Sustainable Intensification Aquaculture Bill Collis Director, South Asia WorldFish Center Bangkok, 19 July 2012
Intensification Drivers of Aquaculture Intensification Opportunities due to new technologies, Markets, Trends in South and SE Asia Impacts and Issues in Intensification- Participation by the poor Gender considerations Environmental impacts
World Aquaculture FAO Estimates that : > 50% of all fish consumed come from Aquaculture > 60% Growth in aquaculture since 2000 Estimates Aquaculture growth > 33% by 2020 1960 s 9 kg/capits- 2009 >18 kg/capita Fastest growing source of animal protein
Aquaculture Intensification Terms (Intensification is linked to Inputs-feeds, fertilizers, fish densities, energy) Extensive Production : stocking + fertilization (organic and/or inorganic) production. Low cost, risk and lower production. Semi-Intensive: extensive + natural foods, supplemental feeding/byproducts, (Carp Polyculture, tilapia, shrimp and prawn. Slightly higher costs, low risk, management intensive, Intensive: dependence on complete diets, higher densities, high risk, more potential for environmental risks, generally higher costs and profit. Very Intensive System: ~>20mt/ha. Advanced technologies, limited species (biofloc, aquaponic systems, shrimp, tilapia, catfish) Capital Intensive, high risk, high energy, generally lower environmental risk.
Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification Fish vs Livestock Fish float. Less energy spent in fighting gravity, making skeletons. Fish will (almost) always convert food to flesh better than other livestock.
Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification Technologies Seed, Feeds, Production Systems Fish Seed and Domestication Carps - Induced breeding early 80 s- Shrimp hatchery technologies mid- 90 s Tilapia commercial mono-sex late 90 s Pangasius- mid 90 s breeding Domestication and improved genetics ( mid- 90 s tilapia, salmon, some shrimp,.) Feeds Quality feeds available East, South and SE Asia- late 90 s Commercial Research did not begin until the 70 s
Intensification South and South-East Asia Production Center of Aquaculture is Asia: 89% of production (China >60%) Smallholder culture predominates in Asia Main Cultured Species Tilapia: (Global Production > 2 M mt) 2012 5-20mt/ha (used in cage culture 15-100 kg/m2) Carps: (Global Production >14 M mt ) 2012 1-15 mt/ha (used in environmentally effiecient poly culture systems) Shrimp: (Global Production ~ 4 M mt annually, prices have dropped 50-60% in last 15 years) 2012 ~ 10-20 Mt/ha (experimental >60 mt/ha) Pangasius Catfish: (Global Production ~ >2.5 M mt annually) 2012 ~ 350-600 mt/ha (smallholders
In 2000 60% of these fish (Pangas, Tilapia, Climbing Perch) where not present in the market Consumption of cultured fish by Dhaka consumers (Market survey data November 2010)
Drivers: Aquaculture Intensification Markets Capture Fisheries Declines: Most major natural fisheries are either stagnant or in decline- Aquaculture is filling the market gap. Urbanization and Incomes: 55% of Asian population will be urban by 2030 ADB. (2-5% annual increases) Asia - rising incomes have increased demand for fish, meat and vegetables. Urban markets have changed the kinds of fish markets require: regular deliveries and larger quantities.
Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species) Pollution: Usually Excessive Nutrients Pond Culture: Not a issue for semi-intensive and extensive systems. Is a problem where water is exchanged or discharged : intensive systems, poor quality feeds. Cage/Pen Culture can be an issue large numbers of fed cages- (Laguna de Baya- Philippines) Very Intensive - Usually not an issue in internationally traded very intensive aquaculture. Recycled water, lined ponds
Environmental Impacts (Pollution, Feeds, Invasive Species) Feeds: Using fish to grow fish, feed quality, Intensive predator production (salmon, shrimp,.) require animal proteinfish meal, etc Herbivorous fish species can utilize plant protein- (tilapia, pangas, many carps,..). Poor quality feeds= poor FCR and Invasive Species: Basically don t import a new species. Improved Lines: Disease risks
Invasive Species
WorldFish Bangladesh Surveys - Impact of intensive, high value aquaculture on livelihoods, employment and growth. Conducted May- August 2012 Looking at Pangas, Prawn/Shrimp, Tilapia, Carp production
Participation by the Poor Poor participate as producers or within production value chains. Clear-cut positive impacts on income and increased purchases of better food. High levels of poor entering intensive commercial aquaculture in locations with dense clusters of operations Upward mobility for some landless entrants, but also some increased vulnerability related to high dependence on credit
Gender & Intensification Increased participation of women in aquaculture but mainly close to home; poorer women work as off farm wage labor (mainly for Hindus and Adivasis, much lower among Muslims) Declining availability and consumption of wild fish; some anecdotal reluctance to consume cultured fish from own production for higher returns from investment (IFPRI studies) Women have less control over production and income in intensive as compared to small scale HH aquaculture: depends on level of investments and location.
GENDER Intensive commercial aquaculture is male dominated; women s participation depends on proximity to home Income controlled by men in most cases In SA - Markets dominated by men; women lack access to information, inputs, services; mobility issues
Thanks
Clusters Clusters of commercial aquaculture operations appear to produce synergies in the provision of goods, services and employment. This may lower the costs of participating in aquaculture. Also creates growth linkages by raising demand for labor with subsequent increases in wages and nonfarm activities
Land ownership and access Major shift from share-based tenancy to rental-based tenancy arrangements driven by introduction of commercial aquaculture Little concentration of land ownership or access despite extremely dynamic and competitive land markets (Pond/gher sizes getting smaller)