Energy Generation from Recovered Wood for Greenhouse Gas Reduction Gerfried Jungmeier Joint Workshop COST Action E31 and IEA Bioenergy Task 38 Greenhouse Gas Aspects of Biomass Cascading Reuse, Recycling and Energy Generation 25 April 2005 Dublin, Ireland
Overview Conclusions Example transportation Example heat&electricity Example Heat Methodology Goal and scope
energy generation with recovered wood heat 1) electricity (and heat) liquid fuel 2) process heat (> 100 C) space heat (< 100 C) Gasification&synthesis 2) Fermentation 2) Pyrolysis 2) co-firing with fossil fuel 1) co-firing with municipal solid waste (MSW) 1) wood fuel only combustion: - steam cycle (steam turbine or engine) 1) - organic Rancine cycle (ORC) 1) - Stirling engine 2) 1) commercially available; 2) under development gasification: - combined cycle (gas and steam turbine) 2) - gas cycle with turbine 2) - gas cycle with combustion engine 1) - hot air cycle with turbine 2) - fuel cell 2)
Source: http://bios-bioenergy.at Recovered Wood (example) recovered wood unprocessed
recovered wood unprocessed recovered wood processed as fuel Recovered Wood (example) Source: http://bios-bioenergy.at
Energy Systems with Recovered Wood Origin Processing Biofuel Energy generation Recovered wood - packaging materials - demolition wood - timber from buildings - fractions of used wood (residential, industrial, commercial) CHP...combined heat and power Mechanical - chipping - pelleting - briquetting Thermochemical - gasification - pyrolysis Biological - fermentation Solid Fuels - wood chips - wood pellets - wood briquetts Liquid Fuels - pyrolysis oil - bioethanol - Fischer-Tropsch Diesel - liquid biohydrogen - biomethanol Gaseous Fuels - wood gas - synthetic natural gas - gaseous biohydrogen Heat - central heating - district heating plant Electricity & Heat - steam turbine -gas turbine - gas & steam turbine - stirling engine - combustion engine - organic Rankine cycle Transportation - internal combustion engine - fuel cell
38 Considered Energy Systems with Recovered Wood Type of energy generation Current Future Total technology technology Heat 4 8 12 Electricity 1 4 5 Cogeneration heat and electricity 2 9 11 Transportation service 0 10 10 Sum 7 31 38
Example Heat from Recovered Wood recovered wood collection biomass heating oil raw oil extraction transportation pelleting composting transportation refinery storage transportation combustion in heating boiler combustion in heating boiler 1 kwh heat
Results for Heat from Recovered Wood CO2 34 395 CH4 N2O 3.5 2.9 4.9 1.6 recovered wood pellets heating oil CO2-eq. 43 399 0 100 200 300 400 500 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq./kwh heat ]
Comparison Heat [g CO 2 -eq/kwh el ] Fossil energy system Bioenergy system central heating system district heating system heating oil natural gas heating oil natural gas g CO 2 -eq./kwh heat 399 301 458 370 central heating system recovered wood briquettes 29-93% -90% -94% -92% recovered wood pellets 43-89% -86% -91% -88% recovered wood chips 32-92% -89% -93% -91% district heating system recovered wood chips 53-87% -82% -88% -86% GHG-Reduction Current technology: 82 94% Future technology: 70 94%
Example Heat&Electricity from Recovered Wood recovered wood collection biomass natural gas gas extraction transportation composting transportation combustion in CHP plant organic Rankine cycle combustion in CHP plant combustion engine distribution distribution 0.33 kwh electricity 0.67 kwh heat
System of Combined Heat & Power Plant with Organic Rankine Cycle thermo-oil cycle turbine generator biomass evaporation ORC-cycle air Organic flue pump condenser flue gas heat consumption Source: http://bios-bioenergy.at
Source: http://bios-bioenergy.at Energy Flow of Organic Rankine Cycle Module thermal loses heat thermooil thermal efficiency electric efficiency electric loses
Existing CHP Plant Admont/Austria Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) solid biomass (chips) combustion +second thermo-oil cycle 2.7 MW heat / 500kW el Electricity efficiency 18% Source: http://bios-bioenergy.at
Results from Heat&Electricity from Recovered Wood CO2 52 314 CH4 1.6 48 recovered wood chips, organic Rankine cycle natural gas, combustion engine N2O 15 3.6 CO2-eq. 68 365 0 100 200 300 400 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq./(0.67kwh heat + 0.33 kwh electricity )]
Comparison Heat&Electricity [g CO 2 -eq/kwh el ] Fossil energy system Bioenergy system hard coal, steam turbine natural gas, gas&steam turbine natural gas, combustion engine g CO 2 -eq./(0.67 kwh heat +0.33 kwh electricity ) 517 333 365 recovered wood chips, steam turbine 29-94% -91% -92% recovered wood chips, organic Rankine cycle 68-87% -79% -81% GHG-Reduction Current technology: 81 94% Future technology: 54 93%
Example Transportation with Recovered Wood recovered wood collection biomass diesel raw oil extraction transportation composting transportation bioethanol production distribution electricity hard coal power plant refinery distribution vehicle with combustion engine vehicle with combustion engine transportation service
System of Combined Heat and Power Plant with Gas Turbine Source: http://www.tuwien.ac.at/forschung/nachrichten/guessing/lschema.jpg
Existing CHP Plant Güssing/Austria Fluidized bed gasification + gas engine solid biomass (chips) 4.5 MW th / 2 kw el.
Results for Transportation with Recovered Wood CO2 12 146 CH4 N2O 0.9 4.53 3.2 3.63 bioethanol combustion engine diesel combustion engine CO2-eq. 16 154 0 50 100 150 200 Greenhouse gas emissions [g CO 2 -eq./km-passenger car]
GHG-Reduction Future technology: Combustion engine: 62 105% Fuel cell: 61-92% Comparison Transport [g CO 2 -eq/km] Fossil energy system Bioenergy system methanol liquid hydrogen gaseous hydrogen diesel natural gas natural gas natural gas g CO 2 -eq./km pc. 154 196 263 197 bioethanol 16-89% -92% -94% -92% biomethanol with electricity -7-105% -104% -103% -104% biomethanol without electricity 39-75% -80% -85% -80% liquid biohydrogen with electricity 42-72% -78% -84% -78% liquid biohydrogen without electricity 59-62% -70% -78% -70%
Conclusions GHG-Reduction with recovered wood: -heat70-90% - electricity&heat 54-94% - transportation 61 100% Significant greenhouse gas reduction with recovered wood Many possibilities to produce energy from recovered wood