e Scientific World Journl, Article ID 369745, 6 pges http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369745 Reserch Article Effects of Presowing Pulsed Electromgnetic Tretment of Tomto Seed on Growth, Yield, nd Lycopene Content Aspsi Efthimidou, 1 Nikolos Ktsenios, 2 Anestis Krknis, 3 Pnyiot Ppstylinou, 2 Vssilios Trintfyllidis, 4 Ilis Trvlos, 2 nd Dimitrios J. Billis 2 1 Open University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 24801, 1304 Nicosi, Cyprus 2 Lortory of Crop Production, Agriculturl University of Athens, Ier Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece 3 Deprtment of Agriculture Crop Production nd Rurl Environment, University of Thessly, Fytokou Street, N. Ioni, 38466 Mgnisi, Greece 4 Deprtment of Business Administrtion of Food nd Agriculturl Enterprises, University of Ptrs, Seferi Street 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece Correspondence should e ddressed to Dimitrios J. Billis; illisdimitrios@yhoo.gr Received 3 Mrch 2014; Revised 18 My 2014; Accepted 15 June 2014; Pulished 6 July 2014 Acdemic Editor: Ionnis Konstntinou Copyright 2014 Aspsi Efthimidou et l. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the Cretive Commons Attriution License, which permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl work is properly cited. The use of mgnetic field s presowing tretment hs een dopted y reserchers s new environmentl friendly technique. The im of this study ws to determine the effect of mgnetic field exposure on tomto seeds covering rnge of prmeters such s trnsplnting percentge, plnt height, shoot dimeter, numer of leves per plnt, fresh weight, dry weight, numer of flowers, yield, nd lycopene content. Pulsed electromgnetic field ws used for 0, 5, 10, nd 15 minutes s presowing tretment of tomto seeds in field experiment for two yers. Ppimi device (mplitude on the order of 12.5 mt) hs een used. The use of pulsed electromgnetic field s presowing tretment ws found to enhnce plnt growth in tomto plnts t certin durtion of exposure. Mgnetic field tretments nd especilly the exposure of 10 nd 15 minutes gve the est results in ll mesurements, except plnt height nd lycopene content. Yield per plnt ws higher in mgnetic field tretments, compred to control. MF-15 tretment yield ws 80.93% higher thn control tretment. Lycopene content ws higher in mgnetic field tretments, lthough vlues showed no sttisticlly significnt differences. 1. Introduction Mgnetic nd electromgnetic tretments re eing used in griculture, s noninvsive technique, to improve the germintion of seeds nd increse crops nd yields [1]. Reserchers consider tht the prospect of using chep mgnetic energy to improve the properties of soil nd plnt growth nd development my e of gret prcticl importnce [2]. Mgnetic field hs een found to improve food reserve utiliztion nd help for etter sorption nd ssimiltion of nutrients y plnts [3] nd photosynthetic ctivities [4]. The choice of the investigted plnts is sed minly on the importnce they hve. It hs een found tht the percent germintion rtes of the treted tomto seeds were ccelerted out 1.1 to 2.8 times compred with tht of the untreted seed, while n inhiitory effect on germintion ws shown in the cse of the electric field more thn 12 kv/cm ndtheexposuretimemorethn60seconds[5]. Recently, it hs een reported tht treted tomto seeds with mgnetic field y 100 guss for 15 minutes with mgneticlly treted irrigted wter improved vegettive growth, incresed totl phosphorus content of tomto leves nd totl yield, nd reduced ph vlue in soil extrction [6]. In the vegettive stge, the tretments led to significnt increse in lef re, lef dry weight, nd specific lef re per plnt. Also, the lef, stem, nd root reltive growth rtes of plnts derived from mgneticlly treted seeds were greter thn those shown y the control plnts. In the genertive stge, lef re per plnt nd reltive growth rtes of fruits from plnts from mgneticlly exposed seeds were greter thn those of
2 The Scientific World Journl the controlplnt fruits [7]. Our study exmines the enhncement of mgnetic field in gronomic chrcteristics for two yers nd explins how it leds to higher yield. Moreover, it uses different type of mgnetic field, to confirm the positive effectontomtoplnts. Mgnetic field dose (strength nd exposure durtion) hs een found to hve strong effect on plnt properties. In recent reserch on grden pe seeds, of the vrious comintions of field strengths nd exposure time, 60 mt nd 180 mt for 5 min tretments yielded the etter results [8]. Moreover, rdish seeds were exposed to full wve rectified sinusoidl MF of different mgnetic field doses nd, mong vrious comintions, 80 mt for the 5 10 min nd 110 mt for the 2.5 min exposure yielded superior results [9]. Krylov nd Trknov [10] reported tht the seeds of corn nd whet with their emryonic roots oriented towrds the south mgnetic pole sprouted erlier thn the seeds fcing towrds north mgnetic pole. Another importnt enhncement of mgnetic field is the improved root length, chrcteristic tht suggests tht mgneticlly treted seeds cneusedinprcticlgriculturewhereetterrootgrowth will enle extrction of moisture from deeper soil lyers [11]. The new pproch of severl reserchers is to provide more complete investigtion of the effects of mgnetic field in plnts. Even more studies re directed to investigte qulity chrcteristics, plnt physiology mesurements, enzyme ctivity, nd yield production [12]. Reserchers re investigting more widely the positive effects of mgnetic fields spreding their findings to plnt pthology. In plnts derived from seeds exposed to mgnetic fields, significnt dely in the ppernce of first symptoms of geminivirus nd erly light nd reduced infection rte of erly light were oserved [7]. Pulsed electromgnetic fields showed could replce hormones in vegettive propgtion of oregno, stimulting rooting process in stem cuttings [13]. Enhncements of plnt chrcteristics with economic impct on producer s income could e the future of modern, orgnic, nd sustinle griculture [14]. Furthermore, the doption of orgnic culturl system could reduce energy inputs [15]. The min im of griculture remins the yield, so the encourging results in such mesurements oost the interest of reserchers to continue further. Hrichnd et l. [16] reported tht the mgnetic field tretment t 10 mt for 40 h oosteduppeheight,mss,ndcropyield.lycopeneisthe red pigment nd mjor crotenoid in tomto fruit. It is potent nturl ntioxidnt nd the focus of mny reeding progrms [17]. The im of this study ws to determine the effect of mgnetic field exposure on tomto seeds, covering complete rnge of gronomic chrcteristics such s trnsplnting percentge, plnt height, shoot dimeter, numer of leves perplnt,freshweight,dryweight,numerofflowers,yield, ndlycopenecontent,snenvironmentlfriendlymethod. 2. Mterils nd Methods A field experiment ws estlished t the Agriculturl University of Athens (Greece), in summer 2011 nd summer 2012. Atomto(Solnumly copersicum) hyrid(noxana)ws used. The durtion of exposure to mgnetic field ws 0, 5, 10, nd 15 minutes. Tomto seeds were treted y Ppimi electromgnetic field genertor for 5, 10, or 15 minutes efore plnting. Seeds tht were not treted hve een used s control. Ppimi device is pulsed EMF genertor (Figure 4). (Ppimi model 600, Pulse Dynmics, Athens, Greece. Mnufcturer chrcteristics: 35 80 J/pulse energy, 1 10 6 swvedurtion, 35 80 106 W wve power, mplitude on the order of 12.5 mt, rise time 0.1 ms, fll time 10 ms, nd repetitive frequency of 3 Hz.) The sme device hs een used in griculturl studies [13]. The tomto seedlings hve een trnsplnted to their finl position in the field fter eing germinted in pots filled with pet s sustrte, 15 dys fter sowing. Fifteen dys fter trnsplnting, the mesurement of successfully trnsplnted tomtoes hs een conducted. Destructive mesurements took plce 100 dys fter trnsplnting (DAT). Plnts were wtered every dy during the morning. Shoot fresh weight ws mesured y precision lnce nd then the smples were oven-dried t 70 C for three dys in order to mesure the dry weight in grms per plnt. Lycopene content hs een mesured using high performnce liquid chromtogrphy (HPLC) method s descried y Hymn et l. [17]. The experiment followed completely rndomized design, with 4 min tretments (control, MF-5, MF-10, nd MF- 15) nd 4 replictions for ech tretment. Every tretment ws composed of 20 plnts. The min fctors for the sttisticl nlysis were three (tretment, yer, nd repliction). The experimentl dt were nlyzed using the softwre Sttistic [18], ccording to the completely rndomized design. Vlues were compred y one-wy nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) nd men differences were determined using the lest significnt difference (LSD)test,t the 5% level ofsignificnce. 3. Results Theuseofpulsedelectromgneticfieldspresowingtretment ws found to enhnce tomto plnts in certin durtion of exposure. The exposure of 10 nd 15 minutes gve the est results in ll mesurements, except plnt height nd the numer of leves. The nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) showed tht yer ws nonsignificnt fctor, time ws significnt fctor, nd there ws no interction etween yer nd time of exposure (Tle 1). In mny mesurements, the exposure of 5 minutes hd negtive effect on tomto plnt, where vlues were similr to or lower thn the control. The highest response ws reched t 15 min, the longest exposure tested. This mens tht longer durtion my give etter results, proility tht must e further investigted. Pulsed electromgnetic field exposure of 10 nd 15 minutes improved the percentge of successfully trnsplnted tomto plnts (Figure 1). The highest percentge of successfully trnsplnted tomto plnts hs een recorded t MF- 10 tretment (98.41), followed y MF-15 tretment (98.0). Both tretments gve vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences compred to MF-5 nd control. In this mesurement
The Scientific World Journl 3 Percentge of successfully trnsplnted tomtoes (%) Tle 1: Anlysis of vrince (F vlues). Plnt height (cm) () Shoot dimeter (mm) Numer of leves per plnt Fresh weight (g) Yer 1.31 ns 0.008 ns 8.90 ns 10.02 ns 10.91 ns Time 365.22 1869.73 2.49 ns 693.80 1899.14 Yer time 0.90 ns 0.04 ns 2.87 ns 0.50 ns 0.50 ns Dry weight (g) () Numer of flowers in the second week Yield (g per plnt) Lycopene content (μg/100 g fresh weight) Yer 0.03 ns 11.79 ns 6.20 ns 0.34 ns Time 133.17 6.33 3924.19 0.34 ns Yer time 0.22 ns 0.43 ns 0.84 ns 0.10 ns,, Significnce t 0.05, 0.01, nd 0.001; ns: not significnt. Plnt height (cm) Tle2:Menvluesofminplntchrcteristicsndqulitymesurements. Shoot dimeter (mm) Numer of leves per plnt Fresh weight (g) Numer of flowers in the second week Lycopene content (μg/100 g fresh weight) Control 144.4 15.5 34.5 d 842.9 d 14.6 c 6083 MF-5 104.8 d 16.1 31.6 c 834.3 c 15.2 6130 MF-10 132.4 c 16.3 47.3 964.0 15.0 c 6122 MF-15 138.1 17.0 50.8 968.7 16.3 6214 Control: untreted seeds; MF-5, M F-10, nd MF-15: seeds treted with pulsed electromgnetic field for 5 min, 10 min, nd 15 min, respectively.,,c,d Mens followed y the sme letter for tretments re not significntly different ccording to the lest significnt difference (LSD) test. Successful trnsplnting (%) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 Control c MF-5 MF-10 MF-15 Figure 1: Pulsed electromgnetic field effect on percentge of successful trnsplnted seedlings. Seeds hve een exposed for 0, 5, 10, nd 15 minutes in mgnetic field. Mens followed y the sme letter for tretments re not significntly different ccording to the LSD 5% test. Control: untreted seeds; MF-5, MF-10, nd MF-15: seeds treted with pulsed electromgnetic field for 5 min, 10 min, nd 15 min, respectively. control (94.01) ws sttisticlly significnt nd higher thn the tretmentof MF-5 (80.70), for significnt level of 0.05. Plnt growth chrcteristics gve sttisticlly significnt differences in ll mesurements (Tle 2, Figures 2 nd 5). Dry weight per plnt (g) 260 255 250 245 240 235 230 225 220 215 210 205 Control MF-5 MF-10 MF-15 Figure 2: Pulsed electromgnetic field effect on dry weight per plnt. Seeds hve een exposed for 0, 5, 10, nd 15 minutes in mgnetic field. Mens followed y the sme letter for tretments re not significntly different ccording to the LSD 5% test. Control: untreted seeds; MF-5, MF-10, nd MF-15: seeds treted with pulsed electromgnetic field for 5 min, 10 min, nd 15 min, respectively. The highest vlues in plnt height were mesured in control tretment (144.4) with sttisticlly significnt differences, followed y MF-15 (138.1) tretment. MF-15 vlue ws higher with sttisticlly significnt differences from MF-10 (132.4). MF-5 tretment (104.8) gve the lowest vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences.
4 The Scientific World Journl 3000 Yield per plnt (g) 2500 2000 1500 d c 1000 500 Control MF-5 MF-10 MF-15 Figure 3: Pulsed electromgnetic field effect on yield per plnt. Seeds hve een exposed for 0, 5, 10, nd 15 minutes in mgnetic field.mensfollowedythesmeletterfortretmentsrenot significntly different ccording to the LSD 5% test. Control: untreted seeds; MF-5, MF-10, nd MF-15: seeds treted with pulsed electromgnetic field for 5 min, 10 min, nd 15 min, respectively. Shoot dimeter showed sttisticlly significnt differences mong tretments. The highest vlues of shoot dimeter were mesured in MF-15 tretment (17.0) where the vlue ws sttisticlly significnt nd higher thn control (15.5) nd MF- 5 (16.1) tretment, in oth yers. MF-10 tretment gve the lowest vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences, only with MF-15 tretment. Numer of leves per plnt ws sttisticlly significnt nd higher for MF-15 (50.8), compred to ll other tretments. MF-10 tretment (47.3) gve higher vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences from MF-5 (31.6) nd control (34.5). MF-5 gve the lowest vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences. Fresh weight ws significntly higher for MF-15 (968.7), compred to ll other tretments. MF-10 tretment (964.0) gve higher vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences from MF-5 (834.3) nd control (842.9). MF-5gve the lowest vlues with sttisticlly significnt differences. Dry weight (g) ws found higher in MF-10 (254.7) nd MF-15 (254.3) tretments with sttisticlly significnt differences, compred to MF-5 (224.7) nd control (224.8). The numer of flowers per plnt in the second week ws found higher in MF-15 tretment (16.3) with sttisticlly significnt differences. The differences etween the other two mgnetic field tretments (MF-10, MF-5)werenotsttisticlly significnt. Control (14.6) tretment hd no sttisticlly significnt differences compred with MF-10 tretment. The presowing ppliction of mgnetic field hd positive effects on yield prmeters (Figure 3). In yield per plnt mesurement, MF-15 tretment (2448.8) gve the highest vlue, followedymf-10 (2082.6),MF-5 (1845.6), nd control (1353.5). All differences etween tretments were sttisticlly significnt. Lycopene content mesurements showed no sttisticlly significnt differences etween tretments, lthough mgnetic field tretments gve higher vlues thn control. Plnts derived from seeds treted for 15 minutes with mgnetic field gve the highest vlue of lycopene content. 4. Discussion Figure 4: PAPIMI device nd externl loop. The results otined in this experiment showed positive impct of pulsed electromgnetic field, in certin time of exposure nd in tomto cultivtion. Mgnetic field hs een found to enhnce the success in trnsplnting, the plnt growth, nd the finl yield. There re lso indictions tht mgnetic field could improve qulity chrcteristics such s lycopene content. Moon nd Chung [5] found tht the percent germintion rtes of the tomto seed treted with AC electric nd mgnetic fields were ccelerted out 1.1 2.8 times compred with tht of the untreted seeds. Presowing tretment with mgnetic field in whet seeds resulted in higher yields nd gluten content [19]. In our mesurements, the tretment of MF-5 gve lower percentge of successful trnsplnting compred to control, while MF-10 nd MF-15 gve higher percentge. Inhiition of mgnetic field hs een found in grden pe men emergence time, where electromgneticlly treted seeds showed negtive response s compred to untreted seeds [8]. Bondrenko et l. [20] used device for mgnetic field tretment in field experiments in Russi nd found tht in vegetle seeds the germintion percentge ws higher nd the plnt growth in erly stges ws higher too. Mgnetic field tretment hs een found to improve trnspirtion rte, photosynthetic rte, stomtl conductnce, root growth, shoot growth, nd N, P, K, C, nd Mg percentge ccumultion in erly stges of cotton [21]. The increse in germintion when seeds were mgneticlly treted could e explined y etter vilility nd sorption of nutrients. Pulsed electromgnetic fields hve een found to promote germintion nd improve erly growth chrcteristics of cotton seedlings [22]. In pe, the investigtion of optiml mgnetic field doses showed tht low mgnetic field strength for the longer time of exposure nd high mgnetic field strength for shorter durtion were found to e the most effective in enhncing the growth nd yield in the pe cultivr [23]. Recently, the productivity of tomto plnts using mgnetic stimulted seeds or irrigtion with mgnetized wter ws investigted. The results showed tht the stimulted seeds gve etter results compred to the control tretments, tht is, gve tller nd hevier plnts. Growth chrcteristics
The Scientific World Journl 5 MF-5 Control () () MF-15 MF-10 (c) (d) Figure 5: Showing the comprtive effect of pulsed electromgnetic field tretment on the min gronomic plnt chrcteristics. Control: untreted seeds; MF-5, MF-10, nd MF-15: seeds treted with pulsed electromgnetic field for 5 min, 10 min, nd 15 min, respectively. such s fresh weight were higher in plnts grown with mgnetic tretments thn those grown without mgnetic tretment [6]. A very importnt yield enhncement hs een recorded in tomto plnts derived from mgnetic field treted seeds. The yield in cultivr Monz ws 28 51% higher in erly stges [24]. In similr experiment, tomto seeds were exposed to full-wve rectified sinusoidl nonuniform mgnetic fields (MFs) induced y n electromgnet t 100 mt (rms) for 10 min nd t 170 mt (rms) for 3 min. The lef, stem, nd root reltive growth rtes of plnts derived from mgneticlly treted seeds were greter thn those shown y the control plnts. At fruit mturity stge, ll mgnetic tretments incresed significntly the men fruit weight, the fruit yield per plnt, the fruit yield per re, nd the equtoril dimeter of fruits in comprison with the controls [7]. In pe cultivr it hs een found tht the mgnetic field presowing seed tretment cn e used prcticlly to enhnce the growth nd yield [23]. Lycopene content vlues were higher in mgnetic field tretments, lthough without sttisticlly significnt differences. Higher time of exposure, for exmple, 25 minutes, cn e used for further evlution. Lycopene s crotenoid pigment is very importnt qulity chrcteristic for tomtoes. In dte plm it hs een found tht pigments content (chlorophyll, chlorophyll, crotenoids, nd totl pigments) ws significntly incresed under sttic mgnetic field, while the highest mesurements were recorded t 100 mt, fter 360 min of exposure [25]. Chlorophyll nd crotenoids were more ffected thn chlorophyll in dte plm seedlings. 5. Conclusion These results indicte tht the ppliction of mgnetic field in tomto seeds cn e n ecofriendly prctice tht improves plnt chrcteristics in ll stges, from germintion to finl yields. Mgnetic field tretment, in certin times of exposure, improved shoot dimeter, numer of leves per plnt, fresh nd dry weight, numer of flowers, nd yield per plnt. These studies provide holistic pproch of n griculturl cultivtion tht cn led to the comprehension of the exct mechnism of mgnetic field effect on plnt tissues nd led to the pproprite ppliction of the mgnetic fields. The determintion of the optiml durtion of exposure, the type of mgnetic field used, nd the effect of mgnetic field on qulity chrcteristics re some mjor fctors tht deserve further investigtion. Conflict of Interests The uthors declre tht there is no conflict of interests regrding the puliction of this pper. References [1] E. Mrtı nez, M. V. Cronell, M. Flo rez, J. M. Amy, nd R. Mqued, Germintion of tomto seeds (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) under mgnetic field, Interntionl Agrophysics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 45 49, 2009. [2] A. I. Mohmed nd B. M. Eed, Effect of irrigtion with mgneticlly treted wter on f en growth nd composition,
6 The Scientific World Journl Agriculturl Policy nd Reserch,vol.1, no. 2, pp. 24 40, 2013. [3] P.S.Kvi, Theeffectofmgnetictretmentofsoyenseedon itsmoisture soring cpcity, Science nd Culture,vol.43,pp. 405 406, 1977. [4]I.S.Leedev,L.G.Litvinenko,ndL.T.Shiyn, Aftereffect of permnent mgnetic field on photochemicl ctivity of chloroplsts, Soviet Plnt Physiology, vol. 24, pp. 394 395, 1977. [5] J. D. Moon nd H. S. Chung, Accelertion of germintion of tomto seed y pplying AC electric nd mgnetic fields, Journl of Electrosttics,vol.48,no.2,pp.103 114,2000. [6] A.AouEl-Yzied,A.M.El-Gizwy,S.M.Khlf,A.El-Str, nd O. A. Shly, Effect of mgnetic field tretments for seeds ndirrigtionwterswellsn,pndklevelsonproductivity of tomto plnts, Journl of Applied Sciences Reserch,vol.8,no. 4, pp. 2088 2099, 2012. [7] A. de Souz, D. Grcí, L. Sueiro, F. Gilrt, E. Porrs, nd L. Lice, Pre-sowing mgnetic tretments of tomto seeds increse the growth nd yield of plnts, Bioelectromgnetics, vol.27,no.4,pp.247 257,2006. [8] M.Iql,D.Muhmmd,Y.Jmil,ndM.R.Ahmd, Effect of pre-sowing mgnetic field tretment to grden pe (Pisum stivum L.) seed on germintion nd seedling growth, Pkistn Journl of Botny,vol.44,no.6,pp.1851 1856,2012. [9]Z.ulHq,Y.Jmil,S.Irum,M.A.Rndhw,M.Iql,nd N. Amin, Enhncement in germintion, seedling growth nd yield of rdish (Rphnus stivus) using seed pre-sowing mgnetic field tretment, Polish Journl of Environmentl Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 369 374, 2012. [10] A. V. Krylov nd G. A. Trknov, Mgnetotropism of plnts nd its nture, Plnt Physiology, vol. 7, pp. 156 160,1960. [11] M. Iql, Z. U. Hq, Y. Jmil, nd M. R. Ahmd, Effect of presowing mgnetic tretment on properties of pe, Interntionl Agrophysics,vol.26,no.1,pp.25 31,2012. [12] R. Rdhkrishnn nd B. D. Rnjith Kumri, Pulsed mgnetic field: contemporry pproch offers to enhnce plnt growth nd yield of soyen, Plnt Physiology nd Biochemistry, vol. 51, pp. 139 144, 2012. [13] D. Billis, N. Ktsenios, A. Efthimidou, P. Efthimidis, nd A. Krknis, Pulsed electromgnetic fields effect in oregno rooting nd vegettive propgtion: potentil new orgnic method, Act Agriculture Scndinvic B: Soil nd Plnt Science,vol.62,no.1,pp.94 99,2012. [14] D. J. Billis, N. Ktsenios, A. Efthimidou, nd A. Krknis, Pulsed electromgnetic field: n orgnic comptile method to promote plnt growth nd yield in two corn types, Electromgnetic Biology nd Medicine,vol.31,no.4,pp.333 343,2012. [15] D. Billis, P. E. Kmriri, A. Krknis, A. Efthimidou, A. Zorps, nd I. KAkouki, Energy inputs, output nd productivity in orgnic nd conventionl mize nd tomto production, under mediterrnen conditions, Notule Botnice Horti Agrootnici Cluj-Npoc,vol.41,no.1,pp.190 194,2013. [16] K. S. Hrichnd, V. Nrul, D. Rj, nd G. Singh, Effect of mgnetic fields on germintion, vigour nd seed yield of whet, Seed Reserch,vol.30,pp.289 293,2002. [17] J. R. Hymn, J. Gus, nd M. R. Foold, A rpid nd ccurte method for estimting tomto lycopene content y mesuring chromticity vlues of fruit purée, Journl of the Americn Society for Horticulturl Science, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 717 723, 2004. [18] SttSoft, STATISTICA for Windows (Computer Progrm Mnul),SttSoft,Tuls,Okl,USA,1996. [19] S. Pietruszewski, Effects of mgnetic iostimultion of whet seeds on germintion, yield nd proteins, Interntionl Agrophysics,vol.10,no.1,pp.51 55,1996. [20] N. F. Bondrenko, E. E. Rokhinson, E. Z. Gk, nd L. F. Klygin, Mgnetic equipment in griculture, Russin Agriculturl Sciences,vol.2,pp.30 34,1996. [21] D. Billis, N. Ktsenios, A. Efthimidou, A. Krknis, E. M. Khh, nd T. Mitsis, Mgnetic field pre-sowing tretment s n orgnic friendly technique to promote plnt growth nd chemicl elements ccumultion in erly stges of cotton, Austrlin Journl of Crop Science,vol.7,no.1,pp.46 50,2013. [22] D. J. Billis, N. Ktsenios, A. Efthimidou, A. Krknis, nd P. Efthimidis, Investigtion of pulsed electromgnetic field s novel orgnic pre-sowing method on germintion nd initil growth stges of cotton, Electromgnetic Biology nd Medicine, vol.31,no.2,pp.143 150,2012. [23] M. Iql, M. R. Ahmd, S. M. Hussin, R. A. Kher, T. H. Bokhri, nd M. A. Shehzd, Optimiztion of pre-sowing mgnetic field doses through RSM in pe, Interntionl Agrophysics,vol.27,pp.265 274,2013. [24] V. Dnilov, T. Bs, M. Eltez, nd A. Rizkulyev, Artificil mgnetic field effect on yield nd qulity of tomtoes, Act Horticulture,vol.366,pp.279 285,1994. [25] F. Dhwi nd J. M. Al-Khyri, Mgnetic fields induce chnges in photosynthetic pigments content in dte plm (Phoenix dctylifer L.) seedlings, The Open Agriculture Journl, vol.3, pp.1 5,2009.
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