EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON THE WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH OF LOW STRENGTH QUARRY DUST CONCRETE

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 1448 1455, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_146 Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON THE WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH OF LOW STRENGTH QUARRY DUST CONCRETE Sidharth Sen Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India K. Balakrishna Rao Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India ABSTRACT The depletion in the sources of natural sand and the demand for reduction in cost of construction has led to an urgent need to identify a substitute for river sand. Quarry dust, which is a by-product from the granite crushing processes in quarrying activity, is available abundantly and economically. This paper presents the study of the effect of water cement ratio on the workability and strength of M15, M20 and M25 grade quarry dust concrete. The cement content used in M15, M20 and M25 grade concrete were fixed at 270kg/m 3, 290kg/m 3 and 300kg/m 3 respectively. The water cement ratio used for each grade of concrete were 0.65, 0.6, 0.55 and 0.5. The compressive strength, Split tensile strength and the fresh properties of quarry dust concrete were studied and compared with control concrete containing river sand as fine aggregates. Also the variation in the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength of quarry dust concrete was studied. It was seen that quarry dust concrete required more water to achieve adequate workability when compared to normal concrete. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of all grades of quarry dust concrete tends to reduce by a certain percentage when water cement ratio was increased from 0.5 to 0.65 in steps of 0.05. Key words: Quarry Dust, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Slump, Compaction factor, Vee Bee time. Cite this Article: Sidharth Sen and K. Balakrishna Rao, Effect of Water Cement Ratio on the Workability and Strength of Low Strength Quarry Dust Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 1448 1455. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=10 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1448 editor@iaeme.com

Sidharth Sen and K. Balakrishna Rao 1. INTRODUCTION Concrete is the most widely used composite material today. Conventionally Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregates and water. The function of the fine aggregate is to assist in producing workability and uniformity in the mixture. River sand which is used as fine aggregates in concrete posses the problem of acute shortage in many areas. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for reduction in cost of construction has led to an urgent need to identify a substitute for river sand.( Nagaraj & Zahida 1996 ; Sahu et al. 2003)[1, 2]. Inefficient planning and management of sand cause a threat to the marine ecosystem and also affect the ability of natural marine process to replenish sand. Quarry dust, which is a byproduct from the granite crushing process in quarrying activity, is available abundantly and economically. The disposal of this dust is an environmental concern. (Dehwah 2011; S.N Raman 2011)[3, 4]. Nagaraj et al. [1] studied the effect of rock dust and pebble as aggregate in cement and concrete and found that Rock dust due to its higher surface area consumes more cement in comparison with sand, to satisfy workability. Sahu, et al.(2003)[2] replaced sand by quarry dust by 20 % and 40% for M20 and M30 grade concrete and found that there is a significant increase in compressive strength, modulus of rupture split tensile strength for both concrete mixes. Dehwah [3] found that the mechanical properties of SCC incorporating(8% - 10%) QPD were equal to or better than those of SC prepared with either SF plus QDP or FA alone. Raman et al. [4] obsereved drops in values of compressive strength with the increase in percentage of QD which were compensated by addition of RHA. They also found that mix containing 20% QD and 10% RHA as the `optimum mix. Prakash Rao et al. [5] found that concrete cubes with crusher dust developed about 17 % higher strength in compression, 7 % more split tensile strength and 20 % more flexural strength than concrete cubes with river sand as fine aggregate. Thushar T.P and K.BalakrishnaRao [6] observed that the quarry dust specimens of fineness 2.947 and 5.09 show almost same strength as that of natural sand for 1:3 proportion but as the fineness increases there is about 26% reduction in strength. Investigations on the use of Quarry Dust as an alternative to river sand, without sacrificing the strength and workability, are presented in this paper. The suitability of Quarry dust as fine aggregate for concrete has been assessed by comparing its basic properties with that of conventional concrete. Concrete of grade M15, M20 and M25 were chosen for the study. A comparative study is being done between quarry dust concrete and conventional concrete with varying water cement ratios. 2. MATERIALS ANS THEIR PROPERTIES 2.1. Cement: Cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade, manufactured by Bagalkot Cement and Industries, Churchgate, Maharashtra conforming to IS-12269:2013 specifications. Table 1 shows the properties of cement used. 2.2. Sand: Sand collected from the nearby river was used in the study. Table 2 shows the properties of sand. 2.3. Quarry Dust: Quarry dust was obtained from local quarries. Table 3 shows the Sieve analysis of quarry dust. The physical properties of quarry dust used are shown in Table 4. 2.4. Coarse aggregates: Crushed granite coarse aggregate conforming to IS-383-1987 of size 20mm and down were used as Coarse aggregates. The physical properties of coarse aggregates are shown in table 5. 2.5. Water: Portable water is used in all mixes. And it is free from salts and other organic impurities. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1449 editor@iaeme.com

Effect of Water Cement Ratio on the Workability and Strength of Low Strength Quarry Dust Concrete Table 1 Physical Properties of 43 grade OPC Specific Gravity 3.15 Standard consistency 35% Table 2 Physical properties of sand Specific Gravity 2.6 Grading Zone Zone1 Water absorption 1.1% Fineness modulous 3.053 Table 3 Sieve analysis of quarry dust IS Sieve Size Weight Retained (gm) Relative Weight Retained Cumulative % Passing 10mm 0 0 100 4.75mm 4 4 99.6 2.36mm 88 92 90.8 1.18mm 212 304 69.6 600 micron 214 518 48.2 300 micron 262 780 22 150 micron 148 928 7.2 Table 4 Physical properties of Quarry Dust Specific Gravity 2.65 Grading Zone Zone2 Water absorption 2% Fineness modulous 2.71 Table 5 Physical Properties Of Coarse aggregates Specific Gravity 2.68 Water Absorption 0.5% Fineness Modulous 7 3. MIX DESIGN 3.1. Mix design of M15, M20 and M25 grade concrete The Mix design was done according to Indian Standard 10262(2009) for M15, M20 and M25 grade concrete. Control concrete was designed using sand as fine aggregates. Quarry dust concrete was designed by 100% replacement of sand. M15 grade quarry dust concrete were designed with four different water cement ratios and are designated as M15QD(.65), M15QD(.6), M15QD(.55), M15QD(.5). The workability and strength properties of M15 grade quarry dust concrete was compared to M15 grade control concrete designed using water cement ratio 0.6 and is designated as M15S(.6).The cement content of M15 grade concrete was fixed at 270kg/m 3 for all mixes. Table 6 shows the different mix proportions for different grades used in the present work. The mix design was done according to Indian Standard 10262:2009. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1450 editor@iaeme.com

Sidharth Sen and K. Balakrishna Rao 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Effect of water cement ratio on the workability of quarry dust concrete: Three basic tests are done to study the workability of quarry dust concrete: Slump test Compaction factor test and Vee Bee test. Each mix of M15, M20 and M25 grade concrete, according to varying water cement ratios were tested for slump, compaction factor and Vee Bee test soon after mixing and corresponding values were obtained. Table 7 shows that all grades of control concrete, M15S(.6), M20S(.5) and M25S(.5) gave design slump value of 100mm. But quarry dust concrete of grade, M15QD(.6), M20QD(.5), M25QD(.5) did not show any slump. M15QD(.65) gave a higher slump value than M15S(.6) while M20QD(.65) and M25QD(.65) gave similar slump values as M20S(.5) and M25S(.5) respectively. From the slump value results obtained we can conclude that quarry dust requires more water to attain same slum when as that of control concrete. For mix M20 and M25 quarry dust concrete with water cement ratio 0.65 showed same slump as that of control concrete with w/c 0.5. From the compaction factor values shown in table 7 and table 8 we can see that Quarry dust concrete with water cement ratio 0.65 and 0.6 showed better compaction than control concrete with water cement ratio 0.5. All mixes of Quarry dust concrete with w/c 0.5 gave poor quality mixes (CF below 0.85) while all mixes of quarry dust concrete with w/c 0.65 gave good quality mixes(cf between 0.92 and 0.97). All the other mixes of quarry dust concrete gave medium quality mixes. From the Vee Bee test results the consistency of each mix was determined. When water cement ratio is reduced, the vee bee degree increases. All grades of Quarry dust concrete designed using lower water cement ratios( 0.5 and 0.55) showed vee bee time two times more than that of control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5 while mixes designed using higher water cement ratios (0.6 and 0.65) showed better flow time than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. Mix Table 6 Mix proportion of Quarry dust concrete. cement Kg/m 3 fine aggregate Kg/m 3 sand quarry dust coarse aggregate Kg/m 3 water l/m 3 M15S(0.6) 270 822.276-1170.46 162 M15QD(0.65) 270-804.01 1170.08 175 M15QD(0.6)` 270-799.24 1212.43 162 M15QD(0.55) 270-796.82 1260.43 145 M15QD(0.5) 270-786.46 1297.70 135 M20S(0.5) 290 795.6-1230.12 145 M20QD(0.55) 290-777.19 1229.36 156 M20QD(0.65) 290-782.28 1138.46 188 M20QD(0.6)` 290-778.04 1180.27 174 M20QD(0.5) 290-768.34 1267.8 145 M25S(0.5) 310 776.88-1201.17 155 M25QD(0.65) 310-761.63 1108.42 201 M25QD(0.6)` 310-758.96 1151.32 186 M25QD(0.55) 310-759.62 1201.57 167 M25QD(0.5) 310-752.22 1241.21 155 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1451 editor@iaeme.com

Effect of Water Cement Ratio on the Workability and Strength of Low Strength Quarry Dust Concrete 4.2. Effect of water cement ratio on the compressive strength of concrete cubes Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests are done according to Indian Standard 516:1959. For compressive strength test concrete was cast in 150x150x150mm moulds. Compressive strength was studied for 7 days and 28 days. The Split tensile Strength test on concrete was done by casting concrete in cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height. The Split tensile strength was studied for 7days and 28 days. For each mix 4 cubes and 3 cylinders were casted for 7 days compressive strength and 7 days split tensile strength respectively. For each mix 4 cubes and 3 cylinders were casted for 28days compressive strength and 28days split tensile strength respectively. Table 7 Workability test results of M15, M20, M25 grade concrete Concrete grade Slump Compaction factor Vee bee time M15S(.6) 110.90 12 secs M15QD(.65) 115.93 8 secs M15QD(.6) 90.89 15 secs M15QD(.55) 20.86 22 secs M15QD(.5) 0.84 27 secs M20S(.5) 100 0.89 14secs M20QD(.65) 95 0.95 10secs M20QD(.6) 35 0.92 12secs M20QD(.55) 10 0.86 25secs M20QD(.5) 0 0.84 28secs M25S(.5) 100 0.89 14secs M25QD(.65) 100 0.97 8secs M25QD(.6) 50 0.95 10secs M25QD(.55) 0 0.85 30secs M25QD(.5) 0 0.82 32secs Table 8 shows the 28day Compressive strength results of M15 grade concrete (cement content=270kg/m 3 ) in MPa. M15QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day compressive strength result as 21.15Mpa. With the increase of water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.55, 0.55 to 0.6, 0.6 to 0.65 there is a reduction in strength by 4.5%, 1.6% and 10% respectively. Control concrete gave an average strength of 20.1Mpa. M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5 and 0.55 showed same strength as that of control concrete with w/c ratio 0.6 while M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.6, 0.65 showed 2% and 11% lesser strength respectively when compared to control concrete with w/c ratio 0.6. Table 9 shows the 28 day Compressive strength results of M20 grade concrete (cement content=290kg/m 3 ). M20QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day compressive strength result as 25.125Mpa. With the increase of water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.55, 0.55 to 0.6, 0.6 to 0.65 there is a reduction in strength by 4.1%, 1.76% and 4.43% respectively. Control concrete gave an average strength of 25.8MPa. From table 10 we can see that M20 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 3%, 7%, 9% and 13% lesser strengths respectively when compared to control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. Table 10 shows the 28 day Compressive strength results of M25 grade concrete(cement content=310kg/m 3 ) in MPa. M25QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day compressive strength result as 28.125 MPa With the increase in water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.65 in steps of 0.05 there is a reduction in strength in the range 2% to 5%. Control concrete gave an average strength of http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1452 editor@iaeme.com

Sidharth Sen and K. Balakrishna Rao 29.775 MPa. M25 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65 showed 6%, 10%, 12% and 13% lesser strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. Table 8 28day Compressive strength results of M15 grade concrete (cement content=270kg/m 3 ) in Mpa SL NO M15S(0.6) M15QD(0.65) M15QD(0.6) M15QD(0.55) M15QD(0.5) 1 20.1 18.3 19.9 20.5 21.4 2 20 17.9 20 20.3 21.3 3 20.2 17.7 19.7 19.7 20.8 4 20.1 18 19.9 20.1 21.1 AVERAGE 20.1 17.975 19.87 20.2 21.15 Table 9 28day Compressive strength results of M20 grade concrete(cement content=290kg/m 3 ) in MPa SL NO M20S(0.5) M20QD(0.65) M20QD(0.6) M20QD(0.55) M20QD(0.5) 1 25.9 23 23.7 24.3 25.1 2 25.9 22.7 23.5 23.9 24.9 3 25.4 22.5 23.9 24 25.3 4 26 22.5 23.5 24.1 25.2 AVERAGE 25.8 22.6 23.65 24.075 25.125 Table 10 28 day Compressive strength results of M25 grade concrete(cement content=310kg/m 3 ) in MPa SL NO M25S(0.5) M25QD(0.65) M25QD(0.6) M25QD(0.55) M25QD(0.5) 1 29.7 25.7 26.1 26.5 28.1 2 30.1 26.3 26.2 26.9 28.5 3 29.8 25.5 26 27 27.9 4 29.5 25.5 26.5 27.3 28 AVERAGE 29.775 25.75 26.2 26.9 28.125 4.3. Effect of water cement ratio split tensile strength of concrete Table 11 shows the 28day split tensile strength results of M15 grade concrete (cement content=270kg/m 3 ) in MPa. M15QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day split tensile strength result as 1.63Mpa. With the increase in water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.65 in steps of 0.05 there is a reduction in strength in the range 1.3% to 1.9%. Control concrete gave an average split tensile strength of 1.63Mpa. M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 2%, 3% and 5% lesser strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5 while M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5 showed same strength as control concrete of w/c ratio 0.5. Table 12 shows the 28 day split tensile strength results of M20 grade concrete (cement content=290kg/m 3 ) in MPa. M20QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day split tensile strength result as 1.94Mpa. With the increase in water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.65 in steps of 0.05 there is a reduction in strength in the range 3% to 6%Control concrete gave an average strength of 2.01MPa. M20 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65 showed 4%, 7%, 13% and 18% lesser strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. Table 13 shows the 28 day split tensile strength results of M25 grade concrete(cement content=310kg/m 3 ) in MPa. M25QD(0.5) gave an average 28 day split tensile strength result as 2.31 MPa With the increase in water cement ratio from 0.5 to 0.65 in steps of 0.05 there is http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1453 editor@iaeme.com

Effect of Water Cement Ratio on the Workability and Strength of Low Strength Quarry Dust Concrete a reduction in strength in the range 1.7% to 4.5%. Control concrete gave an average strength of 2.42 MPa. M25 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65 showed 5%, 6%, 9% and 12% lesser strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. Table 11 28day split tensile strength of M15 grade concrete (cement content=270kg/m 3 ) in MPa SL NO M15S(0.6) M15QD(0.65) M15QD(0.6) M15QD(0.55) M15QD(0.5) 1 1.67 1.55 1.59 1.57 1.65 2 1.63 1.57 1.6 1.62 1.65 3 1.61 1.56 1.55 1.61 1.61 AVERAGE 1.63 1.56 1.58 1.6 1.63 Table 12 28 day split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete(cement content=290kg/m 3 ) in Mpa SL NO M20S(0.5) M20QD(0.65) M20QD(0.6) M20QD(0.55) M20QD(0.5) 1 1.97 1.66 1.75 1.89 1.95 2 2.01 1.63 1.74 1.89 1.90 3 2.05 1.67 1.77 1.85 1.97 AVERAGE 2.01 1.65 1.75 1.87 1.94 Table 13 28 day Compressive strength of M25 grade concrete(cement content=310kg/m 3 ) in Mpa SL NO M25S(0.5) M25QD(0.65) M25QD(.6) M25QD(0.55) M25QD(0.5) 1 2.37 2.15 2.22 2.27 2.36 2 2.42 2.11 2.21 2.3 2.3 3 2.47 2.17 2.18 2.31 2.29 AVERAGE 2.42 2.14 2.22 2.29 2.31 5. CONCLUSIONS Quarry dust requires more water to attain same slum when compared to control concrete. For mix M20 and M25 quarry dust concrete with water cement ratio 0.65 showed same slump as that of control concrete with w/c 0.5. Quarry dust concrete with water cement ratio 0.65 and 0.6 showed better compaction factor and flow time than control concrete with water cement ratio 0.5. M15 grade quarry dust concrete(cement content =270kg/m 3 ) with w/c ratio 0.5 and 0.55 showed same 28 day compressive strength as that of control concrete with w/c ratio 0.6 while M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.6 and 0.65 showed 2% and 11% lesser strength respectively when compared to control concrete with w/c ratio 0.6. M20 grade quarry dust concrete(cement content =290kg/m 3 ) with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 3%, 7%, 9% and 13% lesser 28 day compressive strengths respectively when compared to control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. M25 grade quarry dust concrete(cement content =310kg/m 3 ) with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 6%, 10%, 12% and 13% lesser 28 day compressive strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. M15 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 0%, 2%, 3% and 5% lesser 28 day split tensile strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5 M20 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6 and 0.65 showed 4%, 7%, 13% and 18% lesser 28 day split tensile strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1454 editor@iaeme.com

Sidharth Sen and K. Balakrishna Rao M25 grade quarry dust concrete with w/c ratio 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65 showed 5%, 6%, 9% and 12% lesser strength respectively than control concrete with w/c ratio 0.5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like thank Manipal University for encouraging and providing facilities required for the present study REFERENCES [1] T.S Nagaraj and Zahida Banu, Efficient Utilisation of rock dust and pebbles as aggregates in Portland cement concrete, The Indain Concrete Journal, January 1996. [2] Sahu A.K, Sunil Kumar and A.K. Sachan, Crushed Stone Waste As Fine aggregates for concrete, The Indian concrete Journal, January 2003. [3] Dehwah H.A.F, The mechanical properties of SCC prepared using QDP(quarry dust owder), SF(silica fume) plus QDP, or only FA(fly ash),construction and Building Materials 26(2012) 547-551, July 2011. [4] S.N. Raman, T.Ngo, P.Mendis, H.B Mahmud, High-Strength rice husk ash concrete incorporating quarry dust as partial substitute for sand, Construction and building materials 25(2011) 3123-3130, February 2011. [5] D.S Prakash Rao and V. Giridhar Kumar, Investigation on concrete with stone crusher as fine aggregate, The Indian concrete Journal, July 2004. [6] Thushar T.P and K.Balakrishna Rao, A Study on Effect of fineness of Quarry Dust on Compressive Strength of Concrete, International Journal Of Innovative Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentaion and Control Engineering, Vol3, Special Issue 1, April2015. [7] S.P Ahirrao and S.V Deodhar, Using waste glass in concrete, The Indian concrete Journal, June 2013. [8] B.V. Bahoria, D.K. Parbat and P.B. Nagarnaik, Characterization Study of Natural Sand, Quarry Dust, Waste Plastic (LDPE) to be used as a Fine Aggregate in Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 391 401. [9] B.V. Bahoria, D.K. Parbat, P.B. Nagarnaik and U.P. Waghe, Effect of Characterization Properties On Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Quarry Dust and Waste Plastic as Fine Aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 699 707. http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/index.asp 1455 editor@iaeme.com