 25

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Brinell Hardness Tensile Strength 0.2% Yield Strength Reduction of Area Elongation in 2 in. Baker-Nutting diagram showing the precipitation sequence during tempering of 2.25%Cr-1Mo in asquenched condition Source: 1) Baker R., and Nutting J.; The Tempering of 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel after quenching and normalizing; 1959 chemical composition optimized for high tempering temperatures 26

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements materials used to establish these hardness correlations are conventional carbonand low-alloyed steel grades with C-contents in a range of 0.25 0.70 % NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 does not specify Brinell Hardness Limits!!! 27

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Target: Head to Head comparison between Brinell- & Rockwell Hardness on ASTM A182 F22 specimens extracted from actual production Forgings all testing performed by Buderus Edelstahl laboratory (ISO /IEC 17025 certified) stationary Hardness testing machines acc. to ASTM E10 (HBW 10/3000) and ASTM E18 (Rockwell HRC) with automated indentation measurement Specimen Size: 1.2 x1.2 x1.2 (30x30x30mm) Indentations for HRC and HBW on same flat face of specimen OUT of spec. when converting from HBW to HRC acc. ASTM E140 OUT of spec. when converting from HBW to HRC acc. ISO 18265 IN spec. when measuring HRC directly OUT of spec. when converting from HBW to HRC acc. ASTM E140 IN spec. when converting from HBW to HRC acc. ISO 18265 IN spec. when measuring HRC directly 28

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements risk of repeating Q+T Sweet Spot risk of re-tempering max. Hardness min. Yield Strength excluding outliers, flukes or inadequacies of the measuring instrument, 90 ksi SMYS is the practical limit for H 2 S-Qualification by Brinell hardness testing alone slightly more room for error for direct Rockwell hardness tests 29

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Forging Dimensions: up to OD 20 (500mm) and Heat Treated Section Thickness of 8 (200mm) Testing and acceptance criteria acc. DNVGL-RP-0034 30

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Hardness Yield Strength HRC, max. 22 ksi (MPa) QTC 1.25" 4130 / 4140 8630M ASTM A182 F22 T/4 T/2 QTC 1.25" T/4 T/2 QTC 1.25" T/4 T/2 75 (517) 80 (552) 85 (586) 90 (621) = Pipe, Closed Die Forgings and rolled dimensions, extensively modified chemical compostitions for Open Die Forgings = Open Die Forgings with imited Heat Treated Section Thickness = Open Die Forgings with Heat Treated Section Thickness in excess of 200mm (8'') Challenges for 90 KSI SMYS Forgings with Material Requirements acc. DNVGL-RP-0034 intended for Sour Service achieving 90 KSI Yield Strength at the deep seated T/2 test locations while staying below the maximum permissible surface hardness of 22 HRC for H 2 S-service as given by NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156-2 by using an optimized chemistry for good through-hardenability (as described in previous slides) in combination with proper heat treatment cycles and equipment, the required ductility- and toughness properties are relatively easy to achieve in typical Barstock dimensions with grades like ASTM A182 F22 constantly staying within the narrow sweet spot in terms of the actual tempering temperature 31

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Challenges a) achieving the 90 ksi SMYS at the deep seated T/2 test locations while staying below the maximum permissible surface hardness of 22 HRC for H 2 S-service as given by NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156-2 when using an optimized chemistry for good through-hardenability (as described in previous slides) in combination with proper heat treatment cycles and equipment, the required ductility- and toughness properties are relatively easy to achieve in typical barstock dsions constantly staying within the narrow sweet spot in terms of the actual tempering temperature use of contact thermocouples proper furnace loading procedures and documentation incl. location of the thermocouples tight regulation of austenitizing- and tempering temperature, time at temperature as well as quenching time and procedure good furnaces with uniform heating characteristics (+/- 15 F for tempering as specified in API 6A Annex M is not going to cut we re speaking from experience) extremely low variance in chemical composition from one heat lot to the other extremely low chemical segregation within the ingot heat treatment in rough-machined condition with a defined surface roughness using automated indentation measuring equipment when performing Brinell hardness testing 32

F22 90 ksi SMYS Barstock Forgings for Subsea Requirements Solution: synthetic Seawater acc. ASTM D1141 + gas mixture of 26% H 2 S with balance CO 2 (Initial ph adjusted to 8.10, final ph: 4.64 to 6.96) 90% AYS (81.9 ksi / 567 MPa) SSC Test Results: 720h / passed at 90 % AYS (81.9 ksi / 567 MPa) 720h / passed at 96 % AYS (87.1 ksi / 601 MPa) 96% AYS (87.1 ksi / 601 MPa) 33

F22 95 ksi SMYS incl. NACE TM0177 Sour-Service Qualification Buderus was approached by a leading European manufacturer of Subsea systems asking for NACE-compliant ASTM A182 F22 forgings with 95 ksi SMYS for subsea applications with mechanical testing requirements as per DNVGL-RP-0034 Advantages: F22 combines easy weldability with drastically improved (fracture-) toughness compared to previously used steel grades Challenges: decreasing dislocation density (i.e. increasing tempering temperature ) while staying at the same strength level use of microalloying elements to promote the formation of finely and homogeneously dispersed nano-carbides like VC(N) for increased (precipitation-)strengthening vanadium content (limited to max. 0.05%) is carefully balanced so that it will not adversely affect weld operations sufficient distance between the actual tempering temperature and the minimum required PWHT stress-relieving temperature of 1150 F (620 C) as required by NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156-2 reducing residual tensile stresses improving microscopic cleanliness and minimizing segregation (ingotism) optimizing heat treatment cycle(s) For 95 ksi SMYS at T/2, there is a high probability that the hardness on the forging surface is going to exceed the 22 HRC threshold, so resistance against the mechanisms of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) must be verified by actual testing acc. NACE TM0177 34

F22 95 ksi SMYS incl. NACE TM0177 Sour-Service Qualification Forging Dimensions: OD 14 / ID 5 x 12 ft. (OD 356 / ID 127 x 3,660mm) Testing and acceptance criteria acc. DNVGL-RP-0034 voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 35 11/30/2017

F22 95 ksi SMYS incl. NACE TM0177 Sour-Service Qualification 9x SSC specimens (1 from ID and 1T from quenched end) SSC Test Results: 720h / passed at 80 % AYS (78 ksi / 538 MPa) 720h / passed at 80 % SMYS (76 ksi / 524 MPa) 720h / passed at 63 % SMYS (60 ksi / 414 MPa) SOHIC / SWC testing passed with R m -Ratios 89% SSC testing was performed by the voestalpine Tubulars lab in Kindberg, Austria 36

F22 95 ksi SMYS incl. NACE TM0177 Sour-Service Qualification 9x SSC specimens (1 from ID and 1T from quenched end) voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 37 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives Buderus has received enquiries from several customers asking for F22 forgings with strength levels of 100 ksi SMYS all the way up to 120 ksi SMYS These forgings are typically specified for components with weld over-laying (i.e. Inconel 625 cladding) not intended for H 2 S-Service To evaluate performance and suitability of Barstock Forgings for these applications, we ve taken a close look at an ASTM A182 F22 Bar with an OD of 20 (500mm) fully through-hardened (i.e. completely ferrite-free) fine grained ( 7 acc. ASTM E112 at T/4) good cleanliness (globular oxides only) Normalized, Quenched + Tempered to around 110 ksi AYS Chemical Composition Name Symbol Ladle-Analysis Carbon C 0.145 % Silicon Si 0.190 % Manganese Mn 0.549 % Phosphorous P 0.006 % Sulfur S 0.001 % Chromium Cr 2.368 % Nickel Ni 0.139 % Molybdenum Mo 1.110 % Vanadium V 0.04 % Calcium Ca 0.0002 % Tungsten W 0.010 % Copper Cu 0.110 % Tin Sn 0.0060 % Titanium Ti 0.0015 % Aluminum Al 0.008 % Hydrogen H2 1.23 ppm Nitrogen N2 0.0068 % Cobalt Co 0.0100 % Columbium Nb 0.0030 % Lead Pb 0.0015 % Antimony Sb 0.0015 % Arsenic As 0.0040 % Boron B 0.0003 % Inclusion Rating ASTM E45 Method D No. of Field Severity Level Number B8518 JF Type A (sulfide) Thin 0 0.5 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.0 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.5 Heavy 0 Type B (alumina) Thin 0 0.5 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.0 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.5 Heavy 0 Type C (silicates) Thin 0 0.5 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.0 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.5 Heavy 0 Type D (globular oxides) Thin 208 0.5 Heavy 37 Thin 20 1.0 Heavy 0 Thin 0 1.5 Heavy 0 voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 38 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives upper shelf Transition Zone lower shelf voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 39 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives Literature: +68 F Effect of Tempering Temperature on Toughness Properties Buderus CVN Test Results at -20 F drop in ductility and toughness seems to be in good agreement with experimental results in literature for similar 2.25% Cr-1 Mo compositions and heat treatment conditions upper shelf starting at tempering temperatures of roughly 1200 F (650 C) transition zone for tempering temperatures of around 1130-1200 F (610-650 C) lower shelf for tempering temperatures of less than roughly 1130 F (610 C) Remarks: If not accounted for by strict control of the chemical composition, i.e. limiting J-Factor as per API RP934-A, long term exposure or even tempering in a range of around 650 F to 1070 F (343 C to 577 C) can lead to severe temper embrittlement of 2.25%Cr-1Mo forgings!!! Source: 1) Susukida &Tsuji, Heat Treatment Characteristics of High Strength 2.25 Cr-1 Mo Steel, 1971 Buderus 0.15 0.20 0.55 0.010 0.001 2.40 1.10 0.15 40

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 41 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives Test-Standard ASTM E1820 (J-Integral) Specimen Type C(T)-25 (1 ) Temperature -20 F (29 C) Sampling Location T/4 Specimen Orientation L-R (longitudinal) Yield Strength 0.2% offset at RT 110 ksi (755 MPa) unstable crack extension before the onset of stable tearing Tensile Strength a RT effective Yield Strength at -20 F [σ Y ] Elastic Modulus [E] 129 ksi (891 MPa) 125 ksi (862 MPa) 30023 ksi (207,000 MPa) Poisson Ratio [v] 0.30 Fracture Toughness Testing: J-Integral acc. ASTM E1820 voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 42 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives for components not intended for H 2 S-Service, 2.0-3.5% Nickel alloyed steels will offer significant toughness benefits at strength levels of more than 110 ksi (758 MPa) voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 43 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives ASTM A182 F22 / 110 KSI tempered at 1155 F -20 F (625 C): / -29 C Test-Temperature AISI 4330V MOD / 120 KSI Test-Temperature -40 F / -40 C Location & Orientation T/4 & L-R (longitudinal) Location & Orientation T/4 & C-R (transverse) Yield Strength at RT 110 ksi (755 MPa) Yield Strength at RT 121 ksi (834 MPa) 44

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives F22 / F22V (2.25 % Chrome, 1% Molybdenum) good subzero (fracture-)toughness properties for yield strength levels up to around 100 ksi (689 MPa) for yield strength levels of around 110 ksi (758 MPa), transition zone behavior or brittle failure mode observed at modest test temperatures very good weldability and pretty good through-hardenability chemical composition H 2 S-compliant; SSC-resistance has to be verified by actual testing acc. NACE TM0177 for 95 ksi SMYS and above modified chemistries with more than 0.15% carbon or F22V (0.25-0.35% V) can offer slightly improved toughness at +100 ksi SMYS (due to higher tempering temperatures ) but welding becomes much more challenging and heat lot completion at the steel mill can be problematic 4330V MOD (2.0-3.5 % Nickel, 0.25-0.35% Carbon) good subzero (fracture-)toughness properties for yield strength levels up to around 160 ksi (1,100 MPa) no issues with through-hardenability, even for very large heat treated section thicknesses of more than 20 / 500mm (connectors, etc.) available in a variety of dimensions and for a lot of different applications High-Pressure Pumps, Pressure Vessels (ASTM A723 / SA-723), Drilling Equipment, Military, etc. not readily weldable HY-80 / HY-100 (2.0-3.5 % Nickel, 0.12-0.18% Carbon) good subzero (fracture-)toughness properties for yield strength levels up to around 125 ksi (862 MPa) slightly better through-hardenability than F22 and good weldability while in most cases commercially available in plate form only, Buderus has been supplying HY-80 / HY-100 Forgings for several applications (including ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 3 pressure vessel components) for more than 15 years currently used for Riser Forgings in the North-Sea region voestalpine Oil & Gas High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications 45 11/30/2017

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives Grade Mil-Spec. / ASTM DIN / EN C Si Mn Cr Mo Ni V HY-80 0.18 2.50-3.25 MIL-S-23009C 1.6742 20 NiCrMo 14-6 0.12-0.15-0.35 0.10-0.40 1.35-1.80 0.30-0.60 max. 0.03 HY-100 0.20 2.75-3.50 9310H 1.6657 14 NiCrMo 13-4 0.07-0.13 0.15-0.35 0.40-0.70 1.00-1.45 0.08-0.15 2.95-3.55 - ASTM A534 B31 1.3533 18 NiCrMo 14-6 0.15-0.20 max. 0.40 0.40-0.70 1.30-1.60 0.15-0.25 3.25-3.75 - Cement- and Minerals (hardfaced roller shafts and shells) HY-80 / HY-100 basic chemistry is used for a wide variety of applications Joint welding for HY-100 typically with performed with AWS A5.28 Class ER120S-type consumables has been used by Buderus for ASME Sec. VIII Div. 3 High Pressure Vessels up to 140 ksi SMYS (SA-723 Grade 2 Class 3) with slightly modified chemical composition Large Industrial Bearings 1.3533 / 18 NiCrMo 14-6 1.5752 / 15 NiCr 13 Gears SAE 9310H Defense (welded Submarine components) ASME BPVC Sec. VIII Div. 3 Pressure Vessels (closure clamps / wedges) with slightly modified chemistry High-Strength ASTM A182 F22 Forgings for Oil & Gas Applications

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives Typical Chemical Composition [%] Grade C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo V Cu Sn Al CEV CET PCM HY-80 / HY-100 0.16 0.26 0.36 0.008 0.002 1.55 2.85 0.42 0.01 0.09 0.007 0.013 0.81 0.39 0.35 SA-723 Gr.2 Cl. 3 0.22 0.07 0.38 0.003 0.002 1.85 3.26 0.46 0.03 0.07 0.005 0.006 0.97 0.48 0.42 (mod) (mod) (mod) typical range for ASTM A182 F22: 0.90 to 0.96 % 47

F22 110 ksi SMYS Properties, Limitations and Alternatives HY-100 ASTM A182 F22 48

Thank You Stefan Luthardt T. +49 6441 374 2309 stefan.luthardt@buderus-steel.com 49