RECOVERY FROM FOOD SUPPLY AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS IN A HUGE NATURAL DISASTER: INDONESIAN EXPERIENCE Dedi Fardiaz Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, INDONESIA Supported by: Roy Sparringa 1, and Totong H. Gunantika 2 1 National Agency for Drug and Food Control, Indonesia 2 National Development Planning Agency, Indonesia
http://meaulnes.legler.org/artikel/tsunami/ A 9.1 magnitude earthquake Huge tsunami Widespread devastation Triggered a massive tsunami that destroyed coastal areas of eleven countries around the Indian Ocean More than 280,000 were killed At least 1 million were displaced Tsunami, 26 December 2004 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD), Indonesia
Main Shock 26 December 2004 Main Shock 28 March 2005 + Aftershocks Rupture Zone 1861 Rupture Zone 1833 USGS, 2005
news.in.msn.com Rush to reach higher ground Big earthquake again hit Aceh on 11 April 2012, but without tsunami http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2012/20120411.php
(USGS, 2006) A 6.2 magnitude earthquake hit the densely populated area of Yogyakarta and Central Java May 27, 2006 no tsunami was reported from the quake. more than 5,700 people were killed over 5,000 people injured more than 1.6 millions people made homeless 190,025 homes severely damaged 139,895 homes totally destroyed 164,000 household wells to be cleaned or repaired 155,000 latrines to be repaired or rebuilt USD 3.1 billion in total damages (UNDP, 2008)
The Impact of the Huge Tsunami before tsunami after tsunami Because of powerful tsunami the seawater penetrated up to 5.5 km inland devastated coastal areas that host a wide range of human activities, from inland rice based systems and wetlands, to mangrove and coastal strips used primarily for fisheries. Satelite images of the coastline in Aceh Besar (FAO Indonesia Tsunami Atlas, 2005)
Lost and Recovery in Agricultural and Fisheries Sectors Agriculture represents a major share of the local economy in NAD and Nias, and rice is the major food crop for farming and staple food for the people. Before tsunami NAD dan Nias Total wetland area : 391,000 hectares Paddyharvested : 370,000 hectares (in 2004) After tsunami Paddy land damaged : 37,500 hectares (16 % of paddy land) Lightly damaged : 18.9 % (normal Ag production can start) Moderately damaged : 26.7 % (requires simple intervension) Heavily damaged : 46.7 % (requires complex intervention) Totally lost to the sea : 7.7 % (2,900 hectares unsuitable for farming) 933,000 tonnes rice produced for 2005/2006 marketing year (FAO and WFP, 2005)
Lost and Recovery in Agricultural and Fisheries Sectors The fisheries sector contributes to 6.5 %RGDP and providing direct employment for over 80,000 people (16 % of total coastal population) Fish output: 158,578 tonnes (in 2003) 133,976 tonnes captured from marine fishery 24,602 tonnes harvested from aquaculture The sector is relatively more important in terms of household income and food consumption in several coastal parts of Aceh (FAO and WFP, 2005) Damages or Lost After tsunami 19 units of fish auction hall (0.37%), 32 units of fish landing base (44.44%), 10,961 units of fish catching fleet (61.81%) 10,800 units of boat, 15 % of fishermen died. By 2006 much of the fishing industry returned to almost normal.
Two year rehabilitation progress in agricultural and fishery sectors in Aceh and Nias, 2005 2006 District Agri Land Damaged (ha) Agri Land Rehabilitated (ha) Fishponds Damaged (ha) Fishponds Restored (ha) Fishing Vessels Damaged (unit) Fishing Vessel Replaced (unit) ACEH 73,869 48,830 27,593 6,800 12,766 3,902 NIAS 0 1,510 0 0 1,062 518 TOTAL 73,869 50,340 27,593 6,800 13,828 4,420 Source BRR 2005 BRR Nov 2006 BRR 2005 BRR, FAO, ADB ETESP Fisheries Nov 2006 FAO, Sept 2005 BRR, Nov 2006 With rehabilitation of about 50,000 ha of fields the farming activity back into normal production. This is because of excellent combined efforts of the communities, government agriculture services, BRR, ADB, FAO, and numerous NGOs. About 25% of the damaged ponds (6,800 ha) was rehabilitated end of 2006 with the support of BRR, ADB, FAO, UNDP and NGOs. Another progress in 2006: shrimp hatcheries, and various small scale aquaculture activities such as marine fish cages, and grouper and milk fish nursing.
Problem of Food Security Problem of food security was not on the supply side, instead, problem of access to food; People affected by tsunami suffered near total loss of household and productive assets and their traditional livelihoods; Disaster affected their income opportunities, and their ability to purchase sufficient food on the market; Although after the recovery the livelihood is encouraging, income opportunities of households remain below pre tsunami levels and their ability to purchase sufficient food on the market is reduced accordingly, and price increase further reduced their purchasing power; Therefore, food relief were important beyond December 2005 as low purchasing power continues to be a major food security constraint at IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) level.
Public Health Conditions Widespread destruction in the health sector in Aceh (BRR, 2005): Damaged Public Health Facilities 6 41 hospitals, puskesmas (public health center), 59 pustu (health post), 44 posyandu (integrated service post) 240 polindes (maternity post). Staff who lost their lives 17 doctors, 3 dentists, 49 midwives, 30 nurses, 2 pharmacists and 104 support staff BRR, 2005
The displacement of half a million people with poor quality housing, water and sanitary conditions impaired mental trauma and increased the potential for outbreaks of communicable diseases. The widespread devastation of food supplies and livelihoods also increased the risk of malnutrition. In the period of emergency, the immediate local and international health response was rapid and substantial. Health services were quickly restored at existing serviceable health facilities through the provision of staff, equipment and medical supplies. Relief efforts were generally well coordinated and successful in preventing widespread communicable disease and famine (BRR, 2005).
Emergency Response Period (December 2004 March 2005) Massive actions were taken during the emergency response period. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR) reported: 34 countries directly sent more than 16 thousands armies, 117 media teams, 9 carrier ships, 14 war ships and tens of air planes and helicopters. more than 600 NGOs were also involved during the emergency response period. This emergency response activities in NAD and Nias was illustrated as the biggest non war military operation in history (Antara news, 2008). The emergency response actions played important solution during the critical situation to keep the people s livelihood continued particularly in the tsunami affected areas.
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Period (April 2005 April 2009) The establishment of the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias or Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi NAD Nias (BRR NAD Nias) on 16 April 2005. The agency s mission is to restore livelihoods and strengthen communities in Aceh and Nias by designing and overseeing a coordinated, community driven reconstruction and development program implemented according to the highest professional standards. BRR was needed to ensure reconstruction program is effective, duplication is minimized, and that donor funds are used optimally, as well as important role of local community input and participation in the reconstruction effort. BRR ended its tasks on April 2009 after successfully implemented 94% of activities stated in the Master Plan. Their work along with other work done by ministries/agencies and national and international organizations successfully recover the livelihood of people in Aceh and Nias to conditions which almost the same as those before the disaster.
Transition Period (April 2009 December 2009) The formation of the Coordinating Body for the Sustainability of Reconstruction in Aceh and Nias (BKRAN at National level; BKRA at Aceh Provincial level and BKRN covering Nias at the North Sumatra Provincial level) to support continuing implementation of the reconstruction efforts until 31 December, 2009. With the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) in the lead, the MDF (Multi Donor Funds) works closely with these and other new government partners at all levels to facilitate the timely and smooth implementation of the portfolio.
Continuing Reconstruction Period (January 2010 December 2012) As the Coordinating Body for the Sustainability of Reconstruction in Aceh and Nias has come to an end BAPPENAS prepared the Action Plan for for the Sustainability of Reconstruction in Aceh and Nias 2010 2012. This Action Plan consisted list of activities needed to be implemented by the ministries/agencies for finalization of reconstruction in Aceh and Nias. BAPPENAS facilitated BAPPEDA Aceh and Norther Sumatra province to prepare the Action Plan for the Sustainability of Reconstruction in their area affected by the earthquake and tsunami for the period three years (2010 2012). There were several international agencies implementing the reconstruction activities in Aceh and Nias during the period of 2010 2012. Funds for these activities originated from foreign loan or grant. Some of these activities may still be continued in a couple years to come.
Lesson Learned from the Disaster Experience The first lesson learned from the Aceh tsunami 2004 is we have never imagined before that an earthquake followed by tsunami can be so huge resulted in unbelievable destruction which need an extraordinary efforts and great supports for its relief back to normal or even better. The situation in this disaster is very unique because in terms of scale the destruction caused by tsunami and the response to tsunami were unusual. It required intensive strategic coordination for the recovery to be effective and considerable pressure to deliver tangible results. National Geographic National Geographic
Lesson Learned from the Disaster Experience The recovery program is complex involving hundreds organization which include national and international agencies and NGOs, private sector firms, associations, civil society groups with differing styles, standards, and approaches which sometimes create competition among them. This is another lesson learned on how to manage their cooperative spirit to work together or exchange of information so sinergic results can be achieved. Effective partnerships among them should be awared to ensure that the whole recovery effort becomes much more than a sum of all the component projects.
Lesson Learned from the Disaster Experience Aceh tsunami has opened our eyes that an evacuation and shelter plan as well as alert system are very important for the people to take a quick action and to escape to the safe place on higher ground during the tsunami hit. The evacuation and shelter plan with clear map and path should be prepared based on scientific data so the people can be evacuated easily without chaos. Padang, West Sumatra Sanur, Bali Tsunami Evacuation Map
Lesson Learned from the Disaster Experience Before Aceh tsunami 2004 most of the population living in high risk areas were either partially or completely unaware of the danger posed by tsunamis. They were also unaware that receding sea levels on the coastline after an earthquake for example is an indicator that tsunami would come. On the other hand some population, such as people living on Simeulue island retained ancient memories and sought refuge on higher ground when a big earthquake struck Nias on 28 March 2005, thereby greatly mitigating the effects of the disaster in terms of the number of people killed in those locations. These examples were considered as evidence that risk awareness can have dramatic impact. Awareness raising should be continously promoted through various means, in short term through media campaign at local, regional, and national levels, in long term by incorporating preparedness in formal education curriculum.
Kompas Daily News, Jakarta. Wednesday, 21 November 2012 Yuka Matsumoto, NHK World reporter says education on disaster mitigation is the key to reduce the number of victims Educate Disaster Awareness through Manga Comic Strip (Yuka Matsumoto)
Facing Potential Earthquake Tsunami Threats We are aware that our country is located in the earthquake zone. There have been about 250 events of earthquake in Indonesia and surrounding areas with the magnitude above 5 in 2012. Earthquakes in Indonesia and surrounding areas since 1900 BNPB Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (National Agency for Disaster Management) takes the next lead on disaster management in Indonesia Available alert system, preparedness and response plan, mitigation infrastructure, and disaster risk awareness raising program need to be continously improved and developed based on science so we are ready to face the next potential earthquake tsunami threats.
Thank You Very Much Arigatou Gozaimasu Earthquakes in Indonesia and surrounding areas since 1900