Initial Student Questionaire - 2003 HORT 423 Tropical Horticulture NAME----------------------------------------------------------------- Tropical Horticulture HORT 423 Telephone number: email address: MAJOR---------------------------------------------------------------- FUTURE JOB INTEREST FIELD (Pomology, Landscape, etc)------------------------------- AREA OF WORK (Research, Extension, Teaching, etc.)------------- COURSES TAKEN Horticulture Related Fields David Byrne Millie Burrell HORT 311 Princ. Food Processing AGRO 301 Soil Science HORT 326 Plant Propagation ENTO 201 Gen. Entomol HORT 325 Vegetable Crops PLPA 301/303 Pl Path OTHERS PPHY 313/315 Course materials Reference books List is being developed Home Page Under development Lecture powerpoint presentations Supplemental readings Links for topics/crops etc. HORT 423 Tropical Horticulture - FALL, 2003 Course Schedule Instructor: David H. Byrne HFSB 428, 862-3072, Email: d-byrne@tamu.edu Teaching Assistant: Millie Burrell HFSB 429, Email: millieburrell@tamu.edu HFSB 101, MW 5:15 6:30 pm Lecture # Date Topic 1 Sept. 1 Course Overview and Introduction to the Tropics 2 Sept. 3 Tropical Climates, Soils and Agro-ecosystems 3 Sept. 8 Beverage Crops: Cacao 4 Sept. 10 Coffee 5 Sept. 15 Tea 6 Sept. 17 Fruits and their importance in tropical horticulture 7 Sept. 22 Musa: Banana and plantains 8 Sept. 24 Musa: Banana and plantains 9 Sept. 29 Pineapple 10 Oct. 1 EXAM 11 Oct. 6 Papaya and Mango 12 Oct. 8 Sapodilla, Breadfruit, and Jackfruit 13 Oct. 13 Tamarind, Sapote, Guava, and Guanabana (Annona species) 14 Oct. 15 Passionfruit, Carambola, Mangosteen, and Durian 15 Oct. 20 Nut Crops: Cashews and Brazil nuts 16 Oct. 22 Macadamia 17 Oct. 27 Palms: Dates and Coconuts 18 Oct. 29 African oil palm 19 Nov. 3 Rubber and Neem 20 Nov. 5 Root crops: Cassava 21 Nov. 10 EXAM 22 Nov. 12 Yam, Taro, and Jicama 23 Nov. 17 Vegetable Crops: Amaranth, Vegetable Soybean, Mung beans
24 Nov. 19 Spices: Vanilla production, Cinnamon 25 Nov. 24 Pepper, All spice 26 Nov. 26 Nutmeg and Mace THANKSGIVING BREAK 27 Dec. 1 Legume crops: Pigeon peas 28 Dec. 3 Chick peas and black beans READING DAYS 30 Dec. 16 FINAL EXAM: Grading: A Exam 20% 200 points B Exam 20% 200 points Weekly homework 12 % 120 points Class demonstration 3% 30 points Final Exam 20% 200 points Paper 25% 250 points TOTAL 100% 1000 points Weekly Homework 3 questions with answers Previous week lectures Multiple choice or short answer 15 points each 120 total points + 30 extra points Graded and compiled for class Grading: A Exam 20% 200 points B Exam 20% 200 points Weekly homework 12 % 120 points Class demonstration 3% 30 points Final Exam 20% 200 points Paper 25% 250 points TOTAL 100% 1000 points Class Demonstration Tropical Plant Plant part (root, tuber, stem, fruit, seed etc.) Plant product Need to fill out Demonstration Sheet 30 points, need to schedule and get approval Can do one additional one for 30 extra points Class Demonstration Sheet Name of the sample: Common Name: Scientific Name: Draw in the Center of Origin and Domestication History Plant description: Culture of plant: Use: References: Name: Date: Grading of the paper is as follows: Task Points Due dates Initial topic choice typed title with short outline 10 Sept. 17 Detailed outline with your list of references 20 Oct. 22 Powerpoint presentation digital/printed 50 Nov. 12 Final written paper digital/printed 170 Dec. 3 Total points 250 Requirements of paper References Minimum of 3 from internet and 3 from scientific literature Length, 7-20 pages Format, follow ASHS guidelines for Feature article Extra credit, 4-7 oral presentation of topic Hort 400 Spring Break Study Tour of Tropical Horticulture
Any Questions? Tropic of Cancer - 23.5 N Equator Intertropical Convergence Zone Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5 S Land area that is defined by position of the sun Highest latitude where sun is directly overhead Equator 38 % land mass is in the Tropical Zone Tropic of Cancer - 23.5 N Intertropical Convergence Zone Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5 S Land Use in the Tropics (area in Mha) % land area Arable crops Perennial crops Pasture Woodlands World 100 1373 102 3212 4049 Developed 42 652 22 1250 1867 Developing Not tropical 20 233 22 794 277 Tropical 38 488 58 1168 1905 Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Land (%) Suitable for Rain-fed Agriculture Africa (less South Africa) Suitable land Marginally suitable Land cultivated 27% 8% 6% Southeast Asia 33% 25% 31% Central America 27% 6% 14% South America 46% 8% 8% Developed world Land Use in the Tropics % land area Cereal yield (t/ha) 42 3.0 Fertilizer use (Kg/ha) % Increase in ferilizer use Tropical 38 1.8 27.3 (123%) Africa 17 1.0 2.7 (52%) Asia 8 2.1 46.5 (213%) Americas 12 2.1 19.9 (40%) Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.4 Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998
1975 and 2000 44% of the world s population (National Geographic Society Map) 44% of the world s population (Figure 2, The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977) Developed world Population Projections from 1975 to 2000 (millions) Population 1975 Population projection 2000 Percent increase Annual % increase 1,131 1,323 17 0.6 Africa 399 814 104 2.9 Asia 2,274 3,630 60 1.9 Americas 325 637 96 2.7 Land Use Changes in the Tropics from 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( ) Developed world Population increase in millions % Increase in population % population in agriculture Population per ha 9 0.2 Tropical 662 (41%) 58 0.5 Africa 174 (59%) 72 0.2 Asia 381 (36%) 62 1.4 (The Global 2000 Report to the President, 1977) Americas 107 (38%) 29 0.2 Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Agriculture in the Tropics Large proportion of population involved in agriculture Developed world 9% Tropics 58% (29% to 72%) Mostly by small holders Mainly for subsistence May grow some cash crops Mainly with traditional methods Agricultural Development in the Tropics Diverse cultures affect the practice of agriculture Forbidden foods Religious taboos on eggs, pork, and beef African custom of maintaining life stock Excessive numbers result in pasture degradation etc. Rigid group or tribal life vs individual life
Agricultural Development in the Tropics Land tenure and inheritance Communal tenure versus individual ownership Various landlord - tenant farmer systems Lack of incentives to adopt higher yielding practices Lack of incentive to plant perennial crops Fragmentation and decreasing size of land holdings Agricultural Development in the Tropics Governmental Support and Finance Land tenure reform Infrastructure improvements Communications, roads, irrigation systems, land drainage, flood control Availability of financial services (ie credit) Recurring farm inputs Associated industries, fertilizer, processing, etc Marketing support Extension and Research services Land Use Changes in the Tropics from 1975 to 1988: area in Mha and % change in ( ) Agriculture (Mha) Woodlands (Mha) % change in woodlands Tropical 67-121 -6% Africa 15-36 -5% Biomass Production Potential Asia 7-23 -7% Americas 45-61 -6% 50% of the world s biota Data from Webster and Wilson, 1998, Table 1.1 Forest Lands in the World (area in million of hectares) 1980 1990 Total loss % lost Africa 650 600 50 7.7% Asia 311 275 36 11.5% Latin America 923 840 83 9.0% TOTAL 1,884 1,715 169 9.0% Lyke and Fletcher, 1992 Why is the Forest being cut? Expansion of Agriculture 60% Pasture, Perennial Crops, Annual Crops Forestry Roads make accessible to others Clear cut and selective cut approaches Other Developments Industry, towns, cities
Deforestation in the Tropics Deforestation in Southeast Asia The rate of loss is increasing 1981 11 million ha per year 1990 17 million ha per year Area the size of the state of Washington Lyke and Fletcher, 1992 Deforestation in Brazil Deforestation in Brazil High level of plant and animal diversity Tropical forests 7-8 % of land 50% of world s species Center of origin of many of the world s most important crops Food - grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits Fiber Medicinal Ornamentals Origins of Common Domestic Plants Agave Cacao Cotton Maize Papaya Peppers Pumpkin Scarlet Runner Bean Sieva Bean Tomato Winter Squash Sweet Potato Common Bean Meso America South Highland America S. America Common Bean Cotton Grain Amaranths Lima Bean Potato Tomato Avocado Cassava Cotton Peanuts Peppers Pineapple Rubber Tobacco Sweet Potato Africa African rice Bermuda Grass Coffee Cowpea Finger millet Muskmelon Oil Palm Okra Sesame Sorghum Chick pea Date Fig Flax Lentil Pomegranite Near East India Cowpea Cucumber Eggplant Muskmelon Okra Pigeon pea Sesame Watermelon Yam Banana Black Pepper Bermuda Grass Citrus Mango Oriental rice Tea Thin Sugarcane Yam SE Asia South Pacific Breadfruit Clove Coconut Jackfruit Noble Sugarcane Taro
Local Effects of Deforestation Livlihood/cultural integrity of forest dwellers Soil degradation Erosion Loss of fertility Watershed flows of surface and ground water Local climate changes due to removal of natural vegetation Less evaporation Greater heat absorption Global Effects of Deforestation Carbon cycle of the world Upon burning forests Carbon dioxide is released to atmosphere Enhances the greenhouse effect May increase rate of global warming 50% of World s Biota Other Related Issues Conservation of unique ecosystems and plant diversity Intellectual Property Rights of plant biodiversity Sustainable Agricultural Development Warm Humid Rainy Jungle Warm Semi arid Shrubland Grasslands Savanna Warm to cool Dry Deserts
3 F/1000 feet 5.6 C/1000 m Cool to cold Wet to Dry Highlands Ground Cover in the Tropics Ground Cover Percent Rainforest 15 % Dry season forest 7 % 22% Wet savanna 18% Dry savanna 29 % 47% Desert 29 % 29% From Table 2.1, Agriculture in the Tropics, Webster and Wilson, 1998 Any Questions?